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07-Holmes-45515.qxd5/28/20082:58 PMPage 1357Child Pornography Perhaps nothing causes as much personal and more outrage aschild pornography (Holmes & Holmes, 2001; Strange, Doyle, &Miller, 2000). Commonly called “kiddie porn” or “child porn,” thistype of pornography has been universally outlawed in the UnitedStates. But most of the child pornography that is confiscated by lawenforcement officials in the United States has been imported from foreign countries. How widespread is this distribution of child pornography across the world? There is no easy answer to this question, and theanswer will vary from one country to another. It may be more prevalent in some countries, while other countries deny any organized orcommercial production of illegal child pornography. In other words,there is no clear agreement on the prevalence and cooperation amongcountries in the making and distribuChild Pornographytion of child pornography (Taylor &The use of underage children in variousClemetson, 2001).media for the purpose of sexual arousalChild pornography is produced,for the viewercollected, purchased, and traded bythose interested in making money inthis illegal venture or those interested in sex with children. Doubtless,pedophiles and other types of child abusers collect child pornography,and those in law enforcement often find huge collections in their135

07-Holmes-45515.qxd1365/28/20082:58 PMPage 136SEX CRIMESpossession when arrested. In a case of a minister arrested only recently,the police found hundreds of pictures, movies, videos, drawings, andcollages of hundreds of children in various sexual poses and scenarios.His pornography of choice was pictures, stories, and other materials ofyoung boys prior to puberty. The people in that community wereshocked to learn of his arrest. He was a “pillar of the community,” activein his church as well on various public and civic groups, serving as chairon several community boards. Many adults have been arrested in stingoperations advertising for children for sexual purposes. Many areteachers, and it appears that the genders are equally represented. Table 7.1contains selected alleged perpetrators gleaned from such a site.Table 7.1Selected Examples of Alleged Child SexualOffenders, 2006NameAgeAlleged OffenseKarri Halln/aBaring her breasts to a 14-year-old male studentCameo Patch29Sex with a 17-year-old studentKyle Sabo25Sex with two students, one male and one femaleWendie Schweikert36Sex with an 11-year-oldDebbie Selmen35Encouraged a female student to bare her breastsDana Snyder24Sex with a 14-year-old studentLaura Spurlock36Sex with 18-year-old studentIn a different state, a computer operator was questioned by thepolice when fellow workers notified law enforcement of their concernabout him. He was always talking of the Polly Klaas case, and fortunately he made a critical error in judgment when he showed some ofthis drawings that depicted Polly bound, her breasts skewered with asharp instrument, and finally deceased. No evidence was foundshowing that this man had carried out his fantasy about killingyoung females fueled by his own drawings, but his interests are onrecord with the local criminal justice system. Illustration 7.1 is one ofhis drawings. CHILD PORNOGRAPHY AND THE LAWMany countries have passed laws and regulations on pornography ingeneral and child pornography in particular. China has been leading

07-Holmes-45515.qxd5/28/20082:58 PMPage 137Child Pornography137Illustration 7.1the world in the enactment of laws regulating pornography. But nocountry has been successful in developing laws and the enforcement ofsuch laws to combat adult, child, and Internet pornography. Before1977, there were few laws on either the state or the federal level thatregulated the production, distribution, or sale of child pornography.Today, however, every state and the federal government have laws thatprescribe penalties against those who exploit children sexually. In addition, these jurisdictions have laws that make possession and distribution of child pornography a crime (Walsh & Wolak, 2005). TheProtection of Children Against Sexual Exploitation Act extended thefederal government’s role to include prosecution of those involved inchild pornography. This law has also made it illegal to transport children across state lines for immoral purposes.

07-Holmes-45515.qxd1385/28/20082:58 PMPage 138SEX CRIMESAll states have passed legislation against child pornography. Morethan a few states have merely amended their adult pornography laws toinclude acts that involve children. Other states, however, have devisednew laws that deal specifically with children. Under these laws, penalties are prescribed for those who use children in a sexual performance,promote a sexual performance by a minor, or distribute and sell materials that depict children in sexual scenes. The fundamental question ofdefining pornography is not addressed and is only vaguely alluded to bythe inclusion of a broad, three-pronged criterion of obscenity and anaccompanying definition of “sexual performance” (Pope, 1978). TYPES OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHYMany publications exist that cater to adults who are interested in seeing children posed in sexual situations. One study estimates there areas many as 264 magazines produced and sold in adult bookstores inthe United States that deal with sexual acts between children orbetween children and adults (Densen-Gerber & Hutchinson, 1978).In our dealings with pedophiles we have never been involved withany who did not have some type of child porn in their possession.Some of this pornography was homemade and some was of the commercial variety.There are several types of commercial child porn. First, there aremagazines that are not unlike Playboy or Penthouse. These magazinescontain pictorial essays of young boys or girls in sexually suggestiveposes as well as letters from adults who desire to have sex with childrenor who describe their sexual activities with children. These magazinestypically cater to pedophiles who are interested in having sex witheither young males or young females. It is unusual, for example, for achild porn magazine to contains photos and stories about both sexes.MagazinesPublications such as Lollitots and Lolita are aimed at pedophilesinterested only in young girls. These magazines contain pictures ofyoung females, often engaged in poses that are obviously designed toarouse erotic feelings. There are also editorials that reflect a philosophythat the real dangers to our society are the widely held negative attitudes regarding child nudity and sex with children. Piccolo, Rare Boys,and Tommy are examples of child porn that caters to the homosexualpedophile. The contents of these magazines are similar to those of thepublications that feature young girls.

07-Holmes-45515.qxd5/28/20082:58 PMPage 139Child Pornography139Federal Laws on Child PornographyThe Sexual Exploitation of Children ActProhibits the use of a minor in the making of pornography, the transport of achild across state lines, the taking of a pornographic picture of a child, and the production and circulation of materials advertising child pornography. Additionally itprohibits the transfer, sale, purchase, and receipt of a minor when the purpose is touse the child in the making of child pornography. It also prohibits the transportation, importation, shipment, and receipt of child pornography by interstate means.The Child Protection Act of 1984Defines anyone under the age of 18 as a minor. Thus, a sexually explicit photograph of anyone under the age of 18 is child pornography.The Child Sexual Abuse and Pornography ActThis law banned the production and use of advertisements for child pornographywith a provision of civil remedies for personal injuries suffered by a child victim. Italso raised the minimum sentences for repeat offenders from imprisonment of notless than 2 years to imprisonment of not less than 5 years.The Child Protection and Obscenity Enforcement ActThis act made it illegal to use a computer to transmit advertisements for orvisual depictions of child pornography and it prohibited the buying, selling, or otherwise obtaining of temporary custody or control of children for the purpose of producing child pornography.Telecommunications Act of 1996This act makes it illegal for anyone using the mail or interstate or foreign commerce to persuade, induce, on entice a minor to engage in any sexual act for whichthe adult may be criminally prosecuted.Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996States that child pornography includes anything that depicts the sexual conductof real minors and that which appears to be a depiction of a minor engaging insexual acts. People who alter pornographic images to look like children engaged insexual congress can now be legally prosecuted.BooksAnother type of child porn takes the character of paperback novels.In these books, a child typically becomes the object of the sexual aggression of the reader. These paperback novels often contain graphic violence directed against a child, a powerful adult figure who victimizes achild, and a final scene in which the victimization becomes cyclical.Internet, Pictures, Chat ChannelsPhotographs purchased through the mail and ads exchangedthrough computer bulletin boards are other methods of child porn

07-Holmes-45515.qxd1405/28/20082:58 PMPage 140SEX CRIMESexchange. Personal computers with high-speed Internet connectionshave opened the door for many pedophiles to use the Internet for a variety of purposes, which we will discuss later in this chapter. On theInternet, the pedophile can achieve sexual arousal by viewing pictures ofchildren in sexual scenarios, by visiting websites that offer pornographyand identify other websites of interest to pedophiles, and by “talking” onchat channels to others, including children. Today there are more than1 million sites that deal with sex, pornography, and various aberrantinterests (Quayle & Taylor, 2002). There are also more than 30,000 usernet newsgroups for child pornography (Quayle & Taylor, 2001).Relational PornographyRelational pornography, pornography created for the creator’s ownuse, takes various forms. Poems, stories written by those interested in sexwith children, and newspaper advertisements that feature children inswimwear or underwear all become items of sexual arousal for somepedophiles. These ads in themselves are not pornographic in nature—they are intended only as sales promotions. However, when they interactwith the fantasy of the pedophile, they can become a form of child porn. WHO VIEWS CHILD PORNThere are several audiences for child pornography. Pedophiles compose the largest number of people who view child porn. Just as “normal” adults view pornography for various reasons, including sexualarousal, so do pedophiles. The curious form another group of personswho view child porn. Many wish to see such pornography becausethey have not seen it before; they are simply curious about the content.For most of these viewers, this is a one-time occurrence.Yet another group is composed of those persons who are involvedin the manufacture of child pornography. A great deal of child pornography comes from Scandinavian countries; it is also produced inMexico, Spain, the United States, and other countries. The persons whoproduce such materials must view their own products as well as thoseof others, to see what topics are “hot” in child porn.Lured into prostitution and then pornography, pimps are ofteninvolved. With promises of friendship, money, or drugs, pimps locateclients for child porn. Child porn materials are marketed through a subculture of black-market contacts who make them available to ready customers. They are often shipped through the mail, and recently, with the