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LIST OF TABLESTable 1-1 Concrete Aggregate Visibility34Table 1-2 Recommended Dimensions of 90 Degree Quirk Miters, in. (mm)Table 1-3 Recommended Dimensions of 45 Degree Quirk Miters, in. (mm)Table 2-1 Maximum Horizontal Spacing of Vertical Control Joints in ExteriorConcrete Masonry Walls, in ft (m)56Table 2-2 Recommended Brick Joint Widths Based on Joint Spacing61Table 2-3 Maximum Glass Block Panel Sizes Based on International BuildingCode Limitations111Table 2-4 Minimum Radii of Curved Glass Block Walls112Table 2-5 Average Coefficients of Thermal Expansion of Building MaterialsTable 2-6 Weights of Building Stone127Table 3-1 Open Web Steel Joists Series3737118157Table 4-1 Materials and Thicknesses for Cabinet Components193Table 4-2 Maximum Allowable Total Load in Pounds (kg) for Shelf Deflectionof 1/8 in. (3 mm) for Shelves of Different Materials, Widths, and Spans198Table 5-1 Insulation Requirements for Slabs-on-Grade213Table 5-2 Climate Zone Descriptions215Table 5-3 Perm Rating Terminology216Table 5-4 Minimum Thicknesses of Gravel Stops, in. (mm)286Table 5-5 Coefficients of Solar Absorption for Common Building MaterialsTable 5-6 Heat Capacity Constants289Table 5-7 Coefficients of Linear Moisture Growth for Common BuildingMaterials290Table 5-8 Recommended Depth of Sealants291Table 5-9 Comparative Properties of Sealants293Table 7-1 Maximum Stud Heights354Table 7-2 Recommended Ceramic Tile Expansion Joint Width and Spacingxi289381

PREFACEWhile construction details can add to the style and aesthetic appeal of a building, they areuseless unless they can successfully provide the basic functional requirements of satisfying thebuilding’s purpose, protecting against the elements, providing durable interior finishes, andmaking construction efficient and economical.Most building problems and outright failures occur because of poorly designed or constructed details. Although detailing is vitally important for preventing problems, it is becominga lost art at the same time that it is becoming more complex due to the proliferation of newmaterials and construction techniques, more stringent energy and sustainability requirements,and safety and security concerns. Architecture schools rarely provide students with the fundamental grounding in detailing and specifying or spend as much time on them as on design andother subjects. In architectural practice, final detailing is often left until the end of the designand documents phases, when time and money are limited, for their thorough development.The Architect’s Handbook of Construction Detailing provides architects, interior designers,contractors, students, and others involved with the construction industry with a convenientsource of detailing and specification information on hundreds of commonly used details andmaterials.Although no one book can provide all the details that are used in construction, theArchitect’s Handbook of Construction Detailing provides basic detail configurations that can beused as the basis for project-specific detail development. Because detailing is closely tied tospecifying, this book also provides fundamental material data and information. The writteninformation is coordinated with the illustrated details in a keynote format.The current edition of this book updates and expands features in the first edition. Detailshave been revised to reflect new technologies and more stringent requirements for energyconservation. New sections have been added on concrete with insulation, autoclaved aeratedconcrete, glass fiber reinforced concrete panels, precast concrete with insulation, multistorywood framing, structural insulated panels, vegetated protected membrane roofing, weatherbarrier concepts, thermoplastic polyolefin roofing, fire-resistant glazing, proprietary gypsumwallboard slip joints, and laminate flooring.The keynoting system has been updated from the previous Construction SpecificationsInstitute’s five-digit MasterFormatTM numbering system to the current six-digit system. Allillustrations have been redrawn and industry standard references, including ASTM and ANSIstandards, have been updated, as have the sources for information in the appendices.As with the first edition, each detail section follows a similar format to make it easy tofind information and relate it to the drawing. The details in the book may be used to helpsolve specific problems, as the basis for developing a master detail system, or as a referencefor checking existing drawings and specifications. The book can also be used to develop andcoordinate specifications with details.xiii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSI would like to thank the many people who contributed to the making of this book. Forthe publisher John Wiley & Sons, Amanda Miller, vice president and publisher, and JohnCzarnecki, Assoc. AIA, senior editor, were instrumental in suggesting this new edition.Thanks also to the other fine people at John Wiley & Sons: Donna Conte, senior productioneditor; Sadie Abuhoff, editorial assistant; Helen Greenberg for copyediting; Figaro for designand page layout.xv

INTRODUCTIONWhat This Book Will Do for YouThe Architect’s Handbook of Construction Detailing presents ready-to-use information aboutcritical building details to help you produce construction drawings, design and develop customdetails, prepare specifications, and check existing drawings in your files. The details presentedcan be used directly for common construction situations. If modifications are necessary forunique project conditions, the data presented with each drawing tell you what can and cannotbe changed to maintain the integrity of the detail.The construction assemblies in this book have been selected to help you avoid problemsin those areas where they are most likely to occur. Information presented in seven sectionsshows you how to detail such conditions as exterior cladding, roofing, doors, masonry, andmany, many others so that you can prevent common mistakes that architects seem to repeatfar too often. In addition to clearly drawn graphic details, accurate, to-the-point informationis given to help you coordinate a detail with other parts of your design, specify materials, anddevelop your own layout if necessary.A broad range of architectural details is covered, from concrete construction to finishes.Each drawing has an identifying number according to the Construction Specifications Institute’s MasterFormat system, and all the pertinent materials used in the details are identified bythe same numbering system. This makes it easy for you to produce drawings with time-savingkeynoting, to coordinate the drawings and information with your specification system, andto supplement the details with your own data filing procedures. Most details have been drawnat three-inch scale. When another scale is used, it is shown at the bottom of the drawing.Among the many other details, this Handbook Shows the recommended way to detail concrete joints. (See Sections 1-5, 1-6, and 1-7) Specifies the most common concrete construction tolerances. (See Sections 1-1, 1-2,1-3, 1-11, and 1-13) Presents common methods of assembling precast wall panels. (See Sections 1-16, 1-17,and 1-19) Describes how to assemble brick veneer walls to avoid cracks and leaks. (See Sections2-9 and 2-11) Compiles the many ways stone veneer should be attached to concrete and steel frames.(See Sections 2-22, 2-23, 2-25, 2-26, 2-27, 2-31 and 2-32) Provides the secrets to designing elegant stairways. (See Sections 3-10 through 3-13) Simplifies the methods of forming expansion joints. (See Sections 2-2 and 3-16) Shows how to fabricate glued-laminated beam and column connections. (See Section4-10) Tells how to create sheet membrane waterproofing details. (See Sections 5-1 and 5-2) Organizes information on asphalt and fiberglass shingles. (See Section 5-9) Lays out the many variations of single-ply roofing. (See Sections 5-16 through 5-36) Explains the dos and don’ts of joint fillers and sealants. (See Section 5-38) Illustrates steel door frame assemblies and what is involved in their proper construction.(See Sections 6-1. 6-2, and 6-3)xvii

xviii Introduction Describes how to detail a safety glass door. (See Section 6-8) Identifies the essential elements of steel, aluminum, and wood window detailing. (SeeSections 6-16 through 6-19) Shows how fire-rated gypsum wallboard assemblies should be drawn. (See Sections 7-5through 7-11)the many ways to detail ceramic tile floors and walls. (See Sections 7-15through 7-22)Gives guidance on detailing stone flooring. (See Sections 7-25 and 7-26) Illustrates The information presented about each detail in this book follows a similar format tomake it easy to find precisely the data required for your research. The first part of each detailinformation package shows the detail itself, with materials identified by MasterFormat numberand other critical components dimensioned or labeled with design guidelines. Each of thecomponents identified on the drawing by keynote number refers you to requirements forthose materials given in the text. This gives you an invaluable guide for coordinating yourdrawings and specifications.The second part of the package consists of a brief description of the detail along withthe limitations on using it. Then specific guidelines are presented to help you understandthe critical points of construction and what must be considered in modifying the detail ordeveloping your own. Next, points of coordination are listed to aid you in fitting the detailinto the context of your design. Likely failure points are also outlined to alert you to commonproblems encountered in the design and construction of the detail. Finally, material andinstallation requirements for components of the detail are listed according to the keynotenumbering system used in the detail.All of the information is presented in concise, easy-to-follow lists and notations so thatyou do not have to waste time wading through lengthy text. Appendices provide the full titleof ASTM and other industry standards referred to in the book as well as sources for additionalinformation if you want to do more research.The configuration of the details and accompanying data have been compiled from themost authoritative sources available. However, the material presented in this book should onlybe used as a supplement to normal, competent professional knowledge and judgment. This isbecause there are an unlimited number of variations of any basic detail to fit the requirementsof a specific building project. In addition, factors outside the limits of a particular detail,such as structural loading, climate, and occupancy conditions, may impinge on the detail’sperformance or exact method of construction.You may want to use the details in this book to help solve specific problems, as the basis foryour office’s own master detail system, or simply as a reference for checking existing drawings.If you have master details on a computer-aided drafting system or an automated specificationwriting system, you may want to review those data to see if modifications or corrections arewarranted. Regardless of how you use this book, you will find it a time-saving reference thatcan minimize errors and improve the technical documentation of your projects.

HOW SI UNITS ARE USEDIN THIS BOOKThis edition of the Architect’s Handbook of Construction Detailing includes equivalent measurements, using the Système Internationale (SI), in the text and illustrations. However, the useof SI units for construction and book publishing in the United States is problematic. This isbecause the building construction industry in the United States (with the exception of federalconstruction) has generally not adopted the metric system, as it is commonly called. Equivalent measurements of customary U.S. units (also called English or inch-pound units) are usuallygiven as soft conversions using standard conversion factors. This always results in a numberwith excessive significant digits. When construction is done using SI units, the building isdesigned and drawn according to hard conversions, where planning dimensions and buildingproducts are based on a metric module from the beginning. For example, studs are spaced400 mm on center to accommodate panel products that are manufactured in standard1200 mm widths.During the transition to SI units in the United States, code-writing bodies, federallaws (such as the Americans with Disabilities Act [ADA]), product manufacturers, tradeassociations, and other construction-related industries typically still use the customary U.S.system and make soft conversions to develop SI equivalents. Some manufacturers producethe same product using both measuring systems. Although there are industry standards fordeveloping SI equivalents, there is no consistency for rounding off when conversions aremade. For example, the International Building Code (IBC) shows a 152 mm equivalent when a6 in. dimension is required. The ADA Accessibility Guidelines shows a 150 mm equivalent forthe same dimension.For the purposes of this book, the following conventions have been adopted.Throughout this book, the customary U.S. measurements are given first and the SIequivalents follow in parentheses. In the text, the unit suffixes for both systems, such as ft ormm, are shown. In the illustrations, the number values and U.S. unit suffixes are given first(in., ft, etc.) and the SI value after them in parentheses but without the unit if the numberis in millimeters but with the unit if it is in meters or some other unit except millimeters.This follows standard construction practice for SI units on architectural drawings; a numberis understood to be in millimeters unless some other unit is given. The exception to thisconvention occurs when a number is based on an international standard or product. In thiscase, the primary measurement is given first in SI units with the U.S. equivalent in parentheses.The unit suffix is shown for both in the text as well as in the illustrations to avoid confusion.When there is a ratio or some combination of units where it might be confusing, unitsuffixes are used for all numbers—for example, 6 mm/3 m.When a standards-writing organization or a trade association gives dual units for a particular measurement, those numbers are used exactly as they come from the source. For example,one group might use 6.4 mm as the equivalent for 1/4 in., while another organization mightuse 6 mm.When an SI conversion is used by a code agency, such as the IBC or published in anotherregulation, such as the ADA Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG), the SI equivalents used by theissuing agency are printed in this book. For example, the IBC uses a 152 mm equivalentxix

xx How SI Units are Used in This Bookwhen a 6 in. dimension is required, while the ADAAG gives a 150 mm equivalent for thesame dimension.If a specific conversion is not otherwise given by a trade association or standards-writingorganization, when converted values are rounded, the SI equivalent is rounded to the nearestmillimeter for numbers under a few inches unless the dimension is very small (as for smalltolerances like 1/16 in.), in which case a more precise decimal equivalent is given.For dimensions over a few inches, the SI equivalent is rounded to the nearest 5 mm andto the nearest 10 mm for numbers over a few feet. When the dimension exceeds several feet,the number is rounded to the nearest 100 mm.

RSIPSTCTPOULVOCw.g.XPSautoclaved aerated concreteAmerican Concrete InstituteAmerican Institute of Steel ConstructionArchitectural Woodwork n NormsEnvironmental Protection Agencyexterior insulation and finish systemethylene propylene diene monomerexpanded polystyrene boardFactory Mutual Global (class ratings)Factory Mutual Research Corporationglass fiber reinforced nheating, ventilation, air conditioningLeadership in Energy and Environmental DesignNational Fire Protection Associationnoise reduction coefficientNational Terrazzo and Mosaic Associationoriented strand boardpolymer basedpolyethylene terephthalatepolymer modifiedpolyvinyl chloridestyrene butadiene rubberstructural insulated panelSound Transmission Classthermoplastic polyolefinUnderwriters Laboratoriesvolatile organic compoundwater gageextended polystyrene boardxxi

ARCHITECT’SHANDBOOKof ConstructionDetailing

Architect’s Handbook of Construction Detailing, Second Editionby David Kent BallastCopyright 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.CHAPTER1CONCRETE DETAILS1-1 CONCRETE SLAB-ON-GRADE TOLERANCESDescriptionBecause no building can be perfectly level, plumb, and straight, there are certain acceptabletolerances for various types of construction, which have become industry standards. These tolerances give architects, engineers, and contractors allowable variations from given dimensionsand elevations. Knowing these tolerances is important in detailing because allowances mustbe made for variations from idealized dimensions when several materials are connected, whenclearances are required, or when appearance is critical. This section and Sections 1-2, 1-3,1-11, 1-13, 1-22, and 1-23 give some of the industry standard tolerances regarding concreteconstruction.Slabs-on-grade (as well as elevate

vi Contents 2-3 Vertical Masonry Expansion Joint in Composite Wall 04 05 23.3 62 2-4 Brick/Masonry Cavity Wall at Grade 04 21 10.1 65 2-5 Brick/Masonry Cavity Wall at Spandrel 04 21 10.2 69 2-6 Brick/Masonry Cavity Wall at Roof/Parapet 04 21 10.3 71 2-7 Masonry Grouted Wall 04 21 10.4 74 2-8 Brick Veneer