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wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page iCalifornia Wills and Trusts
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wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page iiiCalifornia Wills and TrustsCases, Statutes, Problems, and MaterialsPeter T. WendelProfessor of LawPepperdine University School of LawRobert G. PopovichProfessor of LawPepperdine University School of LawCarolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page ivCopyright 2017Carolina Academic Press, LLCAll Rights ReservedISBN 978-1-61163-674-1eISBN 978-1-5310-0840-6LCCN 2015955457Carolina Academic Press, LLC700 Kent StreetDurham, North Carolina 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.comPrinted in the United States of America
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page vTo the lovely Gerri — asking you to marry me was the best question I’ve ever asked;To my children (Carolyn, Paul, John, and Kristin) and grandchildren(Quinn and Ronan) — the pride and joy of my life; andTo my students — from whom I’ve learned so much.Peter T. WendelTo my two sons, Mark and Brian — you give me immeasurable love and prideTo my students; past, present and future —you are my family who gives me purpose in workTo my colleague and friend Peter — you gave me years of friendship andthe chance to work with you on this bookRobert G. Popovich
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wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page viiContentsTable of CasesTable of Statutory MaterialPrefacexxixxviixxxiiiChapter 1 · Introduction and the Wills & Trusts LandscapeI. The Subject of Wills and TrustsII. Quick Overview: Probate versus NonprobateA. Probate PropertyB. Nonprobate PropertyIII. An Estate Planning PerspectiveProblemsIn re Succession of PlummerNotesIV. Professional Responsibility — Ethical IssuesLucas v. HammNotesV. A Brief Word about Estate PlanningVI. But What if . . .333457910141515202223Chapter 2 · The California Intestate SchemeI. Overview: What Is an Intestate Scheme?II. The California Intestate Scheme: Who Takes How MuchIII. The Decedent’s PropertyA. Overview1. Single Individual: Separate Property Assumption2. Concurrent EstatesB. Marriage and Property Rights1. The Non-Community Property Approach2. The Community Property Approacha. The Partnership Modelb. The Classification Processc. Treatment at DeathIV. The Mechanics of the California Intestate SchemeA. Calculating the Share of the Surviving SpouseProblemsB. The In-Law Inheritance Statute2525262828282930303030313233333334vii
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page viiiviiiCONTENTSProblemsNoteV. The Survival RequirementA. The California Survival ApproachNotesProblemsVI. Calculating the Share of the IssueA. The Simple End of the Spectrum: Children Only1. Calculating One’s Degree of RelationshipB. The First Variation: Children and GrandchildrenC. Second Variation: Taking by RepresentationD. Third Variation: No Live Takers in the First GenerationE. Fourth Variation: The Shares for the Deceased PartiesSurvived by IssueNotes and ProblemsF. Miscellaneous Doctrines Relating to Calculating Shares of Issue1. Half-Bloods2. Inheriting through Two LinesVII. Calculating the Share of the Next of KinA. The California ApproachProblemNoteChapter 3 · Who Qualifies as an Heir under theCalifornia Intestate Scheme?I. OverviewII. SpouseA. Traditional MarriageB. Same-Sex Couples1. Registered Domestic Partners2. Same-Sex MarriageC. Putative SpousesNotesD. CohabitantsNoteIII. IssueA. IntroductionB. The “Ideal” Nuclear FamilyC. Natural Parents MarriedD. Child Born Out of WedlockEstate of GriswoldNotesE. AdoptionEstate of 35454545455565759606061636465697071
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page ixCONTENTSNotes and ProblemsF. Intent to Adopt1. Equitable AdoptionEstate of FordNotes2. Attempted AdoptionNotesEstate of JosephNotesProblemG. Child Born after Natural Parent’s Death1. Posthumously Born ChildNotes2. Posthumously Conceived ChildWoodward v. Commissioner of Social pter 4 · Miscellaneous Doctrines That May Affect an Heir’s ShareI. OverviewII. The Advancement DoctrineNotesProblemsIII. The Slayer DoctrineA. IntroductionIn re Mahoney’s EstateB. The California ApproachNotesIV. The Disclaimer DoctrineDyer v. 04Chapter 5 · Testamentary CapacityI. OverviewII. General Testamentary CapacityEstate of MannNotesProblemsIII. Defects in Testamentary CapacityA. Insane DelusionsIn re Honigman’s WillNotesProblemsB. Undue Influence107107108108112117118118118121124125
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xxCONTENTSIn re Estate of HenaultNotesIn re Moses’ WillNotesC. FraudIn re Bottger’s EstateNotesProblemD. DuressE. Elder AbuseIn re Estate of LowrieF. Tortious/Intentional Interference with an ExpectancyNotesChapter 6 · Wills Act FormalitiesI. IntroductionII. Attested WillsA. The Traditional ApproachIn re GroffmanNotesB. Response to Traditional ApproachNotes and ProblemsEstate of StokerEstate of Ben-AliC. Continuing and Evolving Issues1. The Writing RequirementProblems2. The Signature RequirementProblems3. The Witness RequirementProblemIn re Tracy’s EstateProblemsD. The “Interested” WitnessNotesProblemE. “Swapped-Wills”F. Real Life — Practice versus What Is Permitted byStatutes and CourtsIII. Holographic WillsEstate of BillingsIn re Estate of WilliamsNotesIn re Estate of 184186187187188189189190191201201
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xiCONTENTSNotes and ProblemsEstate of WongNotes and Problemsxi205206211Chapter 7 · Will RevocationI. IntroductionA. The Traditional ApproachThompson v. RoyallNotesII. Express RevocationA. IntroductionB. Revocation by Writing1. Codicil versus WillProblems2. Revocation by Writing: Expressly versus by InconsistencyProblemsC. Revocation by Act1. The Physical ActProblemsIII. Implied RevocationA. Implied Revocation by ActEstate of ObernolteNotesProblemsB. Implied Revocation by Operation of Law1. Same-Sex CouplesNoteProblemIV. Revival of Revoked WillsIn re Estate of HeibultNotesProblemV. Dependent Relative Revocation (“DRR”)Kroll v. 237238238244247Chapter 8 · Components of a WillI. IntroductionII. IntegrationA. Attested WillB. Holographic WillNotesProblem251251251251252252252
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xiixiiCONTENTSIII. Republication by CodicilIn re McCauley’s EstateNotesProblemsIV. Incorporation by ReferenceA. Classic Incorporation by ReferenceSimon v. GraysonNotesB. Modern Trend — Tangible Personal Property List(Relaxation of Incorporation by Reference)ProblemsV. Acts of Independent SignificanceIn re TiplerProblemsVI. Contracts Concerning WillsNote253254256257257258258261Chapter 9 · Construing Time of Death GiftsI. IntroductionMahoney v. GraingerFleming v. MorrisonNoteII. Extrinsic Evidence to Help Construe a WillA. Drafting Mistakes1. Common Law Approach2. Modern Trend Approach3. The California ApproachEstate of TaffNotesIn re Estate of DukeNotesProblemsIII. Types of Testamentary Gifts; FailureA. Types of Testamentary GiftsProblemsB. Failure of Testamentary GiftIn re Estate of McFarlandNoteProblemIV. Change in Beneficiary — Default Construction RulesA. LapseB. Anti-LapseEstate of 4266269270272
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xiiiCONTENTSProblemsC. Class GiftsCain v. DunnNotesProblemsV. Change in Testator/Transferor’s Property —Default Construction RulesA. Ademption1. Ademption by Extinction (“Ademption”)Estate of AustinNotesProblems2. Gifts of StockProblems3. Ademption by Satisfaction (“Satisfaction”)Notes and ProblemsB. ExonerationProblemsC. 325325327328329330330331332Chapter 10 · Family ProtectionI. IntroductionA. Marital Property and Spousal Protection at Time of DeathB. Migrating CouplesC. Quasi-Community PropertyProblemsII. Pretermitted SpouseEstate of ShannonNotesNotes and ProblemsIII. Pretermitted Child/Accidentally Omitted ChildEstate of 6347350353Chapter 11 · Nonprobate TransfersI. OverviewII. Life Insurance Contract ExceptionA. Traditional Common Law ApproachWilhoit v. Peoples Life Ins. Co.B. Modern Trend ApproachIn re Estate of LahrenNotes355355355355355359360364
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xivxivCONTENTSProblemIII. Joint TenancyA. IntroductionB. Creation — Real PropertyProblemsC. Creation — Multiple-Party Financial AccountsProblemsD. Marital Property: Taking Title as Community Property versusJoint TenancyE. Community Property with Right of SurvivorshipIV. Legal Life Estate and RemaindersA. Common Law ApproachProblemNoteB. Modern Trend Approach1. Transfer-on-Death DeedIn re Estate of RoloffSheils v. WrightNotesC. The California Approach1. Background2. Creation3. Consequences of Recording4. TOD Deed’s Effect on Concurrent Estate5. Revocation6. Disqualification7. Creditor’s RightsProblemsV. Inter Vivos TrustsA. Inter Vivos Trust as a Will SubstituteB. CostsC. TimeD. ControlE. PrivacyF. Out-of-State Real PropertyG. Incapacity1. Managing Assets2. Health Care Decisions and End-of-Life InstructionsChapter 12 · Trusts: Creation and RevocabilityI. OverviewA. Conceptual Understanding1. Inter Vivos Gift — Outright Gift2. Inter Vivos Gift in 8389390391391392395395395395396
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xvCONTENTSa. The Trust as a Bifurcated Giftb. Requirements to Create a TrustHermann v. Brighton German Bank Co.II. Trust CreationA. Intent to Create a TrustIn re Kearns’ EstateNotesProblemsB. Trust Funding1. Third Party as TrusteeUber v. HoffmannNote2. Settlor as TrusteeEstate of HeggstadNotesProblemsC. Ascertainable Beneficiaries1. “Ascertainable”Armington v. MeyerNotesProblems2. Honorary Trusts — Noncharitable Purpose TrustsIn re Voorhis’ EstateNotesProblemD. Writing Requirement1. Failed Inter Vivos TrustSteinberger v. SteinbergerNotes2. Failed Testamentary TrustPickelner v. AdlerNoteProblemsIII. Trust Creation and Pour-Over ClausesA. Introduction: Inter Vivos versus Testamentary TrustsB. A Testamentary Pour-Over ProvisionNotes and ProblemC. Uniform Testamentary Additions to Trusts ActClymer v. MayoNotes and ProblemsIV. Trust RevocabilityA. Default RuleB. Mechanics of Revoking a TrustMasry v. 438438439439441443443444451453453454455
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xvixviCONTENTSNotesProblems458461Chapter 13 · Trust Life: Beneficiary’s PerspectiveI. Scope of Beneficiary’s InterestA. Beneficiary’s Interest: Mandatory versus DiscretionaryMarsman v. NascaNotesProblemsB. Scope of Discretion — Modern TrendStrojek ex rel. Mills v. Hardin Cty. Bd. of SupervisorsNotesProblemsII. Creditor’s Rights and Spendthrift TrustsA. Third Party as BeneficiaryDuvall v. McGeeNotesProblemsB. Self-Settled TrustsRush Univ. Med. Ctr. v. SessionsNotesProblemsIII. Beneficiary-Compelled Termination of an Irrevocable TrustIn re Estate of BonardiNotesProblemIV. Modification of Irrevocable TrustA. Modifying a Trust’s Dispositive or Administrative TermsIn re 3492497498499503506507508512515516516517521Chapter 14 · Trust Life: Trustee’s PerspectiveI. Overview — A Historical PerspectiveII. Trustee’s Powers and Third-Party Liability for Transactingwith a TrusteeA. Common Law ApproachB. Modern Trend Approach1. The Trustee’s Powers2. Protection for Third Parties Who Deal with a TrusteeProblemIII. The Office of TrusteeshipA. General Duty to Administer the TrustIV. The Core DutiesA. Duty of Loyalty527527528528528528530531531533533534
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xviiCONTENTSWilkins v. LasaterFulton Nat’l Bank v. TateNotesProblemsB. Duty to Be ImpartialDelaware Trust Co. v. BradfordNotesHearst v. GanziNotesProblemsIn re HellerNoteProblemC. Duty to Act Prudently1. Articulating the Duty2. Historical Evolution of the Investment Duties3. The Prudent Man Approach4. The Prudent Investor ApproachEstate of CollinsNotesProblemsV. The Ancillary, Administrative DutiesA. Related to the Trust Property1. Duty to Collect Trust PropertyProblems2. Duty to Segregate Trust PropertyMatter of GoldstickNotes3. Duty to Properly Care for the Trust PropertyProblemB. Related to the Trust Beneficiaries1. Duty to Inform Party of Beneficiary Status2. Duty to Disclose Terms of the TrustFletcher v. FletcherNotes3. Duty to Account for Trust’s AdministrationCook v. BratengNotesVI. To Whom Does the Trustee Owe These Fiduciary Duties?A. Traditional RuleB. Inter Vivos Revocable TrustIn re Estate of 579580581581582582582586587587593595595595595605
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xviiixviiiCONTENTSChapter 15 · Charitable TrustsI. Charitable Trust CreationA. Charitable PurposeShenandoah Valley Nat’l Bank of Winchester v. TaylorNotesProblemsB. Unascertainable BeneficiariesIn re McKenzie’s EstateProblemII. Standing to EnforcePatton v. SherwoodNotesIII. Power to Modify — The Doctrine of Cy PresIn re Elizabeth J.K.L. Lucas Charitable 29631632642647Chapter 16 · Powers of AppointmentI. IntroductionA. Conceptual IntroductionB. TerminologyC. Powers of Appointments — General versus SpecialJenkins v. United StatesNotesD. Standard Applicable to ExerciseII. Creation of a Power of AppointmentIn re Kuttler’s EstateNotesA. Special Power of AppointmentB. General Power of AppointmentProblemsIII. Exercise of a Power of AppointmentA. Inter Vivos — Timing of ExerciseB. Testamentary Power — Timing of ExerciseCarmichael v. HeggieNotesProblemC. Manner of ExerciseIn re PassmoreNotesProblemD. Atypical Exercise Scenarios1. Appointment in Trust; Creating a New Power of 667667667668668670671671671675680681681
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xixCONTENTS2. Appointee Dies before Appointment Effective:Lapse and Anti-Lapse?Dow v. AtwoodNotesE. Flawed Blended Exercises1. Selective Allocation2. CaptureIV. Failure to Exercise a Power of AppointmentCrawford v. 3
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wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xxiTable of CasesCook v. Brateng, 262 P.3d 1228 (Wash.Ct. App. 2010), 587Crawford v. Crawford, 296 A.2d 388(Md. 1972), 689Andersen v. Hunt, 196 Cal. App. 4th722 (2011), 116Armelin v. Armelin, No. B161395, 2003WL 22146528 (Cal. Ct. App. Sept.18, 2003), 439Armington v. Meyer, 236 A.2d 450 (R.I.1967), 419Ashburner v. MacGuire, 2 Bro. C.C.108 (Ch. 1786), 316Attorney Grievance Comm’n of Maryland v. Sachse, 693 A.2d 806 (Md.Ct. App. 1997), 548Delaware Trust Co. v. Bradford, 59 A.2d212 (Del. Ch. 1948), 550DeMaris v. Asti, 426 So.2d 1153 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 1983), 21Dickinson v. Wilmington Trust Co., 734A.2d 605 (Del. Ch. 1999), 667Dow v. Atwood, 260 A.2d 437 (Me.1969), 682Dunmore v. Dunmore, No. C063910,2012 WL 267725 (Cal. Ct. App. Jan.30, 2012), 531Duvall v. McGee, 826 A.2d 416 (Md.2003), 483Dyer v. Eckols, 808 S.W.2d 531 (Tex.App. 1991), 101Bank of New York v. Black, 139 A.2d393 (N.J. 1958), 677Bank v. Bank Lumber Co., 543 P.2d 588(Okla. Civ. App. 1975), 559Beckwith v. Dahl, 205 Cal. App. 4th1039 (Ct. App. 2012), 156Benjamin v. Woodring, 268 Md. 593(1973), 121Board of Regents v. Davis, 14 Cal. 3d333 (1975), 112Brezinski v. Brezinski, 463 N.Y.S.2d 975(1983), 372Bridge v. Kedon, 163 Cal. 493 (1912),42Elden v. Sheldon, 46 Cal. 3d 267(1988), 58Estate of Austin, 113 Cal. App. 3d 167(Ct. App. 1980), 318Estate of Ben-Ali, 216 Cal. App. 4th1026 (2013), 172Estate of Billings, 64 Cal. 427 (1884), 190Estate of Buck, 29 Cal. App. 4th 1846(Ct. App. 1994), 646Estate of Cleveland, 17 Cal. App. 4th1700 (1993), 82Estate of Collins, 72 Cal. App. 3d 663(1977), 567Cain v. Dunn, 241 So. 2d 650 (Miss.1970), 310Carmichael v. Heggie, 506 S.E.2d 308(S.C. 1998), 668Clymer v. Mayo, 473 N.E.2d 1084(Mass. 1985), 444xxi
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xxiixxiiTABLE OF CASESEstate of Dye, 92 Cal. App. 4th 966(2001), 71Estate of England, 233 Cal. App. 3d 1(Ct. App. 1991), 368Estate of Ford, 82 P.3d 747 (Cal. 2004),76, 288Estate of Griswold, 24 P.3d 1191 (Cal.2001), 65Estate of Hafner, 184 Cal. App. 3d 1371(1986), 56Estate of Heggstad, 16 Cal. App. 4th943 (1993), 414Estate of Joseph, 949 P.2d 472 (Cal.1998), 82Estate of Lensch, 177 Cal. App. 4th 667(Ct. App. 2009), 303Estate of Leslie, 37 Cal. 3d 186 (1984),56Estate of Mann, 184 Cal. App. 3d 593(1986), 108, 131Estate of McCabe, 224 Cal. App. 3d 330(Ct. App. 1990), 179Estate of Mowry, 107 Cal. App. 4th 338(Ct. App. 2003), 347Estate of Obernolte, 91 Cal. App. 3d124 (Ct. App. 1979), 225Estate of Powell, 113 Cal.App. 670(1931), 122, 459Estate of Shannon, 224 Cal. App. 3d1148 (Ct. App. 1990), 340Estate of Southworth, 59 Cal. Rptr. 2d272 (Ct. App. 1996), 211Estate of Stevenson, 11 Cal. App. 4th852 (1992), 82Estate of Stoker, 193 Cal. App. 4th 236(Ct. App. 2011), 170, 222Estate of Taff, 63 Cal. App. 3d 319 (Ct.App. 1976), 280Estate of Thornton, 1 Cal. 2d 1 (1934),337Estate of Vargas, 36 Cal. App. 3d 714(1974), 57Estate of Velarde, No. A133760, 2013 WL364305 (Cal. Ct. App. 2013), 368Estate of Wong, 40 Cal. App. 4th 1198(Ct. App. 1995), 206Estate of Wood, 32 Cal. App. 3d 862(Ct. App. 1973), 681Fabian v. Lindsay, 765 S.E.2d 132 (S.C.2014), 21Farmer’s Bank of State of Del. v.Howard, 258 A.2d 299 (Del. Chan.1969), 372Fiduciary Trust Co. v. First NationalBank of Colorado Springs, Colorado,181 N.E.2d 6 (Mass. 1962), 687First Nat. Bank of Birmingham v. Currie, 380 So. 2d 283 (Ala. 1980), 482First Nat. Bank of Catawba Cty. v.Edens, 286 S.E.2d 818 (N.C. Ct.App. 1982), 476Flannery v. McNamara, 738 N.E.2d 739(Mass. 2000), 294Fleming v. Morrison, 72 N.E. 499(Mass. 1904), 274Fletcher v. Fletcher, 480 S.E.2d 488 (Va.1997), 582Fulton Nat’l Bank v. Tate, 363 F.2d 562(5th Cir. 1966), 539Ganier’s Estate v. Ganier’s Estate, 418So. 2d 256 (Fla. 1982), 345Garatie-Symons v. Levenson, No.B203156, 2009 WL 258102 (Cal. Ct.App. Aug. 24, 2009), 416Golson v. Dunlap, 14 P. 576 (Cal.1887), 549Guest v. Frazier, No. B225938, 2011WL 986200 (Cal. Ct. App. Mar. 22,2011), 576Guy v. Liederbach, 459 A.2d 744 (Pa.1983), 21Hearst v. Ganzi, 145 Cal. App. 4th1195 (2006), 553Hermann v. Brighton German Bank Co.,16 Ohio N.P. (n.s.) 47 (1914), 400
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xxiiiTABLE OF CASESHollingsworth v. Perry, 133 S. Ct. 2652(2013), 55Holt v. College of Osteopathic Physiciansand Surgeons, 61 Cal.2d 750 (1964),629In re Alegria’s Estate, 87 Cal. App. 2d645 (Ct. App. 1948), 122In re Beldon’s Estate, 71 P.2d 326 (Cal.Ct. App. 1937), 277In re Bottger’s Estate, 14 Wash. 2d 676(1942), 148In re Brown, No. O.C.NO.1435 IV,2005 WL 3753142 (Pa. Com. Pl.Dec. 29, 2005), 417In re Buck’s Estate, 196 P.2d 769 (Cal.1948), 326In re De Mars’ Estate, 67 P. 374 (Cal.Ct. App. 1937), 619In re Domestic Partnership of Ellis, 162Cal. App. 4th 1000 (Ct. App. 2008),57In re Elizabeth J.K.L. Lucas CharitableGift, 261 P.3d 800 (Haw. 2011), 632In re Estate of Bonardi, 871 A.2d 103(N.J. Super. Ct. 2005), 508In re Estate of Boyer, 868 P.2d 1299(N.M. Ct. App. 1994), 421In re Estate of Breeden, 208 Cal. App.3d 981 (Ct. App. 1989), 619In re Estate of Duke, 61 Cal. 4th 871(2015), 285In re Estate of Giraldin, 290 P.3d 199(Cal. 2012), 595In re Estate of Heibult, 653 N.W.2d 101(S.D. 2002), 234In re Estate of Henault, G025278, 2002WL 1335602 (Cal. Ct. App. June 19,2002), 126In re Estate of Johnson, 630 P.2d 1039(Ariz. 1981), 201In re Estate of Lahren, 886 P.2d 412(Mont. 1994), 360, 371xxiiiIn re Estate of Leleu, No. A092532,2002 WL 1839249 (Cal. Ct. App.2002), 372In re Estate of Lieberman, 909 N.E.2d915 (Ill. App. Ct. 2009), 575In re Estate of Lowrie, 118 Cal. App.4th 220 (2004), 153In re Estate of McCarty, 211 Cal. App.2d 23 (Ct. App. 1962), 252In re Estate of McFarland, 167 S.W.3d299 (Tenn. 2005), 298In re Estate of Peck, 335 P.2d 185 (Cal.Dist. Ct. App. 1959), 621In re Estate of Peters, 526 A.2d 1005(N.J. 1987), 181In re Estate of Roloff, 143 P.3d 406(Kan. Ct. App., 2006), 376In re Estate of Rosasco, 927 N.Y.S.2d819 (Sur. 2011), 132In re Estate of Russell, 444 P.2d 353(Cal. 1968), 282, 289, 305In re Estate of Williams, 155 Cal. App.4th 197 (2007), 191In re Ferrall’s Estate, 258 P.2d 1009(Cal. 1953), 474In re Groffman, 1 W.L.R. 733 (ProbateDiv. 1969), 162, 189In re Guardianship of Eisenberg, 719P.2d 187 (Wash. Ct. App. 1986),547In re Heller, 849 N.E.2d 262 (N.Y.2006), 559In re Honigman’s Will, 168 N.E.2d 676(N.Y. 1960), 118In re Kearns’ Estate, 225 P.2d 218 (Cal.1950), 403In re Kuttler’s Estate, 325 P.2d 624 (Cal.Ct. App. 1958), 660In re Latimer Trust, 78 A.3d 875 (Del.Ch. 2013), 625In re Liapis’ Estate, 88 Pa. D. & C. 303(P. Orph. 1954), 619In re Lyon’s Estate, 67 Pa. D. & C.2d474 (1974), 428
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xxivxxivTABLE OF CASESIn re Mahoney’s Estate, 126 Vt. 31, 220A.2d 475 (1966), 96In re Marriage Cases, 76 Cal. Rptr. 3d683 (2008), 55In re McCauley’s Estate, 71 P. 512 (Cal.1903), 254In re McIntyre, 48 N.Y.S. 785 (1897), 577In re McKenzie’s Estate, 227 Cal. App.2d 167 (Ct. App. 1964), 621In re Moore’s Estate, 92 Cal. App. 2d120 (1949), 179In re Moses’ Will, 227 So. 2d 829 (Miss.1969), 135In re Passmore, 416 A.2d 991 (Pa.1980), 671In re Riddell, 157 P.3d 888 (Wash. Ct.App. 2007), 517In re Robbins’ Estate, 371 P.2d. 573(Cal. 1962), 620In re Succession of Plummer, 847 So.2d185 (La. App. 2003), 10In re Sutro’s Estate, 102 P. 920 (Cal.1909), 620In re Tipler, 10 S.W.3d 244 (Tenn. App.1998), 266In re Tracy’s Estate, 182 P.2d 336 (Cal.Ct. App. 1947), 183In re Trust Created by Lottie P. Silliman,dated December 29, 1950, No. A10590, 2010 WL 5071339 (Minn. Ct.App. Dec. 14, 2010), 475In re Voorhis’ Estate, 27 N.Y.S.2d 818(1941), 422In re Watson’s Estate, 195 Cal. App. 2d740 (Ct. App. 1961), 122In re Will of Sackler, 548 N.Y.S.2d 866(1989), 443In re Wright’s Estate, 7 Cal. 2d 348(1936), 113Ingalls v. Ingalls, 54 So. 2d 296 (Ala.1951), 483Jenkins v. United States, 428 F.2d 538(5th Cir. 1970), 653Juran v. Epstein, 23 Cal.App.4th 882(1994), 271Kalloger v. Normart, No. F040048,2002 WL 31402079 (Cal. Ct. App.Oct. 25, 2002), 441Kolb v. City of Storm Lake, 736 N.W.2d546 (Iowa 2007), 647Kroll v. Nehmer, 705 A.2d 716 (Md.1997), 238Kucher v. Kucher, 192 Cal. App. 4th 90(2011), 418Kunce v. Robinson, 469 So. 2d 874 (Fla.Dist. Ct. App. 1985), 421L.B. Research & Education Foundationv. UCLA Foundation, 130 Cal. App.4th 171 (Ct. App. 2005), 631Larson v. Cty. of Monterey, No.H039029, 2015 WL 7185021 (Cal.Ct. App. Nov. 16, 2015), 516Latham v. Father Divine, 81 N.Y.S.2d681 (1948), 160Leach v. Hyatt, 423 S.E.2d 165 (Va.1992), 667Lintz v. Lintz, 222 Cal. App. 4th 1346(2014), 116Lucas v. Hamm, 56 Cal.2d 583 (1961),15, 21Lundgren v. Hoglund, 711 P.2d 809(Mont. 1985), 498Mahoney v. Grainger, 186 N.E. 86(Mass. 1933), 273Marriage of Lindsey, 101 Wash. 2d 299(1984), 60Marsman v. Nasca, 573 N.E.2d 1025(Mass. App. Ct. 1991), 463Marvin v. Marvin, 557 P.2d 106 (Cal.1976), 58Masry v. Masry, 166 Cal. App. 4th 738(2008), 455Matter of Estate of Bolinger, 943 P.2d981 (Mont. 1997), 408
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xxvTABLE OF CASESMatter of Goldstick, 581 N.Y.S.2d 165(1992), 578McGinley v. Bank of Am., N.A., 109P.3d 1146 (Kan. 2005), 575Mears v. Mears, 180 Cal. App. 2d 484(Ct. App. 1960), 32Mieras v. DeBona, 550 N.W.2d 202(Mich. 1996), 21Miller v. Miller, No. H026719, 2004WL 2601792 (Cal. Ct. App. Nov. 16,2004), 458Moeller v. Superior Court, 16 Cal. 4th1124 (1997), 577Moxley v. Title Ins. & Trust Co., 165P.2d 15 (Cal. 1946), 516Murray v. Zajic, No. B203119, 2008WL 4767354 (Cal. Ct. App. Nov. 3,2008), 581Myers v. Kansas Dep’t of Soc. & Rehab.Servs., 866 P.2d 1052 (Kan. 1994),480Nelson v. California Trust Co., 202 P.2d1021 (Cal. 1949), 504O’Neal v. Wilkes, 263 Ga. 850 (1994),75Obergefell v. Hodges, 135 S. Ct. 2584(2015), 55Old Colony Trust Co. v. Rodd, 254N.E.2d 886 (Mass. 1970), 473Olver v. Fowler, 168 P.3d 348 (Wash.2007), 27Paley v. Bank of America, 159 Cal. App.2d 500 (Ct. App. 1958), 338Patton v. Sherwood, 152 Cal. App. 4th339 (Ct. App. 2007), 625Peffley-Warner v. Bowen, 113 Wash. 2d243 (1989), 60Perry v. Schwarzenegger, 704 F. Supp.2d 921 (N.D. Cal. 2010), 55Pickelner v. Adler, 229 S.W.3d 516 (Tex.App. 2007), 433xxvPrueter v. Bork, 435 N.E.2d 109 (Ill. Ct.App. 1981), 548Rice v. Clark, 47 P.3d 300 (Cal. 2002),145Riegler v. Riegler, 553 S.W.2d 37 (Ark.Ct. App. 1977), 558Rugo v. Rugo, 91 N.E.2d 826 (Mass.1950), 408Rush Univ. Med. Ctr. v. Sessions, 980N.E.2d 45 (Ill. 2012), 499San Francisco Foundation v. SuperiorCourt, 37 Cal. 3d 285 (1984), 645Schreiner v. Scoville, 410 N.W.2d 679(Iowa 1987), 21Sheils v. Wright, 357 P.3d 294 (Kan. Ct.App. 2015), 378Shenandoah Valley Nat’l Bank of Winchester v. Taylor, 63 S.E.2d 786 (Va.1951), 607Shinn v. Phillips, 220 N.E.2d 674 (OhioCt. App. 1964), 237Simon v. Grayson, 102 P.2d 1081 (Cal.1940), 258St. Matthews Bank v. De Charette, 83S.W.2d 471 (Ky. 1935), 667State Central Collection Unit v. Brent,525 A.2d 241 (Md. 1987), 498State v. Hawes, 564 N.Y.S.2d 637(1991), 506Steinberger v. Steinberger, 140 P.2d 31(Cal. 1943), 429Strauss v. Horton, 207 P.3d 48 (Cal.2009), 55Strojek ex rel. Mills v. Hardin Cty. Bd. ofSupervisors, 602 N.W.2d 566 (IowaCt. App. 1999), 476Tennant v. John Tennant MemorialHome, 167 Cal. 570 (1914), 375Thompson v. Royall, 163 Va. 492(1934), 215
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xxvixxviTABLE OF CASESUber v. Hoffmann, No. D037208, 2002WL 199735 (Cal. Ct. App. Feb. 8,2002), 409Unum Life Insurance Company ofAmerica v. Craig, 200 Ariz. 327(2001), 38Wilhoit v. Peoples Life Ins. Co., 218 F.2d887 (7th Cir. 1955), 355Wilkins v. Lasater, 733 P.2d 221 (Wash.Ct. App. 1987), 534Wilson v. Fritschy, 132 N.M. 785(2002), 156Wojtkowiak v. Wojtkowiak, 85 N.Y.S.2d198 (1947), 409Wood v. Am. Sec. & Trust Co., 253 F.Supp. 592 (D.D.C. 1966), 670Woodward v. Commissioner of Social Security, 760 N.E.2d 257 (Mass. 2002),87Wikman’s Estate, 148 Cal. 642 (1906),228Young v. Redmon’s Trustee, 300 Ky. 418(1945), 425Trimble v. Gordon, 430 U.S. 762(1976), 64Tseng v. Tseng, 352 P.3d 74 (Or. Ct.App. 2015), 606Tutorow v. Gerber, No. B155752, 2002WL 984777 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002), 419
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xxviiTable of Statutory MaterialProbate Code § 612, 652Probate Code § 630, 668, 675Probate Code § 631, 675–76Probate Code § 632, 676, 680Probate Code § 640, 677, 680Probate Code § 641, 677, 680Probate Code § 672, 688Probate Code § 673, 686Probate Code § 674, 686Probate Code § 681, 665Probate Code § 682, 666Probate Code § 852, 115Probate Code § 1870, 113Probate Code § 1872, 112–13Probate Code § 4125, 413Probate Code § 4401, 391Probate Code § 4512, 412Probate Code § 5000, 364, 375Probate Code § 5010, 384Probate Code § 5016, 364, 375Probate Code § 5042, 231Probate Code § 5203, 370–71Probate Code § 5301, 371Probate Code § 5600, 230, 381–82Probate Code § 5608, 382Probate Code § 5614, 382Probate Code § 5620, 382Probate Code § 5622, 382Probate Code § 5624, 382Probate Code § 5626, 382Probate Code § 5628, 382, 384Probate Code § 5630, 382Probate Code § 5650, 382Probate Code § 5652, 382California Probate CodeProbate Code § 24, 629Probate Code § 25, 259Probate Code § 62, 410, 413Probate Code § 66, 337Probate Code § 74, 183Probate Code § 101, 339Probate Code § 103, 41Probate Code § 105, 282–83, 322–23Probate Code § 106, 282–83Probate Code § 150, 270–71Probate Code § 201.5, 337–39Probate Code § 220, 40Probate Code § 223, 40– 41Probate Code § 228, 281Probate Code § 229, 281Probate Code § 240, 47, 100, 105Probate Code § 245, 47– 48Probate Code § 246, 48Probate Code § 247, 48Probate Code § 249.5, 91–92Probate Code § 250, 99, 100, 155Probate Code § 251, 99Probate Code § 252, 99Probate Code § 254, 99Probate Code § 257, 72Probate Code § 259, 152, 154–55Probate Code § 265, 103Probate Code § 275, 102Probate Code § 278, 103Probate Code § 279, 103Probate Code § 282, 102– 04Probate Code § 283, 102Probate Code § 350 (repealed), 228xxvii
wendel popovich 00 fmt f1 9/13/17 11:59 AM Page xxviiixxviiiTABLE OF STATUTORY MATERIALProbate Code § 5660, 382–83Probate Code § 5664, 384Probate Code § 5666, 384Probate Code § 5670, 384Probate Code § 5690, 384Probate Code § 5696, 384Probate Code § 6100, 108Probate Code § 6100.5, 108, 115Probate Code § 6110, 168– 69, 171,174–75, 179–82, 289–90Probate Code § 6110 (1984), 167Probate Code § 6111, 191, 196, 205,209, 289Probate Code § 6111.5, 191, 205Probate Code § 6112, 187Probate Code § 6120, 219, 221, 222Probate Code § 6122, 229–30, 232Probate Code § 6122.1, 231–32Probate Code § 6123, 234, 237Probate Code § 6124, 227–28Probate Code § 6130, 260Probate Code § 6131, 265Probate Code § 6132, 262– 64Probate Code § 6162, 211Probate Code § 6240, 161, 176,181–82, 221, 227Probate Code § 6300, 443– 44Probate Code § 6400, 26, 33, 36Probate Code § 6401, 27, 33, 36Probate Code § 6402, 27–28, 33, 36,52, 72Probate Code § 6402.5, 34–37Probate Code § 6403, 40Probate Code § 6406, 49, 86Probate Code § 6407, 86Probate Code § 6409, 95Probate Code § 6413, 49Probate Code § 6450, 64, 70Probate Code § 6451, 49, 70–72, 74Probate Code § 6452, 66– 67, 69Probate Code § 6453, 65Probate Code § 6454, 81–85Probate Code § 6560, 341– 43Probate Code § 6561, 341– 43Probate Code § 8252,
a. The Trust as a Bifurcated Gift 396 b. Requirements to Create a Trust 399 Hermann v. Brighton German Bank Co. 400 II. Trust Creation 403 A. Intent to Create a Trust 403 In re Kearns' Estate 403 Notes 407 Problems 407 B. Trust Funding 409 1. Third Party as Trustee 409 Uber v. Hoffmann 409 Note 413 2. Settlor as Trustee 413 Estate of Heggstad .
