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business, and it is one of the crucial factors that may affectcompanies. It can either be positive or negative for thecompany, depending on whether the business affectpositively or negatively the environment. [3]PoliticalThis part deals with the laws or changes implemented bythe governments. Any business should be aware and up todate with each law/ change stated by the government as itcan affect the company’s stability. [3]LegalThis part focuses on laws and how much the businessfollows it. To operate in a legal manner, companies shouldfollow every legal requirement regarding safety, health andother factors. That is why every business should be updatedwith the latest laws. [3]EthicalThis part is about ethics of the company, as it should respectthe ethics of the societies and be socially responsibletoward any population in order for the company to be betterethically. [3]Table 1: Overview of the STEEPLE Analysis2.2 Implementation of STEEPLE: Social Impact:The main sources of heating the water in the Zaouia is wood burning, gas bottlesand electrical boilers. These heating source bring indirectly a social problem which5

is school dropouts among children caused by the lack of funds since it is used tofund these sources for heating water. My project will help a little bit with this socialissue as the parents will save some money from using the solar water heater system,and use the saved money to fund their kids’ education. Technological impact:In order to implement an energy efficient model house for the village, the solar waterheater should be cheap because of the inhabitant’s financial situation as they cannotafford the expensive top line of such technologies. That is why my project will becost efficient and with a reasonable performance for the villagers to profit from. Economic impact:For this part, the annual cost of buying wood, gas bottles or paying for electricity toheat water consumed in the shower would decrease since solar water heaters is 100% renewable, and uses the sun rays. Environmental impact:This project is 100% renewable energy that uses solar radiations to heat the water,and it will save the environment by decreasing the CO2 emission caused by the useof gas bottles, electrical boilers and wood burning. Political impact:Morocco vision is to encourage people to use more renewable energy technologies,and this project is matching the long-term view of the government when it comes tothe use of such technologies. Legal impact:6

This project goes along with the laws and regulation of energy efficiency in thecountry. Ethical impact:This project goes along with the ethics of the villagers as it does not touch or harmanyone privacy or ethical behavior of any of the inhabitants.2.3 STEEPLE Chartdecreasing dropoutpercentagesSOCIALTECHNOLOGICALcost efficiency of theprojectDecreasing the cost ofheatingECONOMICJob opportunities will becreatedSOLAR WATERHEATER DESIGNENVIRONMENTALdecreasing CO2emissionhealthierenvironmentparticipating in ruraldevelopmentPOLITICALensuring the safety of theinhabitant when implementingthe projectLEGALmatching the ethical mentality of thevillageETHICALFigure 1: STEEPLE Impacts Chart7

3. Chapter 1: Literature Review3.1 Introduction to Solar Water Heater technologySolar water heaters (SWH) are basically a system that uses the sun radiations in order to heatwater or air which can be used in domestics or industries. It is not a new technology since itwas used in the 19th century, where they painted tanks with black paints in order to absorb sunenergy. But the disadvantage back then was the lack of insulation, which led to loss of heatrapidly [4]. Year after year, many improvements happened to this technology, starting fromincreasing the efficiency of the system by adding a metal panel to the tank by Clarence Kempin 1891 [4], then in 1909 a large quantity of SWH were being sold by William Bailey becauseof his model that contained a coiled pipe collector inside a box covered with glass and comesalong with an insulated indoor storage tank for heated water [4]. Nowadays, more of thistechnology is being used because of the growing energy crisis, as the fuel prices are skyrocketing, also the increase of CO2 emission which very dangerous for the future of the planet’senvironment.3.1.1Types of SWHThere are two types of solar water heaters: Active SWH:Which includes two types itself:o Direct-Circulation Systems: the water is circulated using a pumpthrough the collectors into the home, and it is used mainly in placesthat rarely freezes. [5]o Indirect circulation systems: a non- freezing, heat-transfer fluid iscirculated using a pump through the collectors and a heat exchanger,8

which heats the water used into the house. This type is mainly usedin freezing temperatures. [5] Passive SWH:Which includes two types itself:o Thermosiphon Systems: in this type, water rises naturally from thecollectors to the storage tank, after the water is heated it rises in thetank and the cooler water sinks down and it requires no external forceto move the water such as a pump. [5]o Integral Collector- storage Passive Systems: water flows in largetubes within the collector by the pressure of normal water and staysin the tubes to heat which work also as a storage for the water. Whenthe hot water is required, the heated one is circulated by cold pressurethat replace it in the tubes. [5]the following figures 2, 3 summarizes the different between active and passive solar waterheaters.Figure 2: Active Solar Water Heater [6]Figure 3: Passive Solar Water Heater [6]9

3.1.2Types of Collectors in SWHThere are two main types: Non-Concentrating Collectors:it includes two types itself:o Flat Plate Collector (FPC)o Evacuated Tube CollectorFigure 4: Flat Plate Collector [7] Figure 5: Evacuated Tube Collector [8]Concentrating Collectors:o Parabolic TroughFigure 6: Parabolic Trough [9]10

3.1.3Efficiency of Solar Water HeatersAlthough solar water heaters have the same method of capturing solar radiations andtransferring it into heating energy for various liquids, still each type differ from the other in thethermal efficiency rate because of its components, and materials that was used in order to buildit. Each type of collectors has its own efficiency depending on the ambient temperature, wherewe distinguish three types of temperatures as follows: Low- temperature systems:o Usually uses unglazed collector.o Operates at low temperatures areas where it is up to 10 C.o Often used for heating swimming pools. [10] Mid- temperature systems:o Usually uses flat plates collector.o Operates at temperatures between 10 C and 50 C.o Used for indoor heating system and liquid heating. [10] High- temperature systems:o Usually uses evacuated tubes collector.o Operates at temperatures more than 50 C.o Generally used for absorption cooling, electricity generation and alsoas a water heating system. [10]So, for the thermal efficiency it depends on the temperature of the collector in relative with theambient air temperature, the following figure 7 summarizes the efficiency of each of the abovecollectors:11

Figure 7: Efficiency of the Unglazed, Flat Plate and Evacuated tubes collector [10]3.2 Energy in MoroccoThe Moroccan energy market has been growing rapidly since 2009, which led to the openingof a lot of private investment interested in the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors[11]. In 2012, the Moroccan Kingdom has been partnering with the German Republic in theenergy sector [11]. This partnership is mainly about facilitating the information about theMoroccan market for private German investors. There are multiple actors in the energy sectorand each one of them is responsible for a something in the energy sector of Morocco, here is afew of them: MASEN, AMEE, IRESEN, AMISOLE [11].3.2.2Solar Energy in Moroccoa. The Moroccan Project of Solar EnergyThis project aims to develop a capacity of electrical production from solar energy to a total of2000 MW in five major cities: Ain Bni Mathar, Ouarzazate, Foum Al Oued, Boujdour andSebkhat Tah. One of the outcomes of this projection is that the role of solar energy in Moroccowill increase by 14% and a total of 3.7 million tons of CO2 emission will be prevented [12]b. Development Program of the Moroccan market for solar waterheaters12

This project aims to increase the installation of thermal solar sensors from 440,000 m2 that wasrealized back in 2012 to 1.7 million m2 by 2020. The outcome from this project is to generate1190 GWh of thermal energy and avoid 920,000 tons of CO2 emission. [12]c. Renewable energies laws Law 13-09 on renewable energies:o Adopted in 2010o Any company or individual is subject for a prior declaration on therealization or the modification of energy production for renewableenergy source if: Electrical is between 20 kilowatts and 2 megawatts Thermal is greater or equal to 8 megawatts [13]Law 47-09 on energy efficiency:o Adopted in 2011o The aim is to:3.2.3 Avoid wastes Improve energy efficiency Decrease the cost of energy in the Kingdom [14]Solar Water Heaters in Morocco (Shemsy Project)In 2016, an agreement between Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah university This project aims toincrease the installation of thermal solar sensors from 440,000 m2 that was realized back in2012 to 1.7 million m2 by 2020. The outcome from this project is to generate 1190 GWh ofthermal energy and avoid 920,000 tons of CO2 emission. [15]13

3.2.4Solar Irradiation in MoroccoGHI:Figure 8: GHI map in Morocco [16]Looking at the map in figure 8 the GHI is as follows:o The lower half of morocco has a high value of more than 2,100 KWh/m2.o The upper part of morocco has less than 2,000 KWh/m2.DNI:Figure 9: DNI map in Morocco [16]14

Looking at the map in figure 9 the DNI is as follows:o The right side of Morocco, the Atlas region, Marrakech, Agadir and fromLaayoune and down has a value of more than 2,300 KWh/m2o The upper sea side and some parts from morocco such as Fes meekness have avalue that doesn’t pass 1,900 KWh/m2TEMP:Figure 10: TEMP map in Morocco [16]Looking at the map in figure 10 the TEMP is as follows:o The average of the temperature in Morocco is between 26 0C and 16 0C exceptthe atlas region where it varies between 6 0C and 12 0C.Looking at the data, we can conclude that Morocco is one of the best places to implement anyproject that has a relation with solar energy, such as solar water heaters.15

4. Chapter 2: Zaouiat Sidi Abdeslam4.1 Location:Figure 11: Location of Zaouiat Sidi Abdslam [17]Zaouiat Sidi Abdeslam is located just 10 minutes outside the city of ifrane, to get to it you haveto take the route of Ain vital and it will take you directly to the village.4.2 Close Up:Zaouiat Sidi Abslam is a small village where its population is around 2,000 inhabitants.Historically, it is built around the tomb of Sidi M’hammed Ou-Boubker. The condition of theinhabitants is very poor, where the main source of finance is either through agriculture orbuilding construction work outside the village in the city of ifrane. As for the houses, they arebadly built and most of them are not completed especially the roof part.16

Figure 12: Pictures of houses in Zaouiat Sidi AbdslamAs you can see in the figure 12, the houses situation is very rough, and need to be renovated inorder to implement the solar water heater system. After investigating the village, most of thehouses were lacking the snow tile which will be a challenge for us to fix the SWH system. Buthopefully after we finish the model house that was selected randomly, the villagers would havethe courage to take a step forward and renovate their houses.17

4.3 Local interviewsa study was conducted in order to come up with an idea on the situation of the villagersregarding the process of heating their water and the method used. So, I conducted a localinterview with 8 people, 6 males and 2 females. I could only take a picture with only two of the6 males, and the others didn’t want to take a picture, I also couldn’t interview more peoplebecause the majority do not like to talk to strangers since I was not with any officialrepresentative of the project form the university.The following questions were asked:Question 1: What is the source for heating water?Figure 13: Pie Chart of the Sources of Heating in the VillageFrom the 8 interviewed people, 50% heat their water using gas, 13% electricity, and 37% wood.It is pretty obvious that the method for heating water dominating would be gas or wood, since18

the use of electrical boilers in rural areas is very low, so they use the alternative which are gasbottles or burning wood.Question 2: How much does it cost for heating water?Figure 14: Column Chart of Heating Cost in the VillageFor the figure 14, gas users pay monthly 280 MAD to buy the gas bottles, electricity users payapproximately 350 MAD and wood users around 480 MAD. These costs are only for heatingwater used in the shower, except the wood burning it is used both for heating water and househeating. Even though, it is pretty expensive while looking at the situation of the villagers, andthe socio- economic problems that they have. That is why the solar water heater would beconvenient since it will reduce these monthly costs.Question 3:Do you feel the need for a change in the method of water heating?19

Figure 15: Pie Chart of the Need for a ChangeThe majority of people interviewed were in favor for a need for change because they feel likethere are a lot of things to be done in the village such as:o Roofing the houses.o Rebuilding the walls to be energy efficient

3.2.1 Solar Energy in Morocco-----12 3.2.2 Solar Water Heaters in Morocco-----13 . various projects and advancement done in this domain. - Chapter 2 is a field study in the area where my project will be based, doing an interview with locals, and ask