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ble-Length Subnet 8.10.96192.168.10.12610.250.1.0172.31.15.0Student Name:

IP Address ClassesClass A1 – 127(Network 127 is reserved for loopback and internal testing)00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000Leading bit pattern0Network .Host.Host.HostClass B128 – 191Leading bit pattern1010000000.00000000.00000000.00000000Class C192 – 223Leading bit pattern11011000000.00000000.00000000.00000000Class D224 – 239(Reserved for multicast)Class E240 – 255(Reserved for experimental, used for research)Network .Network .Network .NetworkHost. Network.HostHostPrivate Address SpaceClass A10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255Class B172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255Class C192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255Default Subnet MasksClass A255.0.0.0Class B255.255.0.0Class C255.255.255.0This workbook assumes you already have a background in subnetting. If you don’t you maywant to consider completing the IP Addressing and Subnetting Workbook.Produced by: Robb Jonesjonesr@careertech.net and/or Robert.Jones@fcps.orgFrederick County Career & Technology CenterCisco Networking AcademyFrederick County Public SchoolsFrederick, Maryland, USASpecial Thanks to Melvin Baker and Jim Dorschfor taking the time to check this workbook for errors.Workbooks included in the series:IP Addressing and Subnetting WorkbooksACLs - Access Lists WorkbooksVLSM Variable-Length Subnet Mask IWorkbooksInside Cover

Classful vs. ClasslessSubnettingWhen you’re subnetting an IP address for a network you have twooptions: classful and classless. Classful subnetting is the simplest method.It tends to be the most wasteful because it uses more addresses than arenecessary. In classful subnetting you use the same subnet mask for eachsubnet, and all the subnets have the same number of addresses in them.Classless addressing allows you to use different subnet masks andcreate subnets tailored to the number of users in each group. This techniqueis referred to as VLSM, Variable Length Subnet Masks.What is VLSMVariable Length Subnet Masks allow you a much tighter control overyour addressing scheme. If you use a class C address with a default subnetmask you end up with one subnet containing 256 addresses. By using VLSMyou can adjust the number of subnets and number of addresses dependingon the specific needs of your network. The same rules apply to a class A orB addresses.VLSM is supported by the following protocols: RIP version 2, OSPF,EIGRP, Dual IS-IS, and BGP. You need to configure your router for VariableLength Subnet Masks by setting up one of these protocols. Then configurethe subnet masks of the various interfaces in the IP address interface subcommand.Benefits of VLSMAllows efficient use of address spaceAllows the use of multiple subnet mask lengthsBreaks up an address block into smaller custom blocksAllows for route summarizationProvides more flexibility in network designSupports hierarchical enterprise networksThis workbook explores three different methods to figure out sub-subnets:the box method, the circle method, and a VLSM chart.1

Classful SubnettingExampleWhen you’re subnetting an IP address for a network you have twooptions: classful and classless. Classful subnetting is the simplest method.It also tends to be the most wasteful because it uses more addresses thanare necessary. In classful subnetting you use the same subnet mask foreach subnet, and all the subnets have the same number of addresses inthem.In this example you need five subnets, each one containing 30 hosts.The serial connections only require two address each so you are wasting 28usable addresses in each of the serial subnet ranges.IP Address: 192.168.1.0Marketing25 HostsRecords12 HostsResearch30 HostsClassful Subnet 55.255.255.22432 Hosts8 Subnets2The Box Methodfor visualizing subnets0323164128639695160159192127191224223255

Classless SubnettingExampleClassless addressing allows you to use different subnet masksand create subnets tailored to the number of users in each subnetwork.There are fewer wasted IP addresses using smaller subnets.In this example you need at total of five subnets, two containing 30hosts, one containing 12 hosts, and two serial connections that only requiretwo usable addresses each.IP Address: 192.168.1.0Marketing25 HostsRecords12 HostsResearch30 HostsBy adjusting the subnet masks you can cut your address usage byalmost half in this example. This type of subnetting requires a networkprotocol which will support it such as: RIP version 2, EIGRP, OSPF, or BGP.The Box Methodfor visualizing subnetsClassless Subnet 63967980888318487951272553

Visualizing Subnets UsingThe Box MethodThe box method is a simple way to visualize the breakdown of subnetsand addresses into smaller sizes. By shading or coloring in the boxes youcan easily break up your subnets without overlapping your addresses. Youadjust each subnet to the correct size needed.Start with a square. The whole squareis a single subnet comprised of 256addresses./24255.255.255.0256 Hosts1 SubnetSplit the box in half and you get twosubnets with 128 addresses./25255.255.255.128128 Hosts2 SubnetsDivide the box into quarters and youget four subnets with 64 addresses./26255.255.255.19264 Hosts4 Subnets4

Split each individual square and youget eight subnets with 32 addresses./27255.255.255.22432 Hosts8 SubnetsSplit the boxes in half again and youget sixteen subnets with sixteenaddresses./28255.255.255.24016 Hosts16 SubnetsThe next split gives you thirty twosubnets with eight addresses./29255.255.255.2488 Hosts32 SubnetsThe last split gives sixty four subnetswith four addresses each./30255.255.255.2524 Hosts64 Subnets5

VLSM AddressingBox Method(Sample)Problem 1Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used inthe box. This business will be using the class C address 220.10.10.0. Remember to start with your largest groups first.MarketingDepartment60 HostsResearchDepartment28 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:220.10.10.64/27220.10.10.0/26Color in the squares used with differentshades to highlight each subnet.0128636496956127255

VLSM AddressingBox Method(Sample)Problem 2Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used inthe box. This company will be using the class C address 192.168.16.0. Remember to start with your largest groups first.LAN Address:Washington D.C.120 Hosts192.168.16.0/25WAN Address #1:192.168.16.224/30WAN Address #2:192.168.16.228/30Baltimore60 HostsFrederick20 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:192.168.16.192/27192.168.16.128/26Color in the squares used with differentshades to highlight each subnet.01281912241922322272282312392401272232557

VLSM AddressingBox MethodProblem 3Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used inthe box. This company will be using the class C address 190.10.10.0. Remember to start with your largest groups first.LAN Address:Dallas60 HostsWAN Address #1:Ft. Worth25 HostsLAN Address:Color in the squares used with differentshades to highlight each subnet.012863966410499100103112958111127255

VLSM AddressingBox MethodProblem 4Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used inthe box. This company will be using the class C address 220.108.38.0. Remember to start with your largest groups first.LAN Address:Corpus Christi25 HostsWAN Address #1:WAN Address #2:Houston120 HostsWaco50 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:Color in the squares used with differentshades to highlight each 9147155179 187148 156180188151192159200183224191232107195203227 235108196 204228236103111199207231 239112120208 216240248919287168135143167 175144 152176184631049916047605575768051136131139163 171132 19243 251116124212 22024425295119127215223247 2559

VLSM AddressingBox MethodProblem 5Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets usedin the box. This company will be using the class C address 192.168.10.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.WAN Address #1:LAN Address:New York115 HostsLAN Address:WAN Address #2:San JoseLAN Address:12 HostsFargo23 Hosts48 HostsLAN Address:Color in the squares used with differentshades to highlight each 5143167 175144 15217618459147155179 187148 156180188631049916047605575768051136131139163 171132 11151192159200183224191232107195203227 235108196 204228236103111199207231 239112120208 216240248115123211219243 251116124212 22024425295119127215223247 255

VLSM AddressingBox MethodProblem 6Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets usedin the box. This company will be using the class C address 222.10.150.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.WAN Address #1:WAN Address #2:ToykoBostonLondonLAN Address:6 Hosts24 Hosts37 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:LAN Address:12 HostsDraw the necessary lines and color in the used squareswith different shades to highlight each subnet.032316412863969516015919212719122422325511

VLSM AddressingBox MethodProblem 7Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and subnet mask in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnetsused in the box. This company will be using the class C address 200.150.70.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.Serial Address:Boston 225 HostsBoston 1LAN Address:LAN Address:6 HostsLAN Address:14 Hosts12 HostsLAN Address:Draw the necessary lines and color in the used squareswith different shades to highlight each subnet.0128191636419212712255

VLSM AddressingBox MethodProblem 8Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and subnet mask in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnetsused in the box. This company will be using the class C address 192.168.24.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.LAN Address:WAN Address #2:WAN Address #1:34 HostsLondonNew YorkParisLAN Address:95 Hosts18 Hosts12 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:Draw the necessary lines and color in the used squareswith different shades to highlight each subnet.025513

Visualizing Subnets UsingThe Circle MethodThe circle method is another method used to visualize the breakdownof subnets and addresses into smaller sizes. By shading or coloring in thedifferent sections of the circle you can easily break up your subnets withoutoverlapping your addresses. You adjust each subnet to the correct sizeneeded.Start with a circle. The whole circle isa single subnet comprised of 256addresses./24255.255.255.0256 Hosts1 SubnetSplit the circle in half and you get twosubnets with 128 addresses.255 .0/25255.255.255.128128 Hosts2 Subnets.128 .127Divide the circle into quarters andyou get four subnets with 64addresses./26255.255.255.19264 Hosts4 Subnets14.255 .0.192.191.63.64.128 .127

Split each quarter and you get eightsubnets with 32 addresses./27255.255.255.22432 Hosts8 Subnets.255 .0.224.223.31.32.192.191.63.64.160.159.95.96.128 .127Split the boxes in half again and youget sixteen subnets with sixteenaddresses.239.240.255 75.79.80.160.159.95.96.144.111.16- .23.24- .31.200 .207.208.21.2156.223.192 - .199.56 - .637.160.161758. .16- .183.176.184 - .191.64 - .71.72 .79.80-51.248 - .2.252 - .255722- . 31224.2 8 - .352.2 2 - .29.23 - .2363.23- .24.240.2- 47.244.88-.87.955.3239.3-.633.- .4.40 .47.44.51.48 5.52 - .5.56 - .59.60 - .63.64 - .67.68 - .71.72 - .75.76 .79.80- .83.84- .8.887-.92 - 91.959.936.9 .10007.10 4 - .1 1.10 8 - .11.105- .11.112- .119.1163.120 - .12.124 - .127.192 - .195.196.199.200 .203.204- .207.20.21 8 - .2112.21.215.2 6 - .22019-.223.188 - .191316-.6760.1 4 - .1 117.168.161752. .179- .17.176 .183.180 .184 - .187.128 - .131.132 - .135.136 .139.140- .143.144.14.1478.1.1551.1 2 - .56155-.159/30255.255.255.2524 Hosts64 Subnets9.32.37- .4.4003- .1.96 - .1114.109- .11.112.120 - .127The last split gives sixty four subnetswith four addresses each.112.55.48 -.128 - .135.136 .143.144.15.1512.159/29255.255.255.2488 Hosts32 Subnets.0 - .71.23492.2.232.23- .247.240.248 - .255The next split gives you thirty twosubnets with eight addresses.128 .127.8 - .15.143.0 - .3.4 - .7.8 - .11.12- .15.16.20 .19.24 - .23.2 - .278.31/28255.255.255.24016 Hosts16 Subnets.47.4815

VLSM AddressingCircle Method(Sample)Problem 9Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the circle below, color or shade the sub-subnets used.This business will be using the class C address 220.10.10.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.MarketingDepartment60 HostsResearchDepartment28 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:220.10.10.64/27220.10.10.0/26Color in the necessary circle sections used with differentshades to highlight each subnet.255 .0.63.64.95.96.128 .12716

VLSM AddressingCircle Method(Sample)Problem 10Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the circle below, color or shade the sub-subnets used.This company will be using the class C address 192.168.16.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.LAN Address:192.168.16.0/25Washington D.C.120 HostsWAN Address #1:192.168.16.224/30WAN Address #2:192.168.16.228/30Baltimore60 HostsFrederick20 HostsLAN Address:LAN .0.2232.23.2722- . 2314.2.2 28 39.2Color in the necessary circle sections used with differentshades to highlight each subnet.192.191.128 .12717

VLSM AddressingCircle MethodProblem 11Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the circle below, color or shade the sub-subnets used.This business will be using the class C address 200.20.20.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.LAN Address:MarketingDepartment100 HostsMarketingDepartment50 HostsDepartment25 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:Color in the necessary circle sections used with differentshades to highlight each subnet.255 .0.224.223.192.191.128 .12718

VLSM AddressingCircle MethodProblem 12Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the circle below, color or shade the sub-subnets used.This company will be using the class C address 199.55.70.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.LAN Address:WAN Address #1:12 HostsNew YorkBostonLAN Address:115 Hosts21 Hosts8 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:.0 - .3.4 - .7.8 - .11.12- .15.16.20 - .19.2 - .23.2 4 - .287.31722- . 3124 - .2 52. 28 23.2 32 - . 39.2 6 - .2.23 - .243.240 .247.24451.248 - .2.252 - .255Color in the necessary circle sections used with differentshades to highlight each subnet.35- . 392.3 6 - . 3.3 0 - .4.47- .4.44.518.45.52 - .5.56 - .599.96- 3.9 .100 - 107.10 04 - . 111.1 08 - .5.1- .11.112 .119.116 23.120 - .1.124 - .12763- .1 6760 .1.1 4 - 71.16 8. - 1 5.16 2. - 179.17- .17.176 .183.180 .184 - .187.188 - .191.192 - .195.196 - .199.200 .203.204.20 - .207.21 8 - .2.21 2 - .2 11.2 6 - . 15220- .2 1923.128 - .131.132 - .135.136 .139.140- .14.143.1 4 - .1.1 48 - 47.1 52 .1556 - - .15 1.1 559.60 - .63.64 - .67.68 - .71.72 - .7.76 - 5.79.80.84 - .83.8 - .87.9 8 - .921.9519

VLSM AddressingCircle MethodProblem 13Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the circle below, color or shade the sub-subnets used.This company will be using the class C address 200.150.70.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.Serial Address:New Delhi12HostsLAN Address:35 HostsMumbaiLAN Address:LAN Address:22 HostsLAN Address:7 Hosts5 HostsLAN Address:35- . 392.3 6 - . 3.3 0 - .4.47- .4.44.518.45.52 - .5.56 - .59.60 - .63.64 - .67.68 - .71.72 - .7.76 - 5.79.80.84 - .83.8 - .87.9 8 - .921.959.96- 3.9 .100 - 107.10 04 - . 111.1 08 - .5.1- .11.112 .119.116 23.120 - .1.124 - .12763- .1 6760 .1.1 4 - 71.16 8. - 1 5.16 2. - 179.17- .17.176 .183.180 .184 - .187.188 - .191.192 - .195.196 - .199.200 .203.204.20 - .207.21 8 - .2.21 2 - .2 11.2 6 - . 15220- .2 1923.128 - .131.132 - .135.136 .139.140- .14.143.1 4 - .1.1 48 - 47.1 52 .1556 - - .15 1.1 55920.0 - .3.4 - .7.8 - .11.12- .15.16.20 .19.2 - .23.2 4 - .287.3127.24 - .2312.2 28 - 235.2 32 - . 39.2 6 - .2.23 - .243.240 .247.24451.248 - .2.252 - .255Color in the necessary circle sections used with differentshades to highlight each subnet.

VLSM AddressingCircle MethodProblem 14Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the circle below, color or shade the sub-subnets used.This company will be using the class C address 210.10.10.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.WAN Address #2:LAN Address:WAN Address #1:Hong KongBeijing27 HostsShanghai95 Hosts18 Hosts12 HostsLAN Address:18 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:Draw the necessary lines and color in the used circle sectionswith different shades to highlight each subnet.255 .0.31.224.223.32.63.64.192.191.160.95.159.96.128 .12721

VLSM AddressingCircle MethodProblem 15Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets usedin the circle. This company will be using the class C address 192.168.150.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.Vienna15 HostsWAN Address #1:LAN Address:LAN Address:WAN Address #2:Prague12 HostsLAN Address:Frankfurt30 HostsVenice23 HostsLAN Address:WAN Address #3:Draw the necessary lines andcolor in the used circle sectionswith different shades to highlighteach subnet.255 .048 Hosts48 HostsLAN Address:.63.64.192.191.128 .12722

VLSM AddressingCircle MethodProblem 16Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets usedin the circle. This company will be using the class C address 195.75.23.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.WAN Address #1:WAN Address #2:San JuanGuatemala CityKingstonLAN Address:6 HostsWAN Address #324 Hosts37 HostsLAN Address:San JoseLAN Address:LAN Address:Draw the necessary lines andcolor in the used circle sectionswith different shades to highlighteach subnet.12 Hosts.255 .013 Hosts12 HostsLAN Address:.128 .12723

Visualizing Subnets Using aVLSM ChartThe VLSM chart is the third method used to visualize the breakdown ofsubnets and addresses into smaller sizes. By shading or coloring in theboxes you can easily break up your subnets without overlapping youraddresses. You can adjust each sub-subnet to the correct size needed.VLSM AddressingVLSM Chart Method(Sample)Problem 17Using the network diagram and information given create an addressingscheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used inthe chart. This business will be using the class C address 220.10.10.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.MarketingDepartment60 HostsLAN Address:220.10.10.0/2624ResearchDepartment28 HostsLAN Address:220.10.10.64/27

Class C AddressesVLSM Chart 24-30 Bits(4th octet)/24/25/26/27/28/29/30255.255.255.0256 Hosts255.255.255.128128 Hosts255.255.255.19264 Hosts255.255.255.22432 Hosts255.255.255.24016 Hosts255.255.255.2488 Hosts255.255.255.2524 27120-1270 - 0-247240-255248-25525

VLSM AddressingVLSM Chart Method(Sample)Problem 18Using the network diagram and information given create an addressing scheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show the subnetaddress and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnets used inthe chart. This company will be using the class C address 192.168.16.0. Remember to start with your largest groups first.Washington D.C.120 HostsLAN Address:192.168.16.0/25WAN Address #1:192.168.16.224/30WAN Address #2:192.168.16.228/30Baltimore60 HostsLAN Address:192.168.16.128/2626Frederick20 HostsLAN Address:192.168.16.192/27

VLSM AddressingVLSM Chart MethodProblem 19Using the network diagram and information given create anaddressing scheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show thesubnet address and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnetsused in the chart. This company will be using the class C address 199.55.78.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.LAN Address:LAN Address:Site 130 HostsSite 250 HostsWAN Address #1:Site 4100 HostsSite 310 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:28

VLSM AddressingVLSM Chart MethodProblem 20Using the network diagram and information given create anaddressing scheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show thesubnet address and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnetsused in the chart. This company will be using the class C address 223.150.50.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.WAN Address #1:Richland Hills10 HostsArlington15 HostsLAN Address:LAN Address:Euless50 HostsWAN Address #2:Bedford12 HostsLAN Address:Hurst60 Hosts30LAN Address:

VLSM AddressingVLSM Chart MethodProblem 21Using the network diagram and information given create anaddressing scheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show thesubnet address and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnetsused in the chart. This company will be using the class C address 222.22.2.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.17 Hosts40 HostsLAN Address:WAN Address #1:23 Hosts15 HostsLAN Address:12 HostsWAN Address #1:WAN Address #2:WAN Address #1:3235 Hosts18 Hosts

VLSM AddressingVLSM Chart MethodProblem 22Using the network diagram and information given create anaddressing scheme which utilizes variable-length subnet masks. Show thesubnet address and CIDR in the boxes below, color or shade the sub-subnetsused in the chart. This company will be using the class C address 200.20.2.0.Remember to start with your largest groups first.LAN Address:LAN Address:WAN Address #1:Boonsburo35 HostsHagerstown25 HostsRouter ARouter BWAN Address #2:Router CRouter DWAN Address #3:Middletown10 HostsLAN Address:FrederickSite A45 HostsLAN Address:34FrederickSite B23 Hosts

Classful vs. Classless Subnetting When you're subnetting an IP address for a network you have two options: classful and classless. Classful subnetting is the simplest method. It tends to be the most wasteful because it uses more addresses than are necessary. In classful subnetting you use the same subnet mask for each