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ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIESPetr VanýsekThere are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each table lists standard reduction potentials, E values, at 298.15 K (25 C), and at a pressureof 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Table 1 is an alphabetical listing of the elements, according to the symbol of the elements. Thus, data for silver (Ag) precedesthose for aluminum (Al). Table 2 lists only those reduction reactions which have E values positive in respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. InTable 2, the reactions are listed in the order of increasing positive potential, and they range from 0.0000 V to 3.4 V. Table 3 lists only those reductionpotentials which have E negative with respect to the standard hydrogen electrode. In Table 3, the reactions are listed in the order of decreasing potentialand range from 0.0000 V to –4.10 V. The reliability of the potentials is not the same for all the data. Typically, the values with fewer significant figureshave lower reliability. The values of reduction potentials, in particular those of less common reactions, are not definite; they are subject to occasionalrevisions.Abbreviations: ac acetate; bipy 2,2′ -dipyridine, or bipyridine; en ethylenediamine; phen 1,10-phenanthroline.REFERENCES1. G. Milazzo, S. Caroli, and V. K. Sharma, Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials, Wiley, Chichester, 1978.2. A. J. Bard, R. Parsons, and J. Jordan, Standard Potentials in Aqueous Solutions, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1985.3. S. G. Bratsch, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, 18, 1—21, 1989.TABLE 1Alphabetical ListingReactionAc3 3 e 1 AcAg e 1 AgAg2 e 1 Ag Ag(ac) e 1 Ag (ac)–AgBr e 1 Ag Br–AgBrO3 e 1 Ag BrO3–Ag2C2O4 2 e 1 2 Ag C2O42–AgCl e 1 Ag Cl–AgCN e 1 Ag CN–Ag2CO3 2 e 1 2 Ag CO32–Ag2CrO4 2 e 1 2 Ag CrO42–AgF e 1 Ag F–Ag4[Fe(CN)6] 4 e 1 4 Ag [Fe(CN)6]4–AgI e 1 Ag I–AgIO3 e 1 Ag IO3–Ag2MoO4 2 e 1 2 Ag MoO42–AgNO2 e 1 Ag 2 NO2–Ag2O H2O 2 e 1 2 Ag 2 OH–Ag2O3 H2O 2 e 1 2 AgO 2 OH–Ag3 2 e 1 Ag Ag3 e 1 Ag2 Ag2O2 4 H e 1 2 Ag 2 H2O2 AgO H2O 2 e 1 Ag2O 2 OH–AgOCN e 1 Ag OCN–Ag2S 2 e 1 2 Ag S2–Ag2S 2 H 2 e 1 2 Ag H2SAgSCN e 1 Ag SCN–Ag2SeO3 2 e 1 2 Ag SeO42–Ag2SO4 2 e 1 2 Ag SO42–Ag2WO4 2 e 1 2 Ag WO42–Al3 3 e 1 AlAl(OH)3 3 e 1 Al 3 OH–E l(OH)4– 3 e 1 Al 4 OH–H2AlO3– H2O 3 e 1 Al 4 OH–AlF63– 3 e 1 Al 6 F–Am4 e 1 Am3 Am2 2 e 1 AmAm3 3 e 1 AmAm3 e 1 Am2 As 3 H 3 e 1 AsH3As2O3 6 H 6 e 1 2 As 3 H2OHAsO2 3 H 3 e 1 As 2 H2OAsO2– 2 H2O 3 e 1 As 4 OH–H3AsO4 2 H 2 e–1 HAsO2 2 H2OAsO43– 2 H2O 2 e 1 AsO2– 4 OH–At2 2 e 1 2 At–Au e 1 AuAu3 2 e 1 Au Au3 3 e 1 AuAu2 e –1 Au AuOH2 H 2 e 1 Au H2OAuBr2– e 1 Au 2 Br–AuBr4– 3 e 1 Au 4 Br–AuCl4– 3 e 1 Au 4 Cl–Au(OH)3 3 H 3 e 1 Au 3 H2OH2BO3– 5 H2O 8 e 1 BH4– 8 OH–H2BO3– H2O 3 e 1 B 4 OH–H3BO3 3 H 3 e 1 B 3 H2OB(OH)3 7 H 8 e 1 BH4– 3 H2OBa2 2 e 1 BaBa2 2 e 1 Ba(Hg)Ba(OH)2 2 e 1 Ba 2 OH–Be2 2 e 1 BeBe2O32– 3 H2O 4 e 1 2 Be 6 OH–8-23TeamLRNE 698–0.481–2.912–1.570–2.99–1.847–2.63
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)TABLE 1Alphabetical Listing (continued)Reactionp–benzoquinone 2 H 2 e 1 hydroquinoneBi e 1 BiBi3 3 e 1 BiBi3 2 e 1 Bi Bi 3 H 3 e 1 BiH3BiCl4– 3 e 1 Bi 4 Cl–Bi2O3 3 H2O 6 e 1 2 Bi 6 OH–Bi2O4 4 H 2 e 1 2 BiO 2 H2OBiO 2 H 3 e 1 Bi H2OBiOCl 2 H 3 e 1 Bi Cl– H2OBk4 e 1 Bk3 Bk2 2 e 1 BkBk3 e 1 Bk2 Br2(aq) 2 e 1 2 Br–Br2(l) 2 e 1 2 Br–HBrO H 2 e 1 Br– H2OHBrO H e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) H2OHBrO H e 1 1/2 Br2(l) H2OBrO– H2O 2 e 1 Br– 2 OH–BrO3– 6 H 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 3 H2OBrO3– 6 H 6 e 1 Br– 3 H2OBrO3– 3 H2O 6 e 1 Br– 6 OH–(CN)2 2 H 2 e 1 2 HCN2 HCNO 2 H 2 e 1 (CN)2 2 H2O(CNS)2 2 e 1 2 CNS–CO2 2 H 2 e 1 HCOOHCa e 1 CaCa2 2 e 1 CaCa(OH)2 2 e 1 Ca 2 OH–Calomel electrode, 1 molal KClCalomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)Calomel electrode, 0.1 molar KClCalomel electrode, saturated KCl (SCE)Calomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)Cd2 2 e 1 CdCd2 2 e 1 Cd(Hg)Cd(OH)2 2 e 1 Cd(Hg) 2 OH–CdSO4 2 e 1 Cd SO42–Cd(OH)42– 2 e 1 Cd 4 OH–CdO H2O 2 e 1 Cd 2 OH–Ce3 3 e 1 CeCe3 3 e 1 Ce(Hg)Ce4 e 1 Ce3 CeOH3 H e 1 Ce3 H2OCf4 e 1 Cf3 Cf3 e 1 Cf2 Cf3 3 e 1 CfCf2 2 e 1 CfCl2(g) 2 e 1 2 Cl–HClO H e 1 1/2 Cl2 H2OHClO H 2 e 1 Cl– H2OClO– H2O 2 e 1 Cl– 2 OH–ClO2 H e 1 HClO2HClO2 2 H 2 e 1 HClO H2OHClO2 3 H 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 2 H2OE 71.6111.4820.811.2771.6451.628HClO2 3 H 4 e 1 Cl– 2 H2OClO2– H2O 2 e 1 ClO– 2 OH–ClO2– 2 H2O 4 e 1 Cl– 4 OH–ClO2(aq) e 1 ClO2–ClO3– 2 H e 1 ClO2 H2OClO3– 3 H 2 e 1 HClO2 H2OClO3– 6 H 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 3 H2OClO3– 6 H 6 e 1 Cl– 3 H2OClO3– H2O 2 e 1 ClO2– 2 OH–ClO3– 3 H2O 6 e 1 Cl– 6 OH–ClO4– 2 H 2 e 1 ClO3– H2OClO4– 8 H 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 4 H2OClO4– 8 H 8 e 1 Cl– 4 H2OClO4– H2O 2 e 1 ClO3– 2 OH–Cm4 e 1 Cm3 Cm3 3 e 1 CmCo2 2 e 1 CoCo3 e 1 Co2 [Co(NH3)6]3 e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2 Co(OH)2 2 e 1 Co 2 OH–Co(OH)3 e 1 Co(OH)2 OH–Cr2 2 e 1 CrCr3 e 1 Cr2 Cr3 3 e 1 CrCr2O72– 14 H 6 e 1 2 Cr3 7 H2OCrO2– 2 H2O 3 e 1 Cr 4 OH–HCrO4– 7 H 3 e 1 Cr3 4 H2OCrO2 4 H e 1 Cr3 2H2OCr(V) e 1 Cr(IV)CrO42– 4 H2O 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 5 OH–Cr(OH)3 3 e 1 Cr 3 OH–Cs e 1 CsCu e 1 CuCu2 e 1 Cu Cu2 2 e 1 CuCu2 2 e 1 Cu(Hg)Cu3 e 1 Cu2 Cu2O3 6 H 2e 1 2Cu2 3 H2OCu2 2 CN– e 1 [Cu(CN)2]–CuI2– e 1 Cu 2 I–Cu2O H2O 2 e 1 2 Cu 2 OH–Cu(OH)2 2 e 1 Cu 2 OH–2 Cu(OH)2 2 e 1 Cu2O 2 OH– H2O2 D 2 e 1 D 2Dy2 2 e 1 DyDy3 3 e 1 DyDy3 e 1 Dy2 Er2 2 e 1 ErEr3 3 e 1 ErEr3 e 1 Er2 Es3 e 1 Es2 Es3 3 e 1 EsEs2 2 e 1 EsEu2 2 e 1 EuEu3 3 e 1 Eu8-24E –2.812–1.991
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)TABLE 1Alphabetical Listing (continued)ReactionEu3 e 1 Eu2 F2 2 H 2 e 1 2 HFF2 2 e 1 2 F–F2O 2 H 4 e 1 H2O 2 F–Fe2 2 e 1 FeFe3 3 e 1 FeFe3 e 1 Fe2 2 HFeO4– 8 H 6 e 1 Fe2O3 5 H2OHFeO4– 4 H 3 e 1 FeOOH 2 H2OHFeO4– 7 H 3 e 1 Fe3 4 H2OFe2O3 4 H 2 e 1 2 FeOH H2O[Fe(CN)6]3– e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4–FeO42– 8 H 3 e 1 Fe3 4 H2O[Fe(bipy)2]3 e 1 Fe(bipy)2]2 [Fe(bipy)3]3 e 1 Fe(bipy)3]2 Fe(OH)3 e 1 Fe(OH)2 OH–[Fe(phen)3]3 e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2 [Fe(phen)3]3 e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2 (1 molar H2SO4)[Ferricinium] e 1 ferroceneFm3 e 1 Fm2 Fm3 3 e 1 FmFm2 2 e 1 FmFr e 1 FrGa3 3 e 1 GaGa e 1 GaGaOH2 H 3 e 1 Ga H2OH2GaO–3 H2O 3 e 1 Ga 4 OH–Gd3 3 e 1 GdGe2 2 e 1 GeGe4 4 e 1 GeGe4 2 e 1 Ge2 GeO2 2 H 2 e 1 GeO H2OH2GeO3 4 H 4 e 1 Ge 3 H2O2 H 2 e 1 H 2H2 2 e 1 2 H–HO2 H e 1 H2O22 H2O 2 e 1 H2 2 OH–H2O2 2 H 2 e 1 2 H2OHf4 4 e 1 HfHfO2 2 H 4 e 1 Hf H2OHfO2 4 H 4 e 1 Hf 2 H2OHfO(OH)2 H2O 4 e 1 Hf 4 OH–Hg2 2 e 1 Hg2 Hg2 2 e 1 Hg22 Hg22 2 e 1 2 HgHg2(ac)2 2 e 1 2 Hg 2(ac)–Hg2Br2 2 e 1 2 Hg 2 Br–Hg2Cl2 2 e 1 2 Hg 2 Cl–Hg2HPO4 2 e 1 2 Hg HPO42–Hg2I2 2 e 1 2 Hg 2 I–Hg2O H2O 2 e 1 2 Hg 2 OH–HgO H2O 2 e 1 Hg 2 OH–Hg(OH)2 2 H 2 e 1 Hg 2 H2OHg2SO4 2 e 1 2 Hg SO42–Ho2 2 e 1 HoE 0.6359–0.04050.1230.09771.0340.6125–2.1Ho3 3 e 1 HoHo3 e 1 Ho2 I2 2 e 1 2 I–I3– 2 e 1 3 I–H3IO62– 2 e 1 IO–3 3 OH–H5IO6 H 2 e 1 IO3– 3 H2O2 HIO 2 H 2 e 1 I2 2 H2OHIO H 2 e 1 I– H2OIO– H2O 2 e 1 I– 2 OH–2 IO3– 12 H 10 e 1 I2 6 H2OIO3– 6 H 6 e 1 I– 3 H2OIO3– 2 H2O 4 e 1 IO– 4 OH–IO3– 3 H2O 6 e 1 IO– 6 OH–In e 1 InIn2 e 1 In In3 e 1 In2 In3 2 e 1 In In3 3 e 1 InIn(OH)3 3 e 1 In 3 OH–In(OH)4– 3 e 1 In 4 OH–In2O3 3 H2O 6 e 1 2 In 6 OH–Ir3 3 e 1 Ir[IrCl6]2– e 1 [IrCl6]3–[IrCl6]3– 3 e 1 Ir 6 Cl–Ir2O3 3 H2O 6 e 1 2 Ir 6 OH–K e 1 KLa3 3 e 1 LaLa(OH)3 3 e 1 La 3 OH–Li e 1 LiLr3 3 e 1 LrLu3 3 e 1 LuMd3 e 1 Md2 Md3 3 e 1 MdMd2 2 e 1 MdMg e 1 MgMg2 2 e 1 MgMg(OH)2 2 e 1 Mg 2 OH–Mn2 2 e 1 MnMn3 e 1 Mn2 MnO2 4 H 2 e 1 Mn2 2 H2OMnO4– e 1 MnO42–MnO4– 4 H 3 e 1 MnO2 2 H2OMnO4– 8 H 5 e 1 Mn2 4 H2OMnO4– 2 H2O 3 e 1 MnO2 4 OH–MnO42– 2 H2O 2 e 1 MnO2 4 OH–Mn(OH)2 2 e 1 Mn 2 OH–Mn(OH)3 e 1 Mn(OH)2 OH–Mn2O3 6 H e 1 2 Mn2 3 H2OMo3 3 e 1 MoMoO2 4 H 4 e 1 Mo 4 H2OH3Mo7O243– 45 H 42 e 1 7 Mo 24 H2OMoO3 6 H 6 e 1 Mo 3 H2ON2 2 H2O 6 H 6 e 1 2 NH4OH3 N2 2 H 2 e 1 2 HN3N5 3 H 2 e 1 2 NH4 8-25TeamLRNE .200–0.1520.0820.0750.092–3.091.275
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)TABLE 1Alphabetical Listing (continued)ReactionN2 O 2 2 e 1 N2 H2OH2N2O2 2 H 2 e 1 N2 2 H2ON2O4 2 e 1 2 NO2–N2O4 2 H 2 e 1 2 NHO2N2O4 4 H 4 e 1 2 NO 2 H2O2 NH3OH H 2 e 1 N2H5 2 H2O2 NO 2 H 2 e 1 N2O H2O2 NO H2O 2 e 1 N2O 2 OH–HNO2 H e 1 NO H2O2 HNO2 4 H 4 e 1 H2N2O2 2 H2O2 HNO2 4 H 4 e 1 N2O 3 H2ONO2– H2O e 1 NO 2 OH–2 NO2– 2 H2O 4 e 1 N2O22– 4 OH–2 NO2– 3 H2O 4 e 1 N2O 6 OH–NO3– 3 H 2 e 1 HNO2 H2ONO3– 4 H 3 e 1 NO 2 H2O2 NO3– 4 H 2 e 1 N2O4 2 H2ONO3– H2O 2 e 1 NO2– 2 OH–2 NO3– 2 H2O 2 e 1 N2O4 4 OH–Na e 1 NaNb3 3 e 1 NbNbO2 2 H 2 e 1 NbO H2ONbO2 4 H 4 e 1 Nb 2 H2ONbO 2 H 2 e 1 Nb H2ONb2O5 10 H 10 e 1 2 Nb 5 H2ONd3 3 e 1 NdNd2 2 e 1 NdNd3 e 1 Nd2 Ni2 2 e 1 NiNi(OH)2 2 e 1 Ni 2 OH–NiO2 4 H 2 e 1 Ni2 2 H2ONiO2 2 H2O 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 2 OH–No3 e 1 No2 No3 3 e 1 NoNo2 2 e 1 NoNp3 3 e 1 NpNp4 e 1 Np3 NpO2 H2O H e 1 Np(OH)3O2 2 H 2 e 1 H2O2O2 4 H 4 e 1 2 H2OO2 H2O 2 e 1 HO2– OH–O2 2 H2O 2 e 1 H2O2 2 OH–O2 2 H2O 4 e 1 4 OH–O3 2 H 2 e 1 O2 H2OO3 H2O 2 e 1 O2 2 OH–O(g) 2 H 2 e 1 H2OOH e 1 OH–HO2– H2O 2 e 1 3 OH–OsO4 8 H 8 e 1 Os 4 H2OOsO4 4 H 4 e 1 OsO2 2 H2O[Os(bipy)2]3 e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2 [Os(bipy)3]3 e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2 P(red) 3 H 3 e 1 PH3(g)P(white) 3 H 3 e 1 PH3(g)P 3 H2O 3 e 1 PH3(g) 3 OH–H E 0–0.111–0.063–0.87Reaction e 1 P 2H3PO2 H e 1 P 2 H2OH3PO3 2 H 2 e 1 H3PO2 H2OH3PO3 3 H 3 e 1 P 3 H2OHPO32– 2 H2O 2 e 1 H2PO2– 3 OH–HPO32– 2 H2O 3 e 1 P 5 OH–H3PO4 2 H 2 e 1 H3PO3 H2OPO43– 2 H2O 2 e 1 HPO32– 3 OH–Pa3 3 e 1 PaPa4 4 e 1 PaPa4 e 1 Pa3 Pb2 2 e 1 PbPb2 2 e 1 Pb(Hg)PbBr2 2 e 1 Pb 2 Br–PbCl2 2 e 1 Pb 2 Cl–PbF2 2 e 1 Pb 2 F–PbHPO4 2 e 1 Pb HPO42–PbI2 2 e 1 Pb 2 I–PbO H2O 2 e 1 Pb 2 OH–PbO2 4 H 2 e 1 Pb2 2 H2OHPbO2– H2O 2 e 1 Pb 3 OH–PbO2 H2O 2 e 1 PbO 2 OH–PbO2 SO42– 4 H 2 e 1 PbSO4 2 H2OPbSO4 2 e 1 Pb SO42–PbSO4 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) SO42–Pd2 2 e 1 Pd[PdCl4]2– 2 e 1 Pd 4 Cl–[PdCl6]2– 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– 2 Cl–Pd(OH)2 2 e 1 Pd 2 OH–Pm2 2 e 1 PmPm3 3 e 1 PmPm3 e 1 Pm2 Po4 2 e 1 Po2 Po4 4 e 1 PoPr4 e 1 Pr3 Pr2 2 e 1 PrPr3 3 e 1 PrPr3 e 1 Pr2 Pt2 2 e 1 Pt[PtCl4]2– 2 e 1 Pt 4 Cl–[PtCl6]2– 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– 2 Cl–Pt(OH)2 2 e 1 Pt 2 OH–PtO3 2 H 2 e 1 PtO2 H2OPtO3 4 H 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22 H2OPtOH H 2 e 1 Pt H2OPtO2 2 H 2 e 1 PtO H2OPtO2 4 H 4 e 1 Pt 2 H2OPu3 3 e 1 PuPu4 e 1 Pu3 Pu5 e 1 Pu4 PuO2(OH)2 2 H 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4PuO2(OH)2 H e 1 PuO2OH H2ORa2 2 e 1 RaRb e 1 RbRe3 3 e 1 ReH2P2–8-26OH–E 311.0061.0991.3251.062–2.8–2.980.300
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)TABLE 1Alphabetical Listing (continued)ReactionReO4– 4 H 3 e 1 ReO2 2 H2OReO2 4 H 4 e 1 Re 2 H2OReO4– 2 H e 1 ReO3 H2OReO4– 4 H2O 7 e 1 Re 8 OH–ReO4– 8 H 7 e 1 Re 4 H2ORh e 1 RhRh 2e1 RhRh3 3 e 1 Rh[RhCl6]3– 3 e 1 Rh 6 Cl–RhOH2 H 3 e 1 Rh H2ORu2 2 e 1 RuRu3 e 1 Ru2 RuO2 4 H 2 e 1 Ru2 2 H2ORuO4– e 1 RuO42–RuO4 e 1 RuO4–RuO4 6 H 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22 2 H2ORuO4 8 H 8 e 1 Ru 4 H2O[Ru(bipy)3)3 e–1 [Ru(bipy)3]2 [Ru(H2O)6]3 e–1 [Ru(H2O)6]2 [Ru(NH3)6]3 e–1 [Ru(NH3)6]2 [Ru(en)3]3 e –1 [Ru(en)3]2 [Ru(CN)6]3– e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4–S 2 e 1 S2–S 2H 2 e 1 H2S(aq)S H2O 2 e 1 SH– OH–2 S 2 e 1 S22–S2O62– 4 H 2 e 1 2 H2SO3S2O82– 2 e 1 2 SO42–S2O82– 2 H 2 e 1 2 HSO4–S4O62– 2 e 1 2 S2O32–2 H2SO3 H 2 e 1 HS2O4– 2 H2OH2SO3 4 H 4 e 1 S 3 H2O2 SO32– 2 H2O 2 e 1 S2O42– 4 OH–2 SO32– 3 H2O 4 e 1 S2O32– 6 OH–SO42– 4 H 2 e 1 H2SO3 H2O2 SO42– 4 H 2 e 1 S2O62– H2OSO42– H2O 2 e 1 SO32– 2 OH–Sb 3 H 3 e 1 SbH3Sb2O3 6 H 6 e 1 2 Sb 3 H2OSb2O5 (senarmontite) 4 H 4 e 1 Sb2O3 2 H2OSb2O5 (valentinite) 4 H 4 e 1 Sb2O3 2 H2OSb2O5 6 H 4 e 1 2 SbO 3 H2OSbO 2 H 3 e 1 Sb 2 H2OSbO2– 2 H2O 3 e 1 Sb 4 OH–SbO3– H2O 2 e 1 SbO2– 2 OH–Sc3 3 e 1 ScSe 2 e 1 Se2–Se 2 H 2 e 1 H2Se(aq)H2SeO3 4 H 4 e 1 Se 3 H2OSe 2 H 2 e 1 H2SeSeO32– 3 H2O 4 e 1 Se 6 OH–SeO42– 4 H 2 e 1 H2SeO3 H2OSeO42– H2O 2 e 1 SeO32– 2 OH–SiF62– 4 e 1 Si 6 F–SiO 2 H 2 e 1 Si H2OE ��0.3661.1510.05–1.24–0.8SiO2 (quartz) 4 H 4 e 1 Si 2 H2OSiO32– 3 H2O 4 e 1 Si 6 OH–Sm3 e 1 Sm2 Sm3 3 e 1 SmSm2 2 e 1 SmSn2 2 e 1 SnSn4 2 e 1 Sn2 Sn(OH)3 3 H 2 e 1 Sn2 3 H2OSnO2 4 H 2 e–1 Sn2 2 H2OSnO2 4 H 4 e 1 Sn 2 H2OSnO2 3 H 2 e 1 SnOH H2OSnO2 2 H2O 4 e 1 Sn 4 OH–HSnO2– H2O 2 e 1 Sn 3 OH–Sn(OH)62– 2 e 1 HSnO2– 3 OH– H2OSr e 1 SrSr2 2 e 1 SrSr2 2 e 1 Sr(Hg)Sr(OH)2 2 e 1 Sr 2 OH–Ta2O5 10 H 10 e 1 2 Ta 5 H2OTa3 3 e 1 TaTc2 2 e 1 TcTcO4– 4 H 3 e 1 TcO2 2 H2OTc3 e 1 Tc2 TcO4– 8 H 7 e 1 Tc 4 H2OTb4 e 1 Tb3 Tb3 3 e 1 TbTe 2 e 1 Te2–Te 2 H 2 e 1 H2TeTe4 4 e 1 TeTeO2 4 H 4 e 1 Te 2 H2OTeO32– 3 H2O 4 e 1 Te 6 OH–TeO4– 8 H 7 e 1 Te 4 H2OH6TeO6 2 H 2 e 1 TeO2 4 H2OTh4 4 e 1 ThThO2 4 H 4 e 1 Th 2 H2OTh(OH)4 4 e 1 Th 4 OH–Ti2 2 e 1 TiTi3 e 1 Ti2 TiO2 4 H 2 e 1 Ti2 2 H2OTi3 3 e 1 TiTiOH3 H e 1 Ti3 H2OTl e 1 TlTl e 1 Tl(Hg)Tl3 2 e 1 Tl Tl3 3 e 1 TlTlBr e 1 Tl Br–TlCl e 1 Tl Cl–TlI e 1 Tl I–Tl2O3 3 H2O 4 e 1 2 Tl 6 OH–TlOH e 1 Tl OH–Tl(OH)3 2 e 1 TlOH 2 OH–Tl2SO4 2 e 1 Tl SO42–Tm3 e 1 Tm2 Tm3 3 e 1 TmTm2 2 e 1 Tm8-27TeamLRNE 0.4360–2.2–2.319–2.4
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)TABLE 1Alphabetical Listing (continued)ReactionU3 3 e 1 UU4 e 1 U3 UO2 4 H e 1 U4 2 H2OUO22 e 1 UO 2UO22 4 H 2 e 1 U4 2 H2OUO22 4 H 6 e 1 U 2 H2OV2 2 e 1 VV3 e 1 V2 VO2 2 H e 1 V3 H2OVO2 2 H e 1 VO2 H2OV2O5 6 H 2 e 1 2 VO2 3 H2OV2O5 10 H 10 e 1 2 V 5 H2OV(OH)4 2 H e 1 VO2 3 H2OV(OH)4 4 H 5 e 1 V 4 H2O[V(phen)3]3 e 1 [V(phen)3]2 W3 3 e 1 WW2O5 2 H 2 e 1 2 WO2 H2OWO2 4 H 4 e 1 W 2 H2OWO3 6 H 6 e 1 W 3 H2OWO3 2 H 2 e 1 WO2 H2OE ��0.031–0.119–0.0900.036Reaction2 WO3 2 H 2 e 1 W2O5 H2OH4XeO6 2 H 2 e 1 XeO3 3 H2OXeO3 6 H 6 e 1 Xe 3 H2OXeF e 1 Xe F–Y3 3 e 1 YYb3 e 1 Yb2 Yb3 3 e 1 YbYb2 2 e 1 YbZn2 2 e 1 ZnZn2 2 e 1 Zn(Hg)ZnO22– 2 H2O 2 e 1 Zn 4 OH–ZnSO4 7 H2O 2 e Zn(Hg) SO42– 7 H2O(Saturated ZnSO4)ZnOH H 2 e 1 Zn H2OZn(OH)42– 2 e 1 Zn 4 OH–Zn(OH)2 2 e 1 Zn 2 OH–ZnO H2O 2 e 1 Zn 2 OH–ZrO2 4 H 4 e 1 Zr 2 H2OZrO(OH)2 H2O 4 e 1 Zr 4 OH–Zr4 4 e 1 ZrE 9–1.249–1.260–1.553–2.36–1.45TABLE 2Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeReaction2 H 2 e 1 H 2CuI2– e 1 Cu 2 I–Ge4 2 e 1 Ge2 NO3– H2O 2 e 1 NO2– 2 OH–Tl2O3 3 H2O 4 e 1 2 Tl 6 OH–SeO42– H2O 2 e 1 SeO32– 2 OH–WO3 2 H 2 e 1 WO2 H2OUO22 e UO2 Pd(OH)2 2 e 1 Pd 2 OH–AgBr e 1 Ag Br–MoO3 6 H 6 e 1 Mo 3 H2OS4O62– 2 e 1 2 S2O32–H3Mo7O243– 45 H 42 e 1 7 Mo 24 H2OAgSCN e 1 Ag SCN–N2 2 H2O 6 H 6 e 1 2 NH4OHHgO H2O 2 e 1 Hg 2 OH–Ir2O3 3 H2O 6 e 1 2 Ir 6 OH–2 NO 2 e 1 N2O22–[Ru(NH3)6]3 e 1 [Ru(NH3)6]2 W3 3 e 1 W[Co(NH3)6]3 e 1 [Co(NH3)6]2 Hg2O H2O 2 e 1 2 Hg 2 OH–Ge4 4 e 1 GeHg2Br2 2 e 1 2 Hg 2 Br–Pt(OH)2 2 e 1 Pt 2 OH–[V(phen)3]3 e 1 [V(phen)3]2 S 2H 2 e 1 H2S(aq)E 080.1230.1240.139230.140.140.142ReactionSn(OH)3 3 H 2 e 1 Sn2 3 H2ONp4 e 1 Np3 Ag4[Fe(CN)6] 4 e 1 4 Ag [Fe(CN)6]4–IO3– 2 H2O 4 e 1 IO– 4 OH–Mn(OH)3 e 1 Mn(OH)2 OH–2 NO2– 3 H2O 4 e 1 N2O 6 OH–Sn4 2 e 1 Sn2 Sb2O3 6 H 6 e 1 2 Sb 3 H2OCu2 e 1 Cu BiOCl 2 H 3 e 1 Bi Cl– H2OBiCl4– 3 e 1 Bi 4 Cl–Fe2O3 4 H 2 e 1 2 FeOH H2OCo(OH)3 e 1 Co(OH)2 OH–SO42– 4 H 2 e 1 H2SO3 H2OBi3 2 e 1 Bi [Ru(en)3]3 e 1 [Ru(en)3]2 SbO 2 H 3 e 1 Sb 2 H2OAgCl e 1 Ag Cl–[Ru(H2O)6]3 e 1 [Ru(H2O)6]2 As2O3 6 H 6 e 1 2 As 3 H2OCalomel electrode, saturated NaCl (SSCE)Ge2 2 e 1 GeRu3 e 1 Ru2 Calomel electrode, saturated KClPbO2 H2O 2 e 1 PbO 2 OH–HAsO2 3 H 3 e 1 As 2 H2ORu3 e 1 Ru2 8-28E 3600.240.240.24120.2470.2480.2487
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)TABLE 2Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode(continued)ReactionReO2 4 H 4 e 1 Re 2 H2OIO3– 3 H2O 6 e 1 I– OH–Hg2Cl2 2 e 1 2 Hg 2 Cl–Calomel electrode, 1 molal KClCalomel electrode, 1 molar KCl (NCE)At2 2 e 1 2 At–Re3 3 e 1 ReTc3 e 1 Tc2 Bi3 3 e 1 BiBiO 2 H 3 e 1 Bi H2OUO22 4 H 2 e 1 U4 2 H2OClO3– H2O 2 e 1 ClO2– 2 OH–2 HCNO 2 H 2 e 1 (CN)2 2 H2OCalomel electrode, 0.1 molar KClVO2 2 H e 1 V3 H2OCu2 2 e 1 CuAg2O H2O 2 e 1 2 Ag 2 OH–Cu2 2 e 1 Cu(Hg)AgIO3 e 1 Ag IO3–[Fe(CN)6]3– e 1 [Fe(CN)6]4–ClO4– H2O 2 e 1 ClO–3 2 OH–Ag2SeO3 2 e 1 2 Ag SeO32–ReO4– 8 H 7 e 1 Re 4 H2O(CN)2 2 H 2 e 1 2 HCN[Ferricinium] e 1 ferroceneTc2 2 e 1 TcO2 2 H2O 4 e 1 4 OH–AgOCN e 1 Ag OCN–[RhCl6]3– 3 e 1 Rh 6 Cl–Ag2CrO4 2 e 1 2 Ag CrO42–H2SO3 4 H 4 e 1 S 3 H2ORu2 2 e 1 RuAg2MoO4 2 e 1 2 Ag MoO42–Ag2C2O4 2 e 1 2 Ag C2O42–Ag2WO4 2 e 1 2 Ag WO42–Ag2CO3 2 e 1 2 Ag CO32–TcO4– 8 H 7 e 1 Tc 4 H2OTeO4– 8 H 7 e 1 Te 4 H2OIO– H2O 2 e 1 I– 2 OH–NiO2 2 H2O 2 e 1 Ni(OH)2 2 OH–Bi e 1 BiReO4– 4 H 3 e 1 ReO2 2 H2OHg2(ac)2 2 e 1 2 Hg 2(ac)–Cu e 1 CuI2 2 e 1 2 I–I3– 2 e 1 3 I–AgBrO3 e 1 Ag BrO3–MnO4– e 1 MnO4–H3AsO4 2 H 2 e 1 HAsO2 2 H2OS2O62– 4 H 2 e 1 2 H2SO3AgNO2 e 1 Ag NO2–Te4 4 e 1 TeSb2O5 6 H 4 e 1 2 SbO 3 H2ORuO4– e 1 RuO42–E 00.5640.5640.5680.5810.59Reaction[PdCl4]2– 2 e 1 Pd 4 Cl–TeO2 4 H 4 e 1 Te 2 H2OMnO4– 2 H2O 3 e 1 MnO2 4 OH–Rh2 2 e 1 RhRh e 1 RhMnO42– 2 H2O 2 e 1 MnO2 4 OH–2 AgO H2O 2 e 1 Ag2O 2 OH–BrO3– 3 H2O 6 e 1 Br– 6 OH–UO2 4 H e 1 U4 2 H2OHg2SO4 2 e 1 2 Hg SO42–ClO3– 3 H2O 6 e 1 Cl– 6 OH–Hg2HPO4 2 e 1 2 Hg HPO42–Ag(ac) e 1 Ag (ac)–Sb2O5(valentinite) 4 H 4 e 1 Sb2O3 2 H2OAg2SO4 2 e 1 2 Ag SO42–ClO2– H2O 2 e 1 ClO– 2 OH–Sb2O5(senarmontite) 4 H 4 e 1 Sb2O5 2 H2O[PtCl6]2– 2 e 1 [PtCl4]2– 2 Cl–O2 2 H 2 e 1 H2O2p–benzoquinone 2 H 2 e 1 hydroquinoneH3IO62– 2 e 1 IO3– 3 OH–Ag2O3 H2O 2 e 1 2 AgO 2 OH–Tl3 3 e 1 Tl[PtCl4]2– 2 e 1 Pt 4 Cl–Rh3 3 e 1 RhClO2– 2 H2O 4 e 1 Cl– 4 OH–2 NO H2O 2 e 1 N2O 2 OH–Po4 4 e 1 PoBrO– H2O 2 e 1 Br– 2 OH–ReO4– 2 H e1 ReO3 H2O(CNS)2 2 e 1 2 CNS–[IrCl6]3– 3 e 1 Ir 6 Cl–Fe3 e 1 Fe2 AgF e 1 Ag F–[Fe(bipy)2]3 e 1 [Fe(bipy)2]2 TcO4– 4 H 3 e 1 TcO2 2 H2OHg22 2 e 1 2 HgAg e 1 Ag[Os(bipy)3]3 e 1 [Os(bipy)3]2 2 NO3– 4 H 2 e 1 N2O4 2 H2O[Os(bipy)2]3 e 1 [Os(bipy)2]2 RhOH2 H 3 e 1 Rh H2OOsO4 8 H 8 e 1 Os 4 H2OClO– H2O 2 e 1 Cl– 2 OH–Hg2 2 e 1 HgAuBr4– 3 e 1 Au 4 Br–SiO2(quartz) 4 H 4 e 1 Si 2 H2O2 HNO2 4 H 4 e 1 H2N2O2 H2O[Ru(CN)6]3– e–1 [Ru(CN)6]4–[IrCl6]2– e 1 [IrCl6]3–N2O4 2 e 1 2 NO2–HO2– H2O 2 e 1 3 OH–Po4 2 e 1 Po2 2 Hg2 2 e 1 Hg22 8-29TeamLRNE 0.90.920
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)TABLE 2Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode(continued)ReactionNO3– 3 H 2 e 1 HNO2 H2OPd2 2 e 1 PdClO2(aq) e 1 ClO2–NO3– 4 H 3 e 1 NO 2 H2OV2O5 6 H 2 e 1 2 VO2 3 H2OAuBr2– e 1 Au 2 Br–HNO2 H e 1 NO H2OHIO H 2 e 1 I– H2OVO2 2 H e 1 VO2 H2OPtO2 4 H 4 e 1 Pt 2 H2ORuO4 e 1 RuO4–V(OH)4 2 H e 1 VO2 3 H2OAuCl4– 3 e 1 Au 4 Cl–Pu4 e 1 Pu3 PtO2 2 H 2 e 1 PtO H2OOsO4 4 H 4 e 1 OsO2 2 H2OH6TeO6 2 H 2 e 1 TeO2 4 H2O[Fe(bipy)3]3 e 1 [Fe(bipy)3]2 Hg(OH)2 2 H 2 e 1 Hg 2 H2ON2O4 4 H 4 e 1 2 NO 2 H2ORuO4 8 H 8 e 1 Ru 4H2O[Fe(phen)3]3 e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2 (1 molar H2SO4)PuO2(OH)2 H e 1 PuO2OH H2ON2O4 2 H 2 e 1 2 HNO2Br2(l) 2 e 1 2Br–IO3– 6 H 6 e 1 I– 3 H2OBr2(aq) 2 e 1 2Br–Pu5 e 1 Pu4 Cu2 2 CN– e 1 [Cu(CN)2]–RuO2 4 H 2 e 1 Ru2 2 H2O[Fe(phen)3]3 e 1 [Fe(phen)3]2 SeO42– 4 H 2 e 1 H2SeO3 H2OClO3– 2 H e 1 ClO2 H2OIr3 3 e 1 IrPt2 2 e 1 PtClO4– 2 H 2 e 1 ClO3– H2O2 IO3– 12 H 10 e 1 I2 6 H2OPtOH H 2 e 1 Pt H2OClO3– 3 H 2 e 1 HClO2 H2OMnO2 4 H 2 e 1 Mn2 2 H2OO2 4 H 4 e 1 2 H2OCr2O72– 14 H 6 e 1 2 Cr3 7 H2OO3 H2O 2 e 1 O2 2 OH–[Ru(bipy)3]3 e 1 [Ru(bipy)3]2 Tl3 2 e 1 Tl N2H5 3 H 2 e 1 2 NH4 ClO2 H e 1 HClO2[PdCl6]2– 2 e 1 [PdCl4]2– 2 Cl–2 HNO2 4 H 4 e 1 N2O 3 H2OAuOH2 H 2 e 1 Au H2OPuO2(OH)2 2 H– 2 e 1 Pu(OH)4HBrO H 2 e 1 Br– H2OCr(V) e 1 Cr(IV)HCrO4– 7 H 3 e 1 Cr3 4 H2OE .341.350ReactionCl2(g) 2 e 1 2Cl–ClO4– 8 H 8 e 1 Cl– 4 H2OClO4– 8 H 7 e 1 1/2 Cl2 4 H2ONo3 e 1 No2 RuO4 6 H 4 e 1 Ru(OH)22 2 H2OAu3 2 e 1 Au 2 NH3OH H 2 e 1 N2H5 2 H2OBrO3– 6 H 6 e 1 Br– 3 H2O2 HIO 2 H 2 e 1 I2 2 H2OAu(OH)3 3 H 3 e 1 Au– 3 H2O3IO3– 6 H 6 e 1 Cl– 3 H2OPbO2 4 H 2 e 1 Pb2 2 H2OClO3– 6 H 5 e 1 1/2 Cl2 3 H2OCrO2 4 H e 1 Cr3 2 H2OBrO3– 6 H 5 e 1 1/2 Br2 3 H2OHClO H 2 e 1 Cl– H2OMn2O3 6 H e 1 2 Mn2 3 H2OHO2 H e 1 H2O2Au3 3 e 1 AuPtO3 4 H 2 e 1 Pt(OH)22 H2OMnO4– 8 H 5 e 1 Mn2 4 H2OMn3 e 1 Mn2–HClO2 3 H 4 e 1 Cl– 2 H2OHBrO H e 1 1/2 Br2(aq) H2O2 NO 2 H 2 e 1 N2O H2OBi2O4 4 H 2 e 1 2 BiO 2 H2OHBrO H e 1 1/2 Br2(l) H2OH5IO6 H 2 e 1 IO3– 3 H2OHClO H e 1 1/2 Cl2 H2OHClO2 3 H 3 e 1 1/2 Cl2 2 H2OHClO2 2 H 2 e 1 HClO H2OBk4 e 1 Bk3 NiO2 4 H 2 e 1 Ni2 2 H2OMnO4– 4 H 3 e 1 MnO2 2 H2OPbO2 SO42– 4 H 2 e 1 PbSO4 2 H2OAu e 1 AuPtO3 2 H 2 e 1 PtO2 H2OCeOH3 H e 1 Ce3 H2OCe4 e 1 Ce3 N2O 2 H 2 e 1 N2 H2OH2O2 2 H 2 e 1 2 H2OAg3 e 1 Ag2 Au2 e–1 Au Ag2O2 4 H e 1 2 Ag 2 H2OCo3 e 1 Co2–(2 molar H2SO4)Ag3 2 e 1 Ag Co3 e 1 Co2 Ag2 e 1 Ag Cu2O3 6 H 2 e 1 2 Cu2 3 H2OS2O82– 2 e 1 2 SO42–OH e 1 OH–HFeO4– 7 H 3 e 1 Fe3 4 H2OO3 2 H 2 e 1 O2 H2OHFeO4– 4 H 3 e 1 FeOOH 2 H2O8-30E 1.81.8021.831.91.921.9802.02.0102.022.072.0762.08
ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES (continued)TABLE 2Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Positive than that of the Standard Hydrogen Electrode(continued)Reaction2 HFeO4– 8 H 6 e 1 Fe2O3 5 H2OXeO3 6 H 6 e 1 Xe 3 H2OS2O82– 2 H 2 e 1 2 HSO4–F2O 2 H 4 e 1 H2O 2 F–FeO42– 8 H 3 e 1 Fe3 4 H2OCu3 e 1 Cu2 H4XeO6 2 H 2 e 1 XeO3 3 H2OO(g) 2 H 2 e 1 H2OAm4 e 1 Am3 E N2O2 2 H 2 e 1 N2 2 H2OF2 2 e 1 2 F–Cm4 e 1 Cm3 F2 2 H 2 e 1 2 HFTb4 e 1 Tb3 Pr4 e 1 Pr3 Cf4 e 1 Cf3 XeF e 1 Xe F–E /V2.652.8663.03.0533.13.23.33.4TABLE 3Reduction Reactions Having E Values More Negative than that of the Standard Hydrogen ElectrodeReaction2 H 2 e 1 H 22 D 2 e 1 D 2AgCN e 1 Ag CN–2 WO3 2 H 2 e 1 W2O5 H2OW2O5 2 H 2 e 1 2 WO2 H2OAg2S 2 H 2 e 1 2 Ag H2SFe3 3 e 1 FeHg2I2 2 e 1 2 Hg 2 I–Tl(OH)3 2 e 1 TlOH 2 OH–TiOH3 H e 1 Ti3 H2O2 H2SO3 H 2 e 1 HS2O4– 2 H2OP(white) 3 H 3 e 1 PH3(g)O2 H2O 2 e 1 HO2– OH–2 Cu(OH)2 2 e 1 Cu2O 2 OH– H2OSe 2 H 2 e 1 H2SeWO3 6 H 6 e 1 W 3 H2OSnO2 4 H 2 e 1 Sn2 2 H2OMd3 e 1 Md2 P(red) 3 H 3 e 1 PH3(g)SnO2 4 H 4 e 1 Sn 2 H2OGeO2 2 H 2 e 1 GeO H2OWO2 4 H 4 e 1 W 2 H2OPb2 2 e 1 Pb(Hg)Pb2 2 e 1 PbCrO42– 4 H2O 3 e 1 Cr(OH)3 5 OH–Sn2– 2 e 1 SnIn e 1 InO2 2 H2O 2 e 1 H2O2 2 OH–MoO2 4 H 4 e 1 Mo 4 H2OAgI e 1 Ag I–2 NO2– 2 H2O 4 e 1 N2O22– 4 OH–H2GeO3 4 H 4 e 1 Ge 3 H2OSnO2 3 H 2 e 1 SnOH H2OCO2 2 H 2 e 1 HCOOHMo3 3 e 1 MoGa e 1 Ga2 SO22– 4 H 2 e 1 S2O62– H2OE ionCu(OH)2 2 e 1 Cu 2 OH–V2O5 10 H 10 e 1 2 V 5 H2OCdSO4 2 e 1 Cd SO42–V(OH)4 4 H 5 e 1 V 4 H2OV3 e 1 V2 Ni2 2 e 1 NiPbCl2 2 e 1 Pb 2 Cl–H3PO4 2 H 2 e 1 H3PO3 H2OCo2 2 e 1 CoPbBr2 2 e 1 Pb 2 Br–Tl e 1 Tl(Hg)Tl e 1 TlIn3 3 e 1 InTlOH e 1 Tl OH–PbF2 2 e 1 Pb 2 F–PbSO4 2 e 1 Pb(Hg) SO42–Cd2 2 e 1 Cd(Hg)PbSO4 2 e 1 Pb SO42–Cu2O H2O 2 e 1 2 Cu 2 OH–Eu3 e 1 Eu2 PbI2 2 e 1 Pb 2 I–SeO32– 3 H2O 4 e 1 Se 6 OH–Se 2 H 2 e 1 H2Se(aq)In2 e 1 In Cd2 2 e 1 CdCr3 e 1 Cr2 2 S 2 e 1 S22–Tl2SO4 2 e 1 Tl SO42–In3 2 e 1 In Fe2 2 e 1 FeH3PO3 3 H 3 e 1 P 3 H2OBi2O3 3 H2O 6 e 1 2 Bi 6 OH–NO2– H2O e 1 NO 2 OHPbHPO4 2 e 1 Pb
TeamLRN 8-23ELECTROCHEMICAL SERIES Petr Vany sek There are three tables for this electrochemical series. Each ta ble lists standard reduction potentials, E values, at 298.15 K (25 C), and at a pressure of 101.325 kPa (1 atm).
