Transcription
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING HANDBOOK
FOUNDATIONENGINEERINGHANDBOOKSecond EditionEdited byHSAI-VANG FANGPh.D.Professor of Civil Engineering and Director, GeotechnicalEngineering Division, Fritz Engineering Laboratory, Lehigh University Springer Science Business Media,LLC
ISBN 978-1-4757-5273-1DOI 10.1007/978-1-4757-5271-7ISBN 978-1-4757-5271-7 (eBook)Copyright 1991 Springer Science Business Media New YorkOriginally published by Van Nostrand Reinhold in 1991Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1991Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 89-70490ISBN 978-1-4757-5273-1AII rights reserved. No part of this work covered bythe copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in anyform or by any means-graphic, electronic, ormechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping,or information storage and retrieval systems-withoutwritten permission of the publisher.16 15141312 1110 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataFoundation engineering handbook / edited by Hsai-Yang Fang. - 2nd ed.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 978-1-4757-5273-11. Foundations-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Soil mechanics-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Fang, Hsai-Yang.TA775.F675 199089-70490624.1 '5-dc20CIP
ToG. M. CornfieldH. Bolton SeedAleksandar S. Vesil:Hans F. Winterkornfor their pioneering work
CONTENTSPreface xvList of Contributorsxvii1 SUBSURFACE EXPLORATIONS AND SAMPLINGJohn Lowe III and Philip F. Zaccheo1.1Introduction 11.2Planning an Exploration Program1.3Reconnaissance Investigations 21.4Explorations for Preliminary Design 61.5Explorations for Detailed Design 81.6Geophysical Explorations 81.7Soundings and Probings 121.8Boring Methods 141.9Excavation Methods for Exploration 291.10 Groundwater Investigations 301.11 Test Grouting 371.12 Representative but Disturbed Samples 371.13 Undisturbed Samples 431.14 In Situ Soil Testing in Boreholes 511.15 Rock Coring 531.16 Miscellaneous Exploratory Techniques 591.17 Preservation, Shipment. and Storage of Samples 611.18 Logs of Subsurface Explorations 641.19 Contracting and Supervising Exploratory Programs 681.20 Subsurface Explorations Reports 692 SAMPLING AND PREPARATION OF MARINE SEDIMENTSRonald C. Chaney2.12.22.32.42.52.6Introduction 72Offshore/Nearshore Soil Samples 75Handling, Wrapping, and Labeling 80Storage 82Preparation of Soil Samples 83Laboratory versus In-Situ Properties 843 SOIL TECHNOLOGY AND ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF SOILSHans F. Winterkorn and Hsai-Yang Fang3.13.23.33.43.53.6Definition of Soil 88Description and Identification of Soils 88Rocks and Their Classification 92Physical Properties Employed in Engineering Classifications of Soil MaterialsSoil Classification Systems 102Soil Types by Deposition or Other Special Features 10999vii
Contentsviii3.73.83.93.103.113.123.133.14The Structure of Noncohesive Soil Systems 115The Structure of Cohesive Soils 119Capillarity and Conduction Phenomena 125Effect of Temperature on Engineering Properties of SoilsDensification (Compaction) 131Consolidation 132Shear Strength 134In-Situ Measurements of Soil Properties 1381294 BEARING CAPACITY OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONSWai-Fah Chen and William O. 34.14Introduction 144Methods of Analysis 144Soil Governing Parameters 145Bearing Capacity by the Upper-Bound Method 145Bearing Capacity by the Lower-Bound Method 150Footing Depth and Shape and Inclined and Eccentric Loads 152Footing Shape, Depth, and Inclination Effects 154Nonhomogeneous Foundations and Anisotropic Strength 154Influence of Groundwater Table 156Comments on Bearing Capacity Solutions 157Sliding Stability of Gravity Structures 157Choice of Safety Factor 158Example Problems 159Numerical Evaluation of Bearing Capacity 1615 STRESS DISTRIBUTION AND SETTLEMENT OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONSRobert D. Holtz5.15.25.35.45.55.65.75.85.95.10Introduction 166Settlement of Shallow Foundations 167Applicability of the Theory of Elasticity to Calculation of Stresses and Displacements in Earth MassesCalculation of Initial Distortion Settlements 170Distortion Settlement of Granular Soils 177Calculation of Stress Distributions 185Consolidation Settlements 192Secondary Compression Settlements 209Tolerable Criteria 212Foundation Treatment Alternates 2166 EARTH PRESSURESG. W. Clough and J. M. Duncan6.16.26.36.46.56.66.77At- Rest Lateral Pressures 224Active and Passive Lateral Earth Pressures 224Soil-Structure Interaction for Unmoving Walls 228Earth Pressures due to Surface Loads 229Earth Pressures due to Compaction 230Relation Between Earth Pressures and Wall MovementsEarth Pressures for Design 234DEWATERING AND GROUNDWATER CONTROLJ. Patrick Powers7.17.2Impact of Groundwater on Construction 236Design of Structures Below the Water Table 236232169
Contents ix7.37.47.57.67.77.87.97.107.11Methods of Groundwater Control 236Field Pumping Tests 239Design of Predrainage Systems 241Managing Groundwater Control 244Disputes over Groundwater Control 245Cost of Groundwater Control 245Undesirable Side-Effects of Dewatering 246Permanent Dewatering Systems 246Ground Freezing 2478 COMPACTED FILLJack W. Hilf8.18.28.38.48.5Introduction 249Soil Compaction 249Compaction Equipment 273Control of Compaction 294Miscellaneous Problems in Compaction3099 SOIL STABILIZATION AND GROUTINGHans F. Winterkorn and Sibel 9.149.159.169.17Introduction 317Principle of Soil Stabilization 317Methods of Soil Stabilization 318Stabilization of Soils with Granular Skeleton 319Chemical Stabilization 324Cement Stabilization 328Lime Stabilization 337Ash and Slag Stabilization 344Bituminous Stabilization 346Thermal and Electrokinetic Stabilization 349Construction 351Grouting Principles 353Grouting Techniques 354Planning of the Grouting Project 358The Grouting Process 363Control of Grouts and Grouting Operations 368Examples of Applications of Grouting 36910 STABILITY OF EARTH SLOPESHsai-Yang Fang and George K. ion 379Factors Affecting Slope Stability Analysis 379Factor of Safety 380Slope Stability Analysis Procedure: Limit Equilibrium Methods 381Slope Stability Analysis Procedure: Limit Analysis Methods 395Methods Considering Seismic Effects 399Slope Stability in Soils Presenting Special Problems 404Computer-Aided and Expert Systems for Slope Stability Analysis 40611 LANDSLIDESBengt B. Broms and Kai S. Wong11.111.211.3Introduction 410Causes of Landslides 411Consequences of Landslides415
xContents11.4 Slope Movements Preceding Landslides11.5 Classification 41711.6 Investigations for Landslides 42511.7 Analysis of Landslides 42711.8 Instrumentation 43211.9 Methods of Correcting Landslides 43541512 RETAINING STRUCTURES AND EXCAVATIONSThomas D. Dismuke12.1 Introduction 44712.2 Restrained Retaining Structures 44712.3 Gravity Structures 47812.4 Cantilever Retaining Walls 50312.5 Special Structures 50412.6 Sheet Piling and H-Piles 50713 PILE FOUNDATIONSBengt H. 13.1113.1213.1313.1413.1513.16Introduction and Background 511Aspects for General Consideration 512The Shaft Resistance 513Toe Resistance 516Capacity Determined from In-Situ Field Testing 517Installation Considerations 517Residual Compression 517The Neutral Plane 518Capacity of a Pile Group 520Summary of Design Procedure for Capacity and StrengthSettlement of Pile Foundations 521Static Testing of Piles 524Pile Dynamics 529Horizontally Loaded Piles 531Seismic Design of Lateral Pile Behavior 533Design Example 53352014 DRILLED SHAFT FOUNDATIONSFred H. .11Introduction 537General Behavior Patterns 537Axial Compression Capacity 538Drained Axial Compression Capacity 539Undrained Axial Compression Capacity 545Axial Uplift Capacity 548Belled Shafts 549Compression and Uplift Displacements 549Other Site and Loading Conditions 550Closing Comments on Design 551Pertinent Standards and Specifications 55115 FOUNDATION VIBRATIONSGeorge Gazetas15.115.2Introduction 553Machine Foundation Vibrations: Statement of the Problem553
Contents xi15.315.415.516Soil Moduli and Damping-Field and Laboratory Testing Procedures 555Harmonic Vibration of Block Foundations: Definition and Use of Impedances (Dynamic "Springs" and"Dashpots") 564Computing Dynamic Impedances: Tables and Charts for Dynamic "Springs" and "Dashpots" 569EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS ON SOIL-FOUNDATION SYSTEMSPart I: Prior to 1975H. Bolton Seed16.116.216.316.416.5Introduction 594Influence of Soil ConditionsI nfluence of Soil ConditionsInfluence of Soil ConditionsInfluence of Soil ConditionsononononShaking Intensity and Associated Structural DamageGround Settlement 614Liquefaction Potential 614Landslides 619Part II: From 1975 to 1989Ronald C. Chaney and Sibel PamukcuIntroduction 62316.6Influence of Soil Conditions on Ground Settlement 62416.7Influence of Soil Conditions on Liquefaction Potential 62816.8Influence of Soil Conditions on Landslides 63516.916.10 Behavior of Clays and Silts During Cyclic Loading 65316.11 Remedy of Earthquake Damage on Soil-Foundation Systems17 FOUNDATION PROBLEMS IN EARTHQUAKE REGIONSLeonardo Zeevaert17.117.217.317.4Introduction 673Irrotational Seismic Waves 673Shear Seismic Waves 675Case History 67718 OFFSHORE STRUCTURE FOUNDATIONSRonald C. Chaney and Kenneth R. Demars18.1 Introduction 67918.2 Loading on Foundations 68418.3 Pile Structures in Marine Environment18.4 Gravity Platforms 70218.5 Anchor Uplift Capacity 71218.6 Pipelines 71618.7 Jack-Up Platforms 72318.8 Hydraulic Filled Islands 72768419 FOUNDATIONS IN COLD REGIONSArvind Phukan19.119.219.319.419.519.6Introduction 735Frozen Soils: Phases and Temperature ProfileDesign Approach 737Design Considerations 738Shallow Foundations 742Pile Foundations 745735661597
xiiContents20 GEOTECHNICS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE CONTROL SYSTEMSJeffrey C. Evans20.1 Introduction 75020.2 Soil-Waste Interactions 75020.3 Permeability and Compatibility Testing 75220.4 Hazardous Waste Control Systems 76020.5 Covers and Liners 76220.6 Vertical Barrier Systems and Cutoff Walls 76520.7 General Guidance 77521 REINFORCED EARTHF. Schlosser and M. Bastick21.1 Introduction 77821.2 Principle and Advantages of Reinforced Earth21.3 History and Development 77921.4 Behavior of Reinforced Earth 78021.5 Design Methods 78621.6 Material Specifications 79021.7 Effects of Water and Dynamic Loading 79121.8 Applications 79277822 GEOSYNTHETICS IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERINGRobert M. Koerner22.122.222.322.422.522.6Introduction 796Geotextiles 796Geogrids 800Geonets 802Geomembranes 804Geocomposites 81023 DEEP COMPACTION OF GRANULAR SOILSBengt B. Broms23.123.223.323.423.523.6Introduction 814Vibration Methods 815Displacement Methods 821Loading Methods 827Control Methods 828Cost Comparisons 82924 STABILIZATION OF SOIL WITH LIME COLUMNSBengt B. Broms24.1 Introduction 83324.2 Principle of the Lime Column Method 83724.3 Applications of the Lime Column Method 84724.4 Laboratory and Field Investigations 85024.5 Control Methods 85224.6 Schedule for Design and Construction 85325 DURABILITY AND PROTECTION OF FOUNDATIONSThomas D. Dismuke25.125.2Introduction 856Facility Function and Failure Criteria857
Contents xiii25.325.425.525.625.7Properties of Construction Materials, Soil, and WaterSite Data 861Behavior of Materials in Soil and Water 863Evaluation of Site Data 864Protection of Foundations 86585726 GROUND ANCHORS AND SOIL NAILS IN RETAINING STRUCTURESlIan Juran and Victor oduction 868Principles, Historical Development, and Fields of Application 868Technology, Construction Process, and Structural Elements 871Soil-Inclusion Interaction: Pull-Out Capacity Estimates 877Application Criteria: Advantages and Limitations 883Feasibility Evaluation 884Short- and Long-Term Performance of Anchors and Nails 884Durability Considerations 889Design of Anchored Walls and Nailed Soil-Retaining Structures 890Technological Development and Research Needs 902APPENDIXINDEX911907
PREFACEMore than ten years have passed since the first edition was published. During that periodthere have been a substantial number of changes in geotechnical engineering, especially in theapplications of foundation engineering.As the world population increases, more land is needed and many soil deposits previouslydeemed unsuitable for residential housing or other construction projects are now being used.Such areas include problematic soil regions, mining subsidence areas, and sanitary landfills.To overcome the problems associated with these natural or man-made soil deposits, new andimproved methods of analysis, design, and implementation are needed in foundation construction.As society develops and living standards rise, tall buildings, transportation facilities, andindustrial complexes are increasingly being built. Because of the heavy design loads and thecomplicated environments, the traditional design concepts, construction materials, methods,and equipment also need improvement. Further, recent energy and material shortages havecaused additional burdens on the engineering profession and brought about the need to seekalternative or cost-saving methods for foundation design and construction.Rapid and extensive developments in techniques of foundation analysis and design continueto occur. Some of the major developments that have already significantly influenced theinstruction and design practice in the foundation engineering profession include the extensivework on computer-aided design techniques for analyzing the stress distribution of soilfoundation-structure systems, a new understanding of the behavior and strength of soil undervarious loads, and improved understanding of the response of various types of superstructuresto time-dependent loading and to foundation structures. New knowledge of the interactionbetween foundations and their environments, such as erosion, subsidence, hazardous and toxicwastes, and earthquak
Foundation engineering handbook / edited by Hsai-Yang Fang. - 2nd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4757-5273-1 1. Foundations-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Soil mechanics -Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Fang, Hsai-Yang. TA775.F675 1990 624.1 '5-dc20 89-70490 CIP . To G. M. Cornfield H. Bolton Seed Aleksandar S. Vesil: Hans F. Winterkorn for their pioneering work .File Size: 770KBPage Count: 13
