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The Geologic Time Scale 2012Volume 1EditorsFelix M. GradsteinJames G. OggMark D. SchmitzGabi M. OggAMSTERDAM l BOSTON l HEIDELBERG l LONDON l NEW YORK l OXFORDPARIS l SAN DIEGO l SAN FRANCISO l SINGAPORE l SYDNEY l TOKYO

The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB, UKRadarweg 29, PO Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands225 Wyman Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USAFirst edition 2012Copyright Ó 2012, Felix M. Gradstein, James G. Ogg, Mark D. Schmitz and Gabi M. Ogg. Published by Elsevier BV. All rights reservedThe right of Felix M. Gradstein, James G. Ogg, Mark D. Schmitz and Gabi M. Ogg to be identified as the authors of this work has beenasserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisherPermissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone ( 44) (0) 1865 843830;fax ( 44) (0) 1865 853333; email: permissions@elsevier.com. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevierweb site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier materialNoticeNo responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligenceor otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because ofrapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be madeBritish Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataA catalog record for this book is availabe from the Library of CongressThis Volume (1) ISBN: 978-0-44-459390-0,Volume 2 ISBN: 978-0-44-459434-1,Set ISBN: 978-0-44-459425-9For information on all Elsevier publicationsvisit our web site at books.elsevier.comPrinted and bound in China12 13 14 15 16 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ContributorsSenior authorsFelix M. Gradstein Geological Museum, University of OsloP.O.Box 1172 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway, felix.gradstein@nhm.uio.noJames G. Ogg Department of Earth, Atmospheric andPlanetary Sciences, Civil Engineering Building, PurdueUniversity, 550 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN47907-2051, USA, jogg@purdue.eduMark D. Schmitz Department of Geosciences, Boise StateUniversity, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho, 837251535, USA, markschmitz@boisestate.eduGabi M. Ogg 1224 N. Salisbury St., West Lafayette,Indiana, 47906, USA, gabiogg@hotmail.comFrits P. Agterberg Geological Survey of Canada, 601 BoothStreet, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A OE8, Canada,Frits.Agterberg@NRCan-RNCan.gc.caD. Erik Anthonissen Chevron Corporation, Chevron EnergyTechnology Company, 1500 Louisiana St., Rm 27-108,Houston, Texas, 77002, USA, erik.anthonissen@chevron.comThomas R. Becker Geologisch-Paläontogisches Institut,Westfälische Wilhelm-Universität, Correnstrasse 24,D-48149 Münster, Germany, rbecker@uni-muenster.deJohn A. Catt Geography Department, University CollegeLondon, Pearson Building, Gower Street, London,WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, j.catt@ucl.ac.ukRoger A. Cooper GNS Science P.O. Box 30368, LowerHutt, 5040, New Zealand, r.cooper@gns.cri.nzVladimir I. Davydov Permian Research Institute, BoiseState University, 1910 University Drive, Boise, Idaho,83725-1535, USA, vdavydov@boisestate.eduStephan R. Gradstein Muséum National d’HistoireNaturelle, Dept. Systématique et Evolution, 57 rueCuvier, 75231 Paris cedex 05, France, gradstein@mnhn.frEthan L. Grossman Department of Geology & Geophysics,Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 778433115, USA, e-grossman@tamu.eduCharles M. Henderson Department of Geoscience,University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4,Canada, cmhender@ucalgary.caFrederik J. Hilgen Department of Earth Sciences, Facultyof Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 4,3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands, F.J.Hilgen@uu.nlLinda A. Hinnov Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences,The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland,21218, USA, hinnov@jhu.eduJohn M. McArthur Department of Earth Sciences,University College London, Gower Street, London,WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, j.mcarthur@ucl.ac.ukMichael J. Melchin Department of Earth Sciences,St. Francis Xavier University, P.O. Box 5000, Antigonish,Nova Scotia, B2G 2W5, Canada, mmelchin@stfx.caGuy M. Narbonne Department of Geological Sciences &Geological Engineering, Miller Hall, Queen’sUniversity, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada,narbonne@geol.queensu.caAdina Paytan Institute of Marine Sciences, Earth & MarineSciences Build., University of California Santa Cruz,1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA, apaytan@ucsc.eduShanchi Peng State Key Laboratory of Paleobiology andStratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology andPalaeontology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, 39East Beijing Road, Nanjing, 210008, China, scpeng@nigpas.ac.cnBernhard Peucker-Ehrenbrink Woods Hole OceanographicInstitution, 360 Woods Hole Road, MS25, WoodsHole, Massachusetts, 02543-1541, USA, behrenbrink@whoi.eduBradley Pillans Research School of Earth Sciences, TheAustralian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200,Australia, Brad.Pillans@anu.edu.auMatthew R. Saltzman School of Earth Sciences, 275Mendenhall Laboratory, Ohio State University,Columbus Ohio, 43210-1398, USA, saltzman.11@osu.eduix

xMichael D. Simmons Neftex Petroleum ConsultantsLtd, 97 Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RY, UnitedKingdom, mike.simmons@neftex.comGraham A. Shields Department of Earth Sciences,University College London, Gower Str., London, WC1E6BT, United Kingdom, g.shields@ucl.ac.ukKenneth L. Tanaka Astrogeology Science Center, U.S.Geological Survey, 2255 N. Gemini Dr., Flagstaff, AZ86001, USA, ktanaka@usgs.govNoël Vandenberghe Department of Earth and EnvironmentalSciences, K.U. Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001Leuven, Belgium, Noel.Vandenberghe@ees.kuleuven.beMartin J. Van Kranendonk School of Biological, Earthand Environmental Sciences, University of New SouthWales, Randwick, NSW 2052, Australia, martin.vankranendonk@unsw.edu.auJan Zalasiewicz Department of Geology, University ofLeicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UnitedKingdom, jaz1@leicester.ac.ukContributorsPhilip L. Gibbard Cambridge Quaternary, Department ofGeography, University of Cambridge, Downing Street,Cambridge, CB2 3EN, United Kingdom, plg1@cam.ac.ukEllen T. Gray Earth and Planetary Science, University ofCalifornia Santa Cruz, 1156 High St., Santa Cruz, CA95064, USA, eltgray@gmail.comØyvind Hammer Geological Museum, University of OsloP.O. Box 1172 Blindern, N-0318 Oslo, Norway,oyvind.hammer@nhm.uio.noWilliam K. Hartmann Planetary Science Institute, 1700 EFt. Lowell, #106, Tucson, Arizona 85719, USA,hartmann@psi.eduAndrew C. Hill Centro de Astrobiologı́a (INTA-CSIC),Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial, Ctra deAjalvir, km 4, 28850 Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, Spain,andrew.hill@cliffsnr.comPaul F. Hoffman 1216 Montrose Avenue, Victoria, BritishColumbia, V8T2K4, Canada, paulfhoffman@gmail.comJunior authors and contributorsChristopher J. Hollis GNS Science, PO Box 30368, LowerHutt, 5040, New Zealand, c.hollis@gns.cri.nzWladyslaw Altermann Department of Geology, Universityof Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, Republic of South Africa,wlady.altermann@up.ac.zaJerry J. Hooker Department of Palaeontology, NaturalHistory Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD,United Kingdom, j.hooker@nhm.ac.ukLoren E. Babcock School of Earth Sciences, Ohio StateUniversity, 125 South Oval Mall, Columbus Ohio,43210, USA, babcock.5@osu.eduRichard J. Howarth Department of Earth Sciences,University College London, Gower Street, London,WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom, r.howarth@ucl.ac.ukBrian L. Beard Department of Geoscience, NASAAstrobiology Institute, 1215 W. Dayton St., Universityof Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA, beardb@geology.wisc.eduChunju Huang The Faculty of Earth Resources, ChinaUniversity of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei,P.R. China 430074, cathycjhuang2010@gmail.comAlan G. Beu Paleontology Department, GNS Science, POBox 30368, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand, a.beu@gns.cri.nzAndrew F. Boyes Paleontology Department, GNS Science,PO Box 30368, Lower Hutt, 5040, New Zealand,afboyes@gmail.comBradley D. Cramer Kansas Geological Survey - Departmentof Geology, University of Kansas, 1930 Constant Avenue,Lawrence, KS 66047, USA, cramerbd@gmail.comPaul J. Crutzen Max-Planck-Institute for Chemistry,Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, PO Box 3060,D-55020 Mainz, Germany, paul.crutzen@mpic.deJan A. van Dam Institut Català de Paleontologia MiquelCrusafont (ICP), Campus de la UAB, Mòdul ICP, E-08193Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain, jan.vandam@icp.catJames G. Gehling South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA5000, Australia, jim.gehling@samuseum.sa.gov.auClark M. Johnson Department of Geoscience, University ofWisconsin-Madison, 1215 W Dayton St., Madison, WI53706, USA, clarkj@geology.wisc.eduJames F. Kasting Department of Geosciences, PennsylvaniaState University, 443 Deike Bldg., University Park, PA16802, USA, kasting@essc.psu.eduHans Kerp Forschungsstelle für Paläobotanik, Am Institutfür Geologie und Paläontologie, Westfälische WilhelmsUniversität, Hindenburgplatz 57, D-48143 Münster,Germany, kerp@uni-muenster.deDieter Korn Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute forResearch on Evolution and Biodiversity, HumboldtUniversity Berlin, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin,Germany, dieter.korn@mfn-berlin.deWout Krijgsman Department of Earth Sciences, Facultyof Geosciences, Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 17,3584 CD Utrecht, The Netherlands, W.Krijgsman@uu.nl