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RAPID PROTOTYPING -AN INNOVATIVE TOOL IN DIGITAL PROSTHODONTICS- A REVIEWRAPID PROTOTYPING -AN INNOVATIVE TOOL IN DIGITAL PROSTHODONTICS- A REVIEW1Gowthami G R, 2 Kirubha P, 3 Deeptha Mathi R, 4 Lambodharan R1,2,3 Post graduateStudents (Final year) ,4 Professor and Head,Department ofProsthodontics andcrown & bridge, CSIcollege of dentalsciences and research,Madurai, Tamilnadu,India.INTRODUCTIONProsthodontics is one of the oldest dental The concept of computer-aided technologyspecialities and like others it has seen (CAD/CAM) which was invented in 1970,evolution in favour of the changing needs andaids in the fabrication of dental restorations[2]current trends.[1] With the advancements in the by milling a block of milling material.modern era, conventional procedures are First a digital prototype is modelled usingslowly overtaken by digital procedures whichprovidestheadvantagesoflessCAD and sent to CAMfor processing.Attime this stage,the manufacturing process may beconsuming,dimensional accuracy and less of subtractive and addictive techniques.wastage of materials.Access this article onlineQuick Response Code:Website:www.jiadsr.orgAddress for correspondence:DR. G.R.GOWTHAMIpostgraduate student(final year), Departmentof Prosthodontics and crown & bridge, CSIcollege of dental sciences and research, TheTamilnadu Dr.MGR Medical university,Madurai, Tamilnadu, India.Mobile no: 9994700989E-mail: gowthami.gr@gmail.com23 @ 2022 Journal of Indian Academy of Dental Specialist Researchers

RAPID PROTOTYPING -AN INNOVATIVE TOOL IN DIGITAL PROSTHODONTICS - AREVIEWDrawbacks of subtractive techniques used inmethod is also called as the "Layeredconventional numeric control machine suchmanufacturing",“directas problems in prosthesis fitting, wastage ofmanufacturing”,raw materials, milling tool abrasion led toprinting”, “solid free-form fabrication” orthe“direct digital manufacturing”. [4] It can nsionaltechniques.[3]defined as a method of producing physicalSearch Strategy:prototype in an additive layerwise mannerThis paper aims to present a comprehensivefrom their CAD model data, CT & MRI scanliteraturedata and any 3dimensional digitised datareviewsonvariousrapidprototyping (RP) methods in dentistry,without the inclusion of any fixtures specificpertaining to Prosthodontics. Search throughto the geometry of the model beingPUBMED database and Google scholardeveloped.[5] Therefore it consists of a virtualsearch engine was made. The keywords;(modeling and simulating done) and physical‘rapid prototyping’ , ‘digital dentistry’ andphase (fabrication done). RP technology was‘Prosthodontics’ were searched in title orestablished in three phases:-[6,7]abstract of publications; restricted between1) First2013 and 2021. This review provides theprototyping have been designed by efficientmaterials,techniquescraftsman during this rototypingphase:Manual2) Second prototyping phase: During middentistry and in prosthodontics.1970s, soft prototype model was emphasizedRapid Prototyping :virtually, by precise material using 3DRapidprototyping(RP)wascurves.introduced in 1980’s for the solid objects3) Third prototyping phase: In 1980, layerfabrication obtained from computer aidedby layer method have been employed todesignforengineeringpurposes.This24 @ 2022 Journal of Indian Academy of Dental Specialist Researchers

RAPID PROTOTYPING -AN INNOVATIVE TOOL IN DIGITAL PROSTHODONTICS - AREVIEWdevelopprototypesafterevolutionofc) Orthodontics - diagnosis and treatmentCAD/CAM technologies.planning,Applications of Rapid Prototyping :fabrication of tooth aligner, lingualIntroducing rapid prototyping in theorthognathicsurgery,orthodontics, distraction osteogenesis,biomedical area in 1990 serves severalfabrication of surgical template for minipurposes:implants.A) construction of models to facilitated) Endodontics - diagnosis and treatmentsurgical planning and simulation,B) ,autotransplantation, endodontic traininganatomical landmarks such as neurovascularand researchcanals and facial sinuses. [8]e) Oral surgeryC) improving medical diagnosis,Biomaterials used in Rapid Prototyping :D) neurosurgery,Many types of different biomaterials wereE) orthopedics,available to be used in RP technologies.[12]F) Shorten surgery time and reduced patientThey were,risk.[9,10]1) Photosensitive resinsInDentistry,RapidPrototyping(RP)2) Various metals and its alloys such astechnologies were used widely in: [11]stainless steel, titanium alloys, Cobalta) ImplantologyChromium alloys and others.b) Prosthodonticspattern,-fabricationmoldforofwax3) Advancedcompletematerials(Zirconia, Alumina, porous ceramics,dentures,direct dental metal prosthesis,removable partial denture freameworkbio-ceramicCalcium phosphate-based bio-ceramics)4)Polycaprolactone(PCL)and clasps ,all ceramic illofacial prosthesisphosphate(PP-TCP),25 @ 2022 Journal of Indian Academy of Dental Specialist ResearchersPLGA,starch-

RAPID PROTOTYPING -AN INNOVATIVE TOOL IN DIGITAL PROSTHODONTICS - AREVIEWbased polymer ,polyetheretherketone-Types of Rapid Prototyping technologies :hydroxyapatitePCL-1.Stereolithography (SLA)hydroxyapatite (HA), PCL scaffolds.2.Selective laser sintering (SLS)Bone cement:3.Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS)Polimethyl4.Fused deposition modelling (FDM)methacrylate (PMMA) material and beta5.Polyjet 3D printing (PJP)– tricalcium phosphate (TCP), polymer6.Laminatedphosphate(PEEK-HA)mixture of tetracalcium(TTCP),calcium phosphate cement compositesfor both implants and bone substitutes.ObjectManufacturing(LOM)7.Inkjet 3D printing (IJP)In dentistry with these technologies8.Colour-Jet-Printing (CJP)commonly used materials are - wax, plastics,9.Multi-Jet-Printing (MJP)ceramics and metals. .10. Electron Beam Melting (EBM)ThedependsThe common technologies being used inentirely on the resultant object and RPprosthodontics are stereolithography dused.thatinkjet-based system (3DP), selective laserbased on the state‑of‑the prototype material,sinteringmaterial accretion technology will be used.modeling (FDM).Liquid‑basedStereolithography (SLA) ication of the resin upon contact with a- Stereolithography (SLA) was given bylaserCharles Hull in 1980. It is the first rototypingmaterial,manufacturing technology for fabrication ofsolidification of an electro setting fluid. Theprototypes,modelsanddentaltechniques that uses solid sheets are eitherpatterns.bonded using a laser or an adhesive.- most favoured advanced RP system26 @ 2022 Journal of Indian Academy of Dental Specialist Researcherscasting

RAPID PROTOTYPING -AN INNOVATIVE TOOL IN DIGITAL PROSTHODONTICS - AREVIEW- The components include a photosensitive- Advantages are better surface finish thanliquid resin bath, an ultraviolet (UV) laserother methods and less raw materialto cure the resin and a model-buildingwastage.[16]platform.- utilizes computer-controlled moving laserInkjet-based system OR 3DP :- In 3Dimensional Printing system, measuredbeam for building up the required objectsamount of the raw powder is dispersedfrom a liquid in layer by layer manner byfrom the container by a moving piston.additive manufacturing or 3D printing- Then, a roller suppresses the powderdata.-located at the top of the fabricationexposing the resin to an UV light,chamber. Following this the multi-channelhardening of a thin defined layer occursjetting head will deposit the liquidand once the resin layer is cured, theadhesive in a 2 dimensional pattern ontoplatform is immersed within the bath in athe powder, bonding and forming a layercalculated distance, and then it is beingof object.repeated till the full object is formed. [14]-Next, the piston will distribute and join an- In dentistry the current foremost purpose isanother layer of powder. This layer by layerfabrication of high precison surgicaladding process will continue till thedrilling templates during insertion ofdevelopment of a complete prototype .dental implants, making impressions for- The unreacted powder which remains at thereconstructive surgeries and sub-periostealend undergoes heating process with thedental implant surgeries. [17].fabricated part sound and intact. [18]- Less availability of raw materials for thistechnology as it utilizes only lightsensitive polymers[15].Selective Laser Sintering :- Selective laser sintering (SLS) discoveredby Dr. Carl Deckard and Dr. Joe Beamanin 1980.27 @ 2022 Journal of Indian Academy of Dental Specialist Researchers

RAPID PROTOTYPING -AN INNOVATIVE TOOL IN DIGITAL PROSTHODONTICS - AREVIEW- In this layers of powder material selectedwerefusedintoa3Dmodelbyappropriating a computer-directed laser.nozzle head whichleads the material intoplace with an ample precision to trace and- A roller distributes the powdered materialover a cylindrical surface which is built andis spread on top layer wise fashion of thedeposits the raw material in very thin layersonto a subsidiary platform.- Layer by layer built up of the subject ispreceding hardened layer and repeateddone and the underlying material solidifies insintering is done.less than 0.1s after being emitted from the- To support the newly added layer ofpowder, the supporting platform maintainsnozzle .-The supporting structures in the processone object layer thickness. The surface ofare used for projecting geometries and arethis firmly compressed powder is thenlater removed from the completed object.exposed to a beam of laser.-- The processor controls the motion of the[19]Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS):Especially in prosthodontics, thermoplasticmaterialscommonlyemployedinthismethod includes nylon composite, metallicmaterials, ceramics, investment casting wax-DMLS technique is used in thefabrication of metal parts with high precisionand mechanical strength.- The metal material is added layer by layerand thermoplastic composites.and to fuse powder. From a definite pointFused Deposition Modeling (FDM) :laser beam is used in the fabrication of- In FDM method,thermoplastic material isprosthesis.[20]used for the fabrication purpose.- Temperature-controlled FDM extrusionnozzle dome is used in delivering thethermoplastic polymer which is then heatedLaminatedobjectmanufacturing(LOM):- Defined sheets of materials were used forfabrication in this method.to form a free-flowing semi-liquid.28 @ 2022 Journal of Indian Academy of Dental Specialist Researchers