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Downloaded by [J. Jay Miller] at 06:27 09 May 2016148J. J. MILLER ET AL.Services, 2013). Research shows that these youth are more likely to experiencehomelessness (Courtney, Piliavin, Grogan-Kaylor, & Nesmith, 2001; Fowler,Toro, & Miles, 2009; Lenz-Rashid, 2004); lack community involvement(Buehler, Orme, Post, & Patterson, 2000); have a heightened risk for poorphysical health (Takayama, Wolfe, & Coulter, 1998) and psychiatric disorders(McGuinness & Schneider, 2007); addiction (Osgood, Foster, & Courtney,2010); and, have difficulty accessing mental and physical health care (Jones,2014; Pecora, Jensen, Romanelli, Jackson, & Ortiz, 2009), when comparedto their peers. Indeed, child welfare practitioners need to conceptualize,integrate, and evaluate innovative tools to allay these problematic outcomes.Evidence from the literature suggests that apps can have a positive impacton assuaging problematic outcomes, such as those noted previously. Forexample, apps offer a constant presence (Chen et al., 2012). This presencecan be especially pertinent for foster youth and alumni, many of whom lackconsistent and supportive relationships (Courtney, Terao, & Bost, 2004; Miller& Owens, 2014). Additionally, apps have the capability of providing real-timeinformation and updates, and can serve as a mechanism for care providers(e.g., social workers, counselors, therapists, etc.) to maintain contact withyouth transitioning to adulthood (e.g., Luxton et al., 2011; Sadasivam et al.,2008). This is especially pertinent for foster youth and alumni. Many of theseyouth lack stable housing situations and maintaining contact with theseindividuals can be challenging. Based on previous studies (e.g., Ambwanni,Cardi, & Treasure, 2014; Price et al., 2014), apps can be a tool used to addressthese issues.Research also suggests that apps can be beneficial in helping to addresssubstance misuse and addiction. Exemplars include Gustafson and colleagues(2014) and Chih and colleagues (2013). Both of these studies concluded thatapps were impactful in helping users obtain and maintain sobriety. This is acharacteristic of mobile apps that can be especially impactful with foster youthand alumni, two groups who are disproportionately impacted by substancemisuse (e.g., Morris, 2007). As well, apps can securely store importantpersonal (e.g., health, mental health, etc.) information (Bouri & Ravi, 2014)and facilitate connections among communities of users (McTavish, Chih,Shah, & Gustafson, 2012), both aspects of which can address problemscommonly faced by foster youth. Indeed, apps can be a valuable resourcefor foster youth and child welfare service providers alike.The implications derived from this literature review are clear. While someprofessions and disciplines, such as Medicine, have burgeoning literaturebases documenting the development and deployment of apps, others, suchas Social Work, have lagged in this endeavor (e.g., Getz, 2012). This is particularly true as it relates to foster youth. Despite the promise of apps inaddressing challenges faced by foster youth, there is a dearth in the literaturein this area. More research is needed to examine the use of apps in general

JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN SERVICES149(e.g., Mohr, Burns, Schueller, Clarke, & Klinkman, 2013; Price et al., 2014),with particular attention to the development of apps for specific populations(Luxton et al., 2011; Sadasivam et al., 2008), such as foster youth and alumni.This study seeks to uniquely address this limitation in the literature byexplicating a conceptual framework for app development from the perspectiveof foster youth.Downloaded by [J. Jay Miller] at 06:27 09 May 2016Study purposeThe purpose of this study was to explicate a conceptual framework germane todeveloping an app designed to assist youth in the transition from foster care toadulthood. This aim in mind, this study was guided by one overarchingresearch question: How do foster youth and alumni conceptualize mobile appsthat will help young people transition from foster care to adulthood? An ancillaryquestion included: Is there a difference in the way that young people in foster careprioritize elements of this conceptualization when compared to foster carealumni? By answering these questions, foster care practitioners and researcherswill have a framework, from the perspective of youth and alumni, on which tobase app technology development. Currently, there is no such frameworkdocumented in the literature.MethodConcept mappingTo meet the overarching goals of this study, the researchers employedCM. CM adheres to a sequential process that entails collecting and analyzingqualitative data via multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analyses(Kane & Trochim, 2007). Through these analyses, visual representations ofthe data are constructed (Anderson et al., 2006).CM is particularly suited for this study for several distinct reasons. Forinstance, this method has proven useful in myriad conceptualization andplanning initiatives, including the area of child welfare (e.g., Brown, 2008).Further, this method has been utilized with foster youth and alumni as primary units of analysis (e.g., Miller & Owens, 2014). Additionally, CM is usefulin analyzing differences in priorities among groups of participants (e.g., Miller& Jones, 2015). These characteristics of the methodology make it suitable foranswering the aforementioned research questions. Other than child welfare,CM has been used in areas of public health (e.g., Gonzalez-Block, Rouvier,Becerril, & Sesia, 2011), education (e.g., Abrahams, 2010), mental healthand well-being (Bedi, 2006), and community organizing (Ridings et al.,2011), to name a few. The application of this methodological approach for thisstudy is unique. A review of academic and research databases revealed no

Downloaded by [J. Jay Miller] at 06:27 09 May 2016150J. J. MILLER ET AL.published studies that use CM to explicate a framework for developing amobile app.CM data collection processes involve three over-arching phases: (a) collection of qualitative data via brainstorming session(s), (b) sorting and rating theideas, and (c) analyses and map interpretation (Baldwin, Kroesen, Trochim,& Bell, 2004). To organize and analyze the data, this study employed theConcept System Global MAX software (Concept Systems, Inc. Copyright2004–2015—all rights reserved). Though CM has become increasingly popular over the last two decades (e.g., Rosas & Kane, 2012), some readers maybe unaware of this method (Miller & Owens, 2014). Thus, the following paragraphs outline the CM processes applicable to this study. Additionally, tomore clearly understand the process, information describing theparticipants is also included in this section of the narrative. The protocoldescribed and utilized in the research was approved by a University Institutional Review Board (IRB).ParticipantsA total of 23 (N ¼ 23) participants took part in this study. Of those, 11identified as foster young people; 12 identified as foster care alumni. For thepurposes of this study, foster young people were defined as individuals 18 yearsof age or older, still committed to the state foster care system (Note: In the statein which this study occurred, youth are permitted to recommit to foster careuntil age 21.). Foster care alumni were individuals who had exited the fostercare system. All participants were recruited via a nonrandom purposiveprocedure. E-mail fliers that included the inclusion criteria were sent out toyouth and alumni agencies and groups and participants self-selected into thestudy.Inclusion criteria included the identification as a foster young personor alumni (as operationalized previously), be age 18 years or older, bedevelopmentally age appropriate, and currently own a smartphone. Allparticipants consented to participate in the study, per the approved IRBprotocol.The typical participant in this study was 19.81 (Sd ¼ 1.91; Mdn ¼ 19;Mode ¼ 18) years old, female (66.7%), and identified as White (52.4%) orBlack (38.1%). Four point eight percent of participants identified as eitherHispanic/Latino/Latina or other (did not specify), respectively. On average,participants reported spending 6.93 (Sd ¼ 4.70; Mdn ¼ 5.25; Mode ¼ 2.0)years in foster care, with the longest tenure being 15 years. Most participantsreported entering foster care due to caregiver neglect (71.4%) or abuse(28.6%). Participants reported a mean of 4.63 (Sd ¼ 3.81; Mdn ¼ 3;Mode ¼ 1) foster care placements. Asked to rate their overall foster careexperience on a Likert-type scale anchored at 1 with “Bad” and 5 with “Good,”the mean rating was 4.0 (Sd ¼ .94; Mdn ¼ 4.0; Mode ¼ 5).

JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY IN HUMAN SERVICES151Downloaded by [J. Jay Miller] at 06:27 09 May 2016All participants in this study owned a smartphone. Most owned an Androiddevice (57.1%), followed by iPhone (33.3%), and Windows (9.5%) devices.On average, participants had 15.24 (Sd ¼ 10.4; Mdn ¼ 14; Modes ¼ 20, 15,5, and 2) apps downloaded on their phone. Nearly half of the participants(47.6%) reported using their apps 10 or more times per day. Most often,participants used these apps for social media networking purposes (76.2%).With the exception of one person, participants agreed that mobile apps couldbe useful in helping foster youth transition into adulthood. The one participant reported being neutral on this idea.BrainstormingFor CM, qualitative data is collected through focus-group type brainstormingsessions. These brainstorming sessions are guided by a focus prompt. Thisprompt is designed with the explicit goal of the study in mind. This studyutilized the following prompt: “Pretend you are developing an app to helpyoung people transition from foster care to adulthood. To best serve fosteryouth and alumni, this app should ”Participants took part in one of four different face-to-face brainstorming sessions (each participant took part in only one brainstormingsession). The sessions were scheduled at a time most convenient for participants and the researchers facilitated each of the brainstorming sessions.During each of these sessions, the researchers utilized the focus prompt tosolicit statements from the participants. As they were verbalized by theparticipants, the researcher collated the statements and the statementswere shown on a projector so that the participants could see the statements. This allowed the researchers to clarify and edit the statements inreal time. Upon completion of the brainstorming sessions, the researcherscollated all of the statements into a final statement set. This final setincluded a total of 52 unique statements. All statements included in thefinal statement set, as well as the cluster names and bridging values, canbe found in Table 1.Statement structuringStatement structuring includes the sorting and rating of each the statements inthe final statement set. After the brainstorming sessions discussed previously,the researchers entered the statements into the Concept System Global MAXsoftware (Concept Systems, Inc. Copyright 2004–2015—all rights reserved).This software was used for data management and analysis.Once the statements were input into the software, participants were invitedto take part in one of four statement structuring sessions (each participantonly participated in one statement structuring session). All of the participantsfrom the brainstorming sessions took part in the structuring sessions, whichtook place approximately one month after the first meeting. During the

152Table 1.J. J. MILLER ET AL.Clusters, statements, and bridging values.Clusters 1 (with numbers) and Statements Bridging Values 2Downloaded by [J. Jay Miller] at 06:27 09 May 2016Cluster: Visual Layout1. The app should have cool icons for each content area.7. The app should be developed using mainly ideas from foster youth and alumni.11. The app should be easy to navigate.25. The app should have security features in case youth lose their phone.26. The app should have a feature where users can receive technical assistance when using theapp.28. The app should be easy to use.33. The app should not use up a lot of phone battery life.36. This app should be updated frequently.42. This app information should be secure so that it cannot be hacked.44. The app should look cool.52. The app should not have ads.Mean Bridging ValueCluster: Tools6. This app should interact with the phone calendar to keep track of important appointments,such as medical appointments.9. The app should have a place for youth to store information about previous foster homes theyhave been in.12. This app should have games that youth can play.19. This app should allow youth to store important personal information, such as social securitynumber.Mean Bridging ValueCluster: Accessibility3. This app should be available to foster youth and alumni, no matter where they live in [STATENAME].4. The app should also have a website for youth who do not have a cell phone.10. The app should only be used by foster youth and alumni.15. This app should have a strong marketing plan so that youth can find out about it.31. The app should be free for foster youth and alumni to download.32. The app should be limited to youth who are 16 years old or older.37. The app should be able to be accessed on Wifi so that it doesn’t use cell phone data.50. The app should be available on a variety of platforms, such as Apple and Droid.Mean Bridging ValueCluster: Peer Connections2. This app should connect foster youth with foster care advocacy groups.8. The app should allow youth to anonymously chat with other foster youth.21. The app should allow foster youth to chat with mentors via the app.30. The app should allow foster youth to directly connect with youth through the app.40. This app should allow youth to upload information about their former social workers so theycan access this info after they have left foster care.45. The app should allow youth to post questions that everyone can see.51. The app should have a function that allows foster youth to invite other users using theircellphone number.Mean Bridging ValueCluster: Mentorship Guidance13. The app should allow youth to “check-in” with their social workers.16. The app should include mentors that have been in foster care.20. The app should include mentors that are knowledgeable about foster care.23. The app should allow youth to connect with their attorney.24. This app should allow foster youth to communicate with their social workers.38. The app should have a list of mentors for foster youth.Mean Bridging Value0.130.32

aCollege of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; bKentucky United Methodist Home for Children and Youth, Lexington, Kentucky ABSTRACT Despite the promise of mobile smartphone applications (apps) in addressing challenges faced by foster youth transitioning to adulthood, the literature is devoid of conceptual frameworks for