Transcription
2019–2020 Bulletin
2019–2020 Bulletini
AccreditationBorough of Manhattan Community College isan accredited member of the Middle StatesAssociation of Colleges and Schools, 3624Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Telephone: (267) 284-5000. It is alsoaccredited by the Board of Regents of theUniversity of the State of New York and isa member of the American Association ofCommunity Colleges. Its health programsare accredited by the appropriate agencies,including the National League of Nursing, theAmerican Health Information ManagementAssociation, and the Commission onAccreditation of Allied Health EducationalPrograms.Statement of NondiscriminationBorough of Manhattan Community College isan Equal Opportunity and Affirmative Actioninstitution. The College does not discriminateon the basis of race, color, religion, national orethnic origin, age, gender, sexual orientation,transgender, disability, genetic predispositionor carrier status, alienage or citizenship, statusas victim of domestic violence, or marital,military, or veteran status, in its studentadmissions, employment, access to programs,and administration of educational policies.Odelia Levy is the College’s Affirmative Actionand Compliance Officer, Coordinator forTitle IX, which prohibits sex discriminationin federally assisted education programs,Coordinator for the Age DiscriminationAct, which prohibits age discrimination infederally assisted education programs, andCoordinator for the Americans with DisabilitiesAct and Section 504/ADA, which prohibitdiscrimination on the basis of disability. Ms.Levy’s office is located in Room S-701K andher telephone number is (212) 220-1236.Complaints, comments and/or questionsregarding applicable policies, procedures orthe College’s affirmative action program, ordiscrimination generally, should be directed toMs. Levy.The programs, requirements, tuition, and feesset forth in this catalog are subject to changewithout notice at any time at the discretion ofthe administration and the Board of Trustees ofThe City University of New York.ii
President’s LetterDear Student,It is my honor to welcome you to Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC) of The CityUniversity of New York (CUNY). You are now part of a vibrant learning community, a college knownnationwide for its dedicated and talented faculty, students and staff.At BMCC, we believe in the transformative power of education. Your success is our highest priority.We have many programs in place to help you stay on track, and to ensure that you graduate fromBMCC well prepared to transfer to a bachelor’s degree program or enter your career.The diverse cultural setting that we celebrate and recognize at BMCC will also enrich your studies.You will gain knowledge, as well as friendships and networks that will continue to be source ofstrength, as you strive to reach your dreams.I look forward to the ways in which you will excel and make your mark at BMCC—and the world.Congratulations on taking this important first step.Sincerely,Karrin E. Wilks, Interim PresidentBorough of Manhattan Community Collegeiii
ContentsProfile1Admissions2Tuition and Fees5Financial Aid7Enrollment Management10Student Affairs11Academic Affairs Student Support Services13Degree Programs15Course Descriptions37Special Programs113Continuing Education114Academic Grading115Honors and Awards117Rules and Regulations118BMCC Administration127BMCC Foundation, Inc.127The City University of New York/CUNY128Faculty and Staff130Inventory of Registered Programs145iv
A ProfileOUR MISSIONThe City University of New York defines its missionin terms of two basic themes: maintaining andexpanding its commitment to academic excellence,and providing access to higher education for all whoseek it as “an avenue to economic advancement andpersonal fulfillment to the citizens of New York City,and in particular to the economically and sociallydisadvantaged among them.”Borough of Manhattan Community College (BMCC)was founded in 1963 and opened in 1964 as a small,primarily business-oriented, community college offeringprograms aimed at the midtown business community.During the next two decades, the mission of theCollege changed in response to the advent of the CityUniversity’s open admissions policy in 1970 and inresponse to the emergence of new technologies andchanges in business and industry. Open admissionssignificantly extended higher educational opportunitiesOUR HISTORYBMCC opened in 1964 as a small, primarilybusiness-oriented community college whoseeducational focus was to prepare students forbusiness careers and to provide a general liberalarts education for those who wished to transfer to4-year colleges. At that time, the College occupiedrental space in midtown Manhattan.By 1974, enrollment had expanded from 467students in 1964 to over 6,000 day and eveningstudents. It became clear that renting classroomand office space was too expensive for a long-termsolution, so the City of New York began plansto build a new campus for BMCC downtown onChambers Street.The fiscal crisis of 1976 intervened and broughtbuilding to a halt with only a steel frameerected. After a five-year hiatus, construction onOUR FACILITYThe campus, situated on 4.28 acres, becameoccupied in January 1983. The modernstructure, spanning four blocks from ChambersStreet to North Moore Street, is equivalentto the Empire State Building lying on itsside (minus the tower). The College has 71classrooms, eight seminar rooms, numerouslaboratories, and three lecture halls. Thecampus library, named after the AfricanAmerican labor leader and social activist A.Philip Randolph (1889–1979), contains about120,000 volumes of books and reference titles,350 print magazine/journal subscriptions, over28,000 electronic journals, magazines andnewspapers; 10,000 electronic books and18,000 reels of microfilm.BMCC also boasts an intercollegiate-sizeswimming pool and a gymnasium that can bedivided into three regulation basketball courts.OTHER FEATURES OF BMCC A day-care center A state-of-the-art conference center An art gallery A Media Center containing HDTV televisionand audio studios, multi-media labs andnetworked post-production facilities A comprehensive college bookstore A performing arts center featuring threetheatresto thousands of students, many of them nontraditional. After BMCC relocated in 1983 to its newbuilding at 199 Chambers Street, the programs of theCollege became more diversified and reflected manyof the emerging new technologies. BMCC now offers awide range of degree programs, including Accounting,Accounting for Forensic Accounting, Animation andMotion Graphics, Art Foundations, BiotechnologyScience, Business Administration, BusinessManagement, Child Care/Early Childhood Education,Childhood and Bilingual Childhood Education,Children and Youth Studies, Communication Studies,Community Health Education, Computer InformationSystems, Computer Network Technology, ComputerScience, Criminal Justice, Digital Marketing,Economics, Engineering Science, Ethnic Studies,Financial Management, Gender and Women’s Studies,Geographic Information Science, Gerontology, HealthInformation Technology, History, Human Services,the new campus resumed, and the College wasable to occupy its new home at 199 ChambersStreet in 1983. The new campus is home to theBMCC Tribeca Performing Arts Center, whichhouses three theaters, including the largesttheater in lower Manhattan. Athletic facilitiesinclude an intercollegiate-size swimming pooland a gymnasium, which can be divided intothree regulation-size basketball courts.Ten years later, in 1993, BMCC received the largestgift made to a community college, a 15-story officebuilding at 30 West Broadway donated by Miles andShirley Fiterman. That building, irreparably damagedon 9/11 when World Trade 7 fell against it, wasrazed and the new Fiterman Hall, built in its place,opened in Fall 2012.Funds for the deconstruction and rebuilding ofFiterman Hall were made possible by a public/ Three dining facilities Production facilities for television programs Human Patient Simulation LabTHE MEDIA CENTERSince its inception, the BMCC Media Centerhas been among the finest and most technicallycurrent in the country. Its mission is to serve thestudents, faculty, and staff of BMCC—and thecommunity at large—by providing high-qualitymedia production and distribution services.This multi-million dollar resource supports theacademic and professional training programs ofthe College. The Center provides a full inventoryof audio-visual support equipment for your usein conference rooms and lecture halls as wellas teleconferencing, media production, andduplication services.The campus is wired for closed circuit televisiondistribution. We also operate specialized labfacilities for multimedia development, graphicdesign, and broadcast quality video editing. TheMedia Center have 2 HD TV studios, 2 AVID,Graphics, Protool Digital Media Labs and AudioStudio for students majoring in Video Arts andTechnology (VAT).Liberal Arts, Linguistics and Literacy, Mathematics,Mathematics and Science for Secondary Education,Modern Languages, Multimedia Programming andDesign, Music, Nursing, Paramedic, Psychology, PublicHealth, Respiratory Therapy, School Health Education,Science, Science for Forensics, Science for HealthProfessions, Secondary Education in Social Studies,Small Business Entrepreneurship, Sociology, Theatre,Video Arts and Technology, and Writing and Literatureas well as many non-degree programs in Adult andContinuing Education.Borough of Manhattan Community College is avibrant, pluralistic learning community committedto the intellectual and personal growth of students.Working closely with organizations across New YorkCity and beyond, we prepare students from aroundthe globe for degree completion, successful transfer,career achievement, lifelong learning, and civicparticipation.private partnership involving Community Board1 in Lower Manhattan, the Dormitory Authorityof the State of New York, the Office of NYCMayor Michael Bloomberg, The City Universityof New York and others. The new Miles andShirley Fiterman Hall, a 14-story buildingdesigned by the architectural firm of Pei CobbFreed and Partners and built by Hunter RobertsConstruction, increased BMCC’s classroomcapacity by about a third.It also houses the Shirley Fiterman Art Center, whichin partnership with the BMCC Foundation Board,showcases local and national artists in large, lightfilled galleries that are free and open to the public.Situated next door to the World Trade Center site and9/11 Memorial Museum, it has emerged as a culturaldestination for visitors to New York City from all fiveboroughs and beyond.educational professionals who are dedicated tobringing to the students, faculty, and communitya high level of media services in support of themission of the College and the University.OFF-SITE PROGRAMSThe purpose of BMCC’s Off-Site Programs is tobring the College to the community. BMCC wantsto expand possibilities and serve the needs ofstudents who want access to higher education.The Off-Site Programs provide students withmore options and greater convenience by offeringclasses at a variety of locations throughout thecity during day, evening and weekend hours.Currently off-site classes are offered at sixlocations: Inwood/Washington Heights, Harlem(7th Avenue and 125th Street) State OfficeBuilding, Brooklyn College, Lehman College, JohnJay College, St. John’s University - ManhattanCampus and Long Island University - BrooklynCampus. Students can take one course or a fullschedule of classes at our off-site locations. Thisis an ideal opportunity for busy people jugglingwork and family responsibilities. BMCC alsomaintains an administrative presence at all sites.The BMCC Media Center produces original videoand television programming for the College, theUniversity and outside clients. The Center’sstaff is comprised of accomplished media and1
AdmissionsAdmissionsAnyone who has a high school diploma, anaccredited state high school equivalencydiploma, or international secondary educationcredentials equivalent to a U.S. high schooldiploma is eligible to apply to Borough ofManhattan Community College.TO APPLYFill out an online application only. There isa 65 non-refundable application fee forFreshman applications or 70 application feefor Transfer applications. Applications areavailable online at www.cuny.edu/admissions/apply.html.You may also visit our web site atwww.bmcc.cuny.eduNote: You should apply as early as possible (Note:CUNY application priority dates; for Fall, February1; and Spring, September 15). Check www.cuny.edu for updated application deadlines, however, yourapplication will be considered whenever you apply.Freshman applications allow students to apply to sixprograms. Transfer applications allow students to applyto four programs.There are five types of applications:1. Undergraduate FreshmanApplication for AdmissionAt CUNY, a freshman is defined as anapplicant who has never attended a college,university, and/or proprietary school sincegraduating high school. This includes postsecondary institutions in any country, includingthose outside the United States.This application is for students who are applyingfor regular City University programs, for studentswho wish to apply for the College DiscoveryProgram, and for students who have beeneducated abroad. Please note the Freshmanapplication deadline. Students should completea City University Undergraduate Freshmanapplication online at www.cuny.edu/apply. Usethis application if: you are currently in high school; you are a high school graduate and havenever attended college; you have a General Equivalency Diploma(GED) and never attended college; you are a permanent resident, an immigrant,or a refugee; you have international secondary educationcredentials equivalent to a U.S. high schooldiploma; you have a temporary visa for study in theUnited States; or you have applied for a temporary visa for stayin the United States.2. Undergraduate TransferApplication for AdmissionAt CUNY, a transfer is defined as an applicantwho has attended a college, university and/orproprietary school since graduating highschool/secondary school. This applies to whetheror not your are seeking transfer credit and/orprogram of study.This application is for students who havepreviously attended college and have a 2.0(“C”) or above cumulative grade-point average2APPLICATION DEADLINESHigh School Seniors and Graduates withNo Previous College Credits Students with Previous College Credits(Advanced Standing and Transfers) Readmission ApplicationsFall SemesterFebruary 1Spring SemesterSeptember 15February 1September 15www.bmcc.cuny.edu/registrarNote: Admissions decisions are made on a rolling basis once applications become complete. Acompleted application includes the application form and all supporting documentation. Applicationsreceived after the deadline will be based on space availability.(GPA). Please note the Advanced Standingapplication deadline. Students should completea CUNY Undergraduate Transfer Application forAdmission online at www.cuny.edu/apply. Usethis application if: you have previously attended college andplan to pursue a degree; you have international post-secondaryeducational credentials; you are a permanent resident, an immigrant,or a refugee; you have a temporary visa for study in theUnited States; or you have applied for temporary visa for stayin the United States3. Application for Non-Degree StatusThis application is for students who will takecollege courses but do not wish to obtain adegree. Those interested in non-degree statusshould apply directly to the Admissions Officeat Borough of Manhattan Community College,199 Chambers Street, Room S-310, New York,NY 10007.4. Second Degree ApplicationStudents who have earned an associate degreeat BMCC and who wish to apply for a seconddegree must contact the Admissions Office,Room S-310, and request a Second DegreeApplication. In order to receive the secondassociate degree from BMCC, students mustcomplete a minimum of 30 credits at BMCC.5. Readmission ApplicationStudents whose attendance has beeninterrupted at BMCC and who have left theCollege in good academic standing may bereadmitted by filing an online readmissionapplication at http://www.bmcc.cuny.edu/registrar/page.jsp?pid 1280&n Readmission.A 20 non-refundable readmit fee will beincluded on your bill by the Bursar’s Office(Room S-330). Readmission is automaticallygranted to students in good academic standing.Note: Readmission may be offered to students whoare academically dismissed. Said students will berequired to obtain an appeal form from the Registrar’sOffice (Room S-315). Students so approved will beon special probation and subject to special probationrules. Regardless of how many semesters the studentsat out, he/she must submit an application to theCommittee on Academic Standing. For furtherexplanation or clarification, students should see acounselor in the Counseling Center (Room S-343).TRANSFER CREDIT EVALUATIONAND ADVANCED STANDING POLICYAll transfer courses receive a “CR” grade.Transfer credits do not affect your cumulativeaverage at BMCC.Note: The Nursing Department’s grade point averagecalculations do not affect a student’s cumulative gradepoint average.BMCC accepts a maximum of thirty (30)transfer credits to be applied towards degreecompletion. If you have recently completed courses orhave any outstanding transfer credits atanother college, it is necessary for you toarrange to have the official transcript(s)forwarded to BMCC’s Admissions Office assoon as possible. All transcripts must besent prior to registration. This also applies tostudents who are seeking to be readmittedto BMCC. Departmental approval must be obtained forscience courses taken more than ten (10)years ago. All technical courses need departmentalapproval. Clinical nursing courses are not transferable. Students who receive transfer credit in oneor more of the prerequisite nursing courses(ENG 101, PSY 100, BIO 425, *CHE 121)have the option to request one time onlyduring the first semester of enrollment theremoval of transfer credit in one or more ofthe prerequisite nursing courses. Studentsmust see the Nursing Academic Advisor inthe Nursing Department, Room S-742.*Note : CHE 121 will be included into this policy uponNYSED approval of CHE 121 as part of Nursing Program,beginning Fall 2020. BMCC strives to help all Veterans transitionto BMCC. Veterans who are matriculatingstudents may earn up to 18 credits inUnited States Armed Forces Institutecourses, in which they have passed finalexams, and for other military education andtraining. The decision regarding the grantingof credit is at the discretion of individualacademic departments.Only college level courses, from an accreditedcollege(s), are evaluated for transfer credits.Non-CUNY remedial, developmental, and Englishas a Second Language (ESL) courses are nottransferable. In addition, Freshman Studies and/orCollege Prep courses are not transferable.Students transferring credits from CityUniversity of New York (CUNY) colleges canreceive transfer credit for some “D” gradesdepending on their BMCC major. Studentstransferring credits from colleges outside ofCUNY must have earned a grade of “C” orabove in order for courses to be accepted.Students should not repeat transfer coursesunless advised by an academic advisor.Courses must be comparable in content to theBMCC curriculum. If the courses from yourformer college(s) are not a requirement foryour major at BMCC, it may be accepted asan elective.Check www.bmcc.cuny.edu for updated information. Updated 08/31/19
AdmissionsAFTER YOU ARE ADMITTEDThe College-Level Examination Program(CLEP) and Advanced Placement (AP) is away of earning college credit by examination.BMCC does award credit for some subjectexaminations. Check with the AdmissionsOffice for detailed information.BMCC awards credit, waives prerequisites andallows advanced placement with departmentalapproval for life experience knowledgein limited academic areas. The followingdepartments will grant credit for life experienceknowledge (C-FLEK) for specific courses:AccountingBusiness ManagementModern LanguagesScienceSocial Sciences, Human Servicesand Criminal JusticeSpeech, Communications and Theatre ArtsTeacher EducationTransfer credits will only be evaluated fromaccredited institutions* listed on the student’sadmission application. The submission ofdocuments in support of applications foradmission such as transcripts, diplomas,test scores, references, or the applicationsthemselves, that are forged, fraudulent,altered from the original, obtained under falsepretenses, or otherwise deceptive (collectivelyreferred to as fraudulent documents) isprohibited by The City University of New Yorkand may be punishable by: a bar to applyingfor admission, suspension and expulsion. Theterm applications for admission include transferapplications.* BMCC considers the transfer credits frominstitutions that are accredited by one of thefollowing associations:MS Middle States Association of Collegesand SchoolsNC North Central Association of Collegesand SchoolsNE New England Association of Schoolsand CollegesNW Northwest Association of Schoolsand CollegesNY New York Association of the New YorkBoard of RegentsSA Southern Association of Collegeand SchoolsWA Western Association of Schoolsand CollegesCredits from schools for candidacy status arenot considered.Transfer credits will only be evaluated frominstitutions listed on the student’s admissionapplication. Submission of false records or omissionof previous college attendance may result in denialof admission. There will be no exception.Non-DegreeStudents who do not wish to pursue a degreegranting program have non-degree status.Students who wish to change from a nondegree to a matriculated status may do soin the Admissions Office (S-310) after atleast one semester of college work has beencompleted. In addition, students must be ingood academic standing. Students who didnot take the CUNY Skills Assessment tests willbe required to do so in order to change theirstatus from non-degree to matriculated. Tobecome matriculated, students must submita completed Advanced Standing Transferapplication to the Admissions Office by thefirst day of classes for the semester that thestudents are changing their status from nondegree to matriculated.MatriculationTo become matriculated, students must select aprogram and agree to take all courses requiredfor the Associate Degree.Note: Matriculated students cannot become nondegree students.International Student ServicesIf you are an international student, theInternational Student Services Office (ISSO)will provide you with valuable information andassistance about immigration matters andF-1 (student) status. It also collects SEVIS(Student Exchange Visitor Information System)information as mandated by Department ofHomeland Security. Students on the F-1 statusare encouraged to attend the various workshopsduring the academic semester to become familiarwith the federal regulations. Consequences foran F-1 student who fails to maintain legal statuscan be serious. The ISSO also offers informationabout health insurance and employment optionsfor F-1 students. The ISSO staff will see studentson a walk-in basis and by appointment.All international BMCC students are urged to contactISSO located in the Admissions Office (Room S-115N) forassistance.Ms. Lily Yi-Elkin is the Assistant Director of Internationaland Transfer Services.CUNY Assessment Tests (CAT)The CUNY Skills Assessment Tests are requiredof all entering freshmen. The tests measureskills of reading, writing, and mathematics, andare administered after admission to the College.In each of these areas CUNY and BMCC haveestablished minimum standards definingreadiness to do college work. As a result of theassessment process, students may be declaredexempt from remedial courses in any or all skillsareas or they may be assigned to appropriatedevelopmental courses in those areas deemedweak. (Please note that developmental coursesdo not offer credit at BMCC.) In order to transferfrom a CUNY community college to a CUNYsenior college, students must have passed thetests in reading and writing. Students shouldconsult the appropriate CUNY campus for therequired passing scores.Transfer students should consult the Testingweb site: http://www.bmcc.cuny.edu/testing/ todetermine whether or not they need to take theCUNY assessment tests.CUNY Assessment Tests inMath, Reading, and WritingThe CUNY Assessment Test in Math measurescompetency in numericalskills/pre-algebra, algebra, college algebra,and trigonometry. All students are requiredto test on both the pre-algebra and algebracomponents of the CUNY Assessment Test inMath. The CUNY Assessment Tests in Readingand Writing are used for initial placement andfor exit from the top-level course in Reading,English and ESL.New students admitted to the University maybe waived from taking one or more of theCUNY Assessment Tests based on Regents,SAT or ACT scores; a Bachelor’s Degree froman accredited domestic institution; or:1. transfer of a 3-credit freshman compositioncourse (or a higher-level English course forFreshman Composition is a prerequisite) froman accredited college with a grade of “C” orhigher for Reading/Writing exemption;*2. transfer of a 3-credit college-level Mathcourse from an accredited college with apassing grade for Math Exemption.*Documentation for waivers must be submittedto the Admissions Office (Room S-310) priorto registration.At BMCC, all academic departments havedesignated minimum reading, writing, and/ormathematics levels necessary for enrollment inacademic courses. These levels or prerequisitescan be found on the BMCC Testing Officewebsite: http://www.bmcc.cuny.edu/testing/.Students should consult the website or speakto an academic advisor in planning theiracademic schedules.* for students transferring to BMCC on or afterOctober 1, 2008.Immunization RequirementsNew York State Department of Health requiresthat all students must comply with specificimmunization laws. Please read the followingto select the criteria that you are mandatedto comply with prior to registration. Youare blocked from registration until theserequirements are met.For students born after 1956, both NYSHealth Law 2165 and 2167 must be met andcompleted prior to registration.For students born before 1957, only NYSHealth Law 2167 must be met and completedprior to registration.NYS Health Law 2165, in effect since July,1989, requires that students born after 1956submit to Health Services Room N-303,documented proof of measles, mumps, andrubella immunization or immunity. Pleaserefer to the information you received in youradmissions packet or visit ion.htmlfor detailed options that will allow you to selectwhich one completes your requirements.Free MMR (combination measles, mumps,and rubella) vaccines are offered by HealthServices throughout the semester as well asduring registration.Medical or religious exceptions may apply withproper documentation. Pregnant women mustselect the blood titre option only.NYS Health Law 2167, in effect sinceAugust 2003, requires that all students,those born after 1956 and those born priorto 1957, receive and read the informationon Meningitis, specifically MeningococcalDisease. You must fill out and sign theresponse form by either selecting to waiveyour right to the Meningitis vaccine or takingthe form to your doctor, receive the vaccineand sign. These response forms must be3
AdmissionsAFTER YOU ARE ADMITTEDsubmitted to Health Services, Room N-380.Please refer to the information you receivedin your admissions packet or visit ion.html for details.completed forms to Health Services at (212)220-2367. If you choose to fax, please followup with a phone call to ensure receipt andthat all is complete. Our number is (212)220-8255.There are no exceptions with this law sincewaiving your rights to vaccine is an option.New Student OrientationAll new students are required to attend aspecial pre-registration orientation session.Orientation sessions are specifically designedto help students successfully adjust to collegelife and to utilize the various college resources.No Meningitis vaccines are offered by ouroffice.You are welcome to print the forms from theweb site and are also welcome to fax your4Check www.bmcc.cuny.edu for updated information. Updated 08/31/19
Tuition and FeesTuition and FeesESTABLISH NEW YORKRESIDENCY TUITION RATETo qualify for the New York City tuition rate,you must have completed one year of residencyin New York City prior to the first day ofclasses. Please contact the Registrar’s Office,Room S-315 for further information.Full-TimeFor a description of full-time status, see thefirst column on the next page.Part-TimeFor a description of part-time status, see the firstcolumn on the next page.STUDENT ACTIVITIES FEES1. Full-time Students 44.45*2. Part-time Students 22.45** Includes 1.45 University Senate feeCHANGE OF PROGRAM FEEWhen you wish to change your program,you are charged 18.00 for each Change ofProgram Form processed, even if you are afinancial aid recipient. For example, if youdrop two courses and add a course at thesame time, you pay 18.00, even though threetransactions were made. However, if you decideat a later date to make additional programchanges, you must complete another Changeof Program Form and pay an additional 18.00fee. The following actions initiated by a studentrequire a program change fee.1. Addition of a course or courses2. Changing from one course to another3. Changing from one section of a courseto another section of the same course4. Dropping a course and adding anothercoursePAYMENT OF TUITION AND FEESTuition and fees may be paid by cash, check,or money
Building, Brooklyn College, Lehman College, John Jay College, St. John's University - Manhattan Campus and Long Island University - Brooklyn Campus. Students can take one course or a full . directly with children in early childhood education settings such as child care centers, Head Start programs, pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, and first .
