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Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume IV, Issue X, October 2016ISSN 2201-27968The requirements of good governance at schools ofpublic education for girls in Al Madinah AlMunawarah from the viewpoint of female schoolprincipalsMajdulien M. Al –Qa'oudEducation Management, Faculty of Education/ Taibah UniversityTaibah UniversityRiyadh, Saudia Arabiamagiq100@gmail.comAbstract- The study aimed to identify the degree of goodgovernance requirements availability (external and internal) atpublic education school in Al –Madinah Al –Manawwarah, andto determine its importance degree to improve the performanceof public education school for girls. The researcher used acorrelational descriptive approach. The study sample consisted of(68) female school principal from the public education school forthe academic year 2015/2016.The study results revealed that, the degree of importance of(external and internal) requirements of good governance atpublic education school in Al Madinah Al Manawarah from theviewpoint of female school principals was very high. While, thedegree of application of (external and internal) requirements ofgood governance at public education school in Al Madinah AlManawarah from the viewpoint of female school principals wasmoderate. Furthermore, There is no significant correlationalrelationship between the degree of importance and the degree ofapplication of good governance at public education school in AlMadinah Al Manawwarh from the viewpoint of female schoolprincipals. The study concluded that, Working on coordinationbetween education administration and public education schooladministration for the girls in the decisions that concerned withgood governance. The necessity of integrated work to developpublic education schools administration in the light ofintroduction of good governance through increasing the power ofdecision making that concerned with school administration todevelop and facilitate effective decision making in the schools.Index Terms- Good governance, internal and externalrequirements, schools.I.INTRODUCTIONThe education has a significant impact on societiesdevelopment, since the educational system was open topolitical, economic, and social systems, therefore, it isnecessary to develop the educational system to adoptmodernity, Knowledge progress and technology, where rapidchanges became as a character of this era, as a result for thesechanges, the urgent need for educational development andreform was raised based on sound strategic planning toconfront the challenges that face the society[1].The globally achieved development specially in the educationfield produced a significant knowledge accumulationcontributed to upgrading of methods and philosophy ofmanagement, since the organizations became social, cognitive,and creative entities that didn’t agree with the models andmanagement philosophies that unable to confront thechallenges that faced by these organizations in the fast pacedenvironments, the overall governance may be considered as apractical formula for different applications in diverseenvironments[2].The application of governance requirements need pluralisticand clear inclusive in governance styles, in addition to, wideparticipation for the stakeholders at the level of strategicdecision-making,resource allocation, existence ofsupervisory mechanisms between the stakeholders that enablethem to deal with executive management and guide them,from the other side, there must be internal supervisory formedfrom governance committee present their report about theextent of compliance with regulations and instructions, and theextent of adequacy and efficiency of internal supervisorysystem at the university[3].Escaross noted in his results of the requirements ofgovernance activation the following: formation of activegovernance council ; raise the capacities of the governancecouncil; confront the expected negative points; using flexibleleadership process rather than routine leadership processes;adoption of the original concept of decentralization as well aspolitical and economic support [4].The process of good governance application in the educationconfronted with several challenges nominated by manystudies, Baiomi determined the most issues that confronteducation governance application in the following points: gabexistence between commitment and implementation , there isa trend toward decentralization in the field of implementationof the community education activities, and to supportrehabilitation and training programs for national capacitiesbuilding in the field of community education [5].The study came according to the recommendation of [6] and[7] as follow:1.The necessity of offering the suitable climate forgovernance in term of completion of necessarylegislation, development of supervisory systems, inaddition to necessity to conduct periodic surveys tomeasure the organizational governance level.www.scirj.org 2016, Scientific Research Journal
Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume IV, Issue X, October 2016ISSN 2201-27962.Issuing more legislation codes to practice governancestandards, broaden the participation bases in schoolsmanagement to include businessmen, civil society,stakeholders, and partners in balanced manner.Problem statement:The current status of school management in the Kingdom ofSaudia Arabia, and what contained from operations andadministrative levels indicate poor application of goodgovernance, since there is slow progress in responding tochange requirements and development due to regulationscomplexity, in addition to absence of coordination and poorcommunication between schools administration and morerules, regulations, administrative regulation, and bureaucraticprocedures [7].In spite of governance concept modernity in the Saudia Arabiaenvironment, we found that there is a relatively seriousmovement from who interested in the Kingdom of SaudiaArabia in an attempt to explain the concept and identify itsaspects, and how to implement it in education sector. Theembodiment of this issue practically means that theadministrative of public education used governance approachas a formula for governance and management with maturemoral framework to promote continuous success and highperformance.Through the insight of the researcher on the educationadministration in Al Madinah Al Manawwarah, noticed thatthe school administration have a lot of granted poweraccording education system of the Kingdom of Saudia Arabia,these powers allow the school administration to practice goodgovernance, but there is clear deficit in the application ofgovernance among female school principals, since theministry of education seeking continuously to develop theschool administration.The current study was designed to determine the reality ofgood governance requirements in the administration of Publiceducation schools in Al Madinah Al Manawarah, and itsimportance to improve the target schools, the problemstatement determined by the following main question:What are the requirements of good governance in schoolsof public education for girls in Al Madinah Al Munawarahfrom the viewpoint of female school principals.Sub-divided questions:1.2.3.What is the degree of importance of internalrequirements for the good governance at schools ofAl Madinah Al Manawarah from the viewpoint offemale school principals?What is the degree of importance of externalrequirements for the good governance at schools ofAl Madinah Al Manawarah from the viewpoint offemale school principals?What is the degree of application of internalrequirements for the good governance at schools of9Al Madinah Al Manawarah from the viewpoint offemale school principals?4. What is the degree of application of externalrequirements for the good governance at schools ofAl Madinah Al Manawarah from the viewpoint offemale school principals?5. Is there a correlational relationship between thedegree of importance and the degree of application ofgood governance requirements at schools of AlMadinah Al Manawarah from the viewpoint offemale school principals?Study Objectives:1.To determine the degree of importance of goodgovernance requirements (internal and external), toimprove the performance of public education schoolsfor the girls from the viewpoint of female schoolprincipals.2. To identify the degree of availability of goodgovernance requirements (internal and external) atpublic education schools for the girls from theviewpoint of female school principals.3. To recognize the correlational relationship betweenthe reality of importance and application of goodgovernance requirements at public education schoolsfor the girls from the viewpoint of female schoolprincipals.Study significance:1.2.3.Providing of intellectual presentation about thepossibility of application of good governancerequirements at Al Madinah AL Manawrah schools atthe age of knowledge and the degree of itsimportance.Contributing to provide the decision –makers withknowledge about good governance requirements andits importance at schools, and how to achievetransparency, fairness and accountability.Contributing to provide the decision –makers,officials and others who concerned with goodgovernance by the significance of the goodgovernance requirements, and to identify the factorsthat help in the process of application.Study definitions:Good governance: defined as a set of laws, regulations,norms, systems, and ethical principles for monetarysupervision and non-monetary on organization management,to protect the related parties from managerial corruption, andto promote trust and credibility [8].Operational definition: Good practicing of administrativeauthorities through adopting laws, standards and controlledregulations that determine the relationship between schooladministration from one side, and stakeholders from the otherwww.scirj.org 2016, Scientific Research Journal
Scientific Research Journal (SCIRJ), Volume IV, Issue X, October 2016ISSN 2201-2796side to improve organizational performance which lead theorganization to work quality, transparency and fairness.Governance requirements: defined as " standards to supportits rules and basic principles that determined by supervisionand monitoring on the policies, procedures and decisions thatundertaken by the leaders" [9]. The researcher adopted thisdefinition in this study.II.LITERATURE REVIEWGovernance requirements:According to the academic approach, the genericunderstanding of governance is the management of resourcesand policy-making by means of exercising authority (power).Thus, it entails all instruments through which different policystakeholders exercise legal rights with the aim to achievepolitical, economic, cultural and social objectives. In thissense, the term “governance” appears to be more and moreused in order to denote a complex set of structures andprocesses (at the public as well as at the private level), whichare generally associated with national administration.However, good governance defined asa normativeconception of the values according to which the act ofgovernance is realized, and the method by which groups ofsocial actors interact in a certain social context.Furthermore, governance is defined as "the exercise ofeconomic, political, and administrative authority to manage acountry’s affairs at all levels. It comprises the mechanisms,processes, and institutions through which citizens and groupsarticulate their interests, exercise their legal rights, meet theirobligations and mediate their differences"[19].Researchers often categorize corporate governancemechanisms into two categories, i.e. internal and externalcorporate mechanisms. The internal mechanism is divided intofive basic categories, they are: the board of commissioners(roles, structures and incentives), managerial incentives,capital structure, constitutions and corporate regulations, andinternal control system. Whereas external mechanism isdivided into five categories,they are: law and regulations, market, capital marketinformation and analysis, accounting market, finance and law,and special sources of external control[10].Internal governance requirements:Gillian (2006) explains that the mechanism of internalcorporate governance exists in a corporation, and comes fromtwo parties, they are the board of commissioners as the highestpoint that conducts the internal controlling system and themanagement that acts as the corporate agency.One internal mechanism that can reduce the agency problemsis the existence of the independent board of commissionersthat can represent the stockholders’ interest with the mainresponsibility to approve the important managerial decisions,including the ones involving the investment policy,management compensation policy and the board governanceitself, as well as to monitor the implementation of thedecisions that have been taken[11]. Therefore, one of themissions of the independent commissioners is to promote theimplementation of Good Corporate Governance incorporations.External governance requirements:10It has very important roles in the corporate governance,especially in relation to its ability for monitoring, gaininginformation and its impacts towards both corporate policiesand performance. There are some general power that mayinfluence the external governance, they are: the size of thecorporation, control potential, regulating systems, potentialcomfort from corporate outcomes.Where, Holme and Deim, examined the first regionalgovernance reform in public education, created in the Omaha,Nebraska metropolitan area in 2007. The legislation creatingthis regional reform, which is called the Learning Community,established a regional governing body, the LearningCommunity Coordinating Council, consisting of an elected21-member board. The board oversees a tax-sharing plan thatredistributes general revenue, an inter-district diversitytransfer program, and programming aimed at enhancing earlychildhood and after-school opportunities for low-incomestudents. However, by
Education Management, Faculty of Education/ Taibah University Taibah University Riyadh, Saudia Arabia magiq100@gmail.com Abstract- The study aimed to identify the degree of good governance requirements availability (external and internal) at public education school in Al –Madinah Al –Manawwarah, and
