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Optical Wireless: Theory and ApplicationsDr. Mohsen Kavehrad (Life-FIEEE)Center on Information and Communications Technology Research (CICTR)The Pennsylvania State UniversityECE InstituteE-MAIL: mkavehrad1000@gmail.com2017 IEEE DLTLUXEMBURGJune 2017
Mobility, Video and cloud computing areCHANGING COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTALLYMobility181%TABLETGROWTHGartner predicted that tablet sales willgrow 181% in 2011 to 54.8M, many ofwhich are built to take advantage ofmobile 3G and4G networks.Cloud Computing1BMOBILEDEVICESAccording to IDC we will reach 1billion mobile devices in 2013. MorganStanley tells us we will reach 10Bmobile devise in 2050.62%CLOUD SERVERREVENUEINCREASEAccording to IDC’s cloud computingsurvey, server revenue in the privatecloud category will grow from 7.3billion in 2009 to 11.8 billion in 2014,or about 62 percent.
Enormous Amounts of Traffic Between Data CentersLet’s assume Servers in datacenter: 400,000 Server interface rate: 25 Gb/s Traffic leaving data center: 10% 10,000 x 100G leaving a Mega-Datacenter! ( 100 fully loadedWDM ven if these numbers don’t agree with your network,sooner or later they will
THE PROBLEM: UNPRECEDENTED TRAFFICWorldwide internet traffic, 1990-2020180,000PB/monthMachine ToMachine?Forecast Model160,000140,000 2020 32%VideoWWW is born60,000Digital decade40,00020,000199019931996Source: Juniper, Cisco, MINTS 20%Non-video19992002200520082011201420172021
CICTR
The Point of Wireless Disconnect
Visible Light and IR Wireless CommunicationsM. Kavehrad, “Broadband Room Service by Light,” Scientific American Journal, July 2007
Classification by Optical Frontend
Technology and Economic Impact1.4 Million 2 GHz14 Billion 300THzDeployed units NumberBandwidth Available
Solid State LightingIEEE Spectrum: January 2012US 2000 Cost of ridding a room of the mercuryfrom a broken CFL
SMART LIGHTINGSmart LED bulbs controlfrom mobile device anywhere Welcome homeTurn on your lightsautomatically as yougo home Auto respond to sunset/sunriseDim control to watch a movieTurn it off after you leave homeCreate custom lifestyleschedules Set the moodEscape the dailygrind Experience adifferent ambienceCommercial StayconnectedReceive lightingnotificationsduring the daySmartphone controlmulti-color, energyefficient LED bulbsRetail Ease into yourday Wake upnaturally withautomaticallyincreasing lightHospitality
CICTRSmart City through Networked Street LightsThe IPv6-Addressable Light Bulb Goes On SaleSilver Spring Networks leverages streetlights to build on the internet of ke-Your-CitySmarter?utm source Daily&utm medium Headline&utm campaign GTMDaily]April 26, 2013
Sensity: One Network, One Platform, Many AppsVideo CameraRetail AnalyticsParking System 100’s of additional Apps1 NetworkNo Trenching!
VISIBLE LIGHT COMMUNICATIONSUserHomeVLCSmart LED LightingUndesirable Radio Frequency InterferenceAircraft LEDs used for illumination andcommunication to provide media l ControlStationHospital VLCMedicalDatabaseAccessIntelligentTransportSystem (ITS)PatientInformationSensorDataEnabling visible lightcommunication with carsor roadside equipmentPortable DeviceLiFi AccessMall VLCLocation basedservice
VLC Applications Areas
Experimental Video Transmission using VisibleLight CommunicationsLED DriverDC PowerDCWhite LEDsEthernetUSRP N210(SoftWare DefinedRadio)InputAmplifierACRF SignalBiasTeesAC DCTransmitterOpticsTXExperiment SetupVLCChannelRXReceiverOpticsEthernetUSRP N210Output(SoftWare DefinedRadio)RF SignalAmplifierLPFTIAPhotodiodesReceiver Module
Architectures Suitable for Ultra High-SpeedIndoor Wireless Communications Line of sight– Blocking– Require Base Station Spot diffusing– Robust to blocking– Do not requireinfrastructure– More challenging linkbudget due tointermediate surface G. Yun, M. Kavehrad, "Spot-Diffusing andFly-Eye Receivers for Indoor Infrared RadioComm.," IEEE Int. Conf. on Selected Topicsin Wireless Communications, Vancouver, June1992.
High-Speed MIMO CommunicationsFly-Eye Hemispheric Imaging Receiver One-to-many and many-to-one communicationsNo alignment High data rate No multipath induced distortion Tolerance to shadowing and blockage (Rxconsists of multiple elements) Better ambient light rejection (due to narrowFOV) G. Yun, M. Kavehrad, "Spot-Diffusing and Fly-Eye Receiversfor Indoor Infrared Radio Comm.," IEEE Int. Conf. onSelected Topics in Wireless Communications, Vancouver, June1992.Insect-Eye Camera Offers Wide-AngleVision for Tiny Drones Engineers make a tiny compound eyeBY: JEREMY HSU / WED, MAY 01,2013Biomimicry: The 160-degree, 180-pixeleye is inspired by an insect’s compoundeyePhoto: University of Illinois and BeckmanInstitute Eye See You: Composites ofhard and soft materials and circuits makeup an electronic version of an insect'scompound eye.
Key Elements: LEDs and Lasers for Solid-State LightingOrganic LED Modulation Bandwidth 20 MHzCMOS-controlledcolor-tunable GaN-based microLEDs pixels in smart displays have a modulation bandwidth of 100 MHz, providing awavelength-agile source for high-speed VLC. OLEDs on top of the LEDs would act as acolor conversion layer, multiplexing the signals into other colors.
VLC To Address Mobility:Diffuse MIMO Communications-64x 10Impulse response in location (0.2,0.1) at9-sources layout3.5normalized amplitude32.521.510.5001020305040time (ns)6070809022
Goals of IrDA: 5 and 10 Giga-IR
Multi-Gigabit LANFEBRUARY 11, 2010
Ultra High-Speed Wireless Communications Pointed links: Data-Centers Entertainment systems Diffuse links: Home/office usage Mobility requirements
Single-Mode Fiber band over 1550 nm IR OpticalWireless Link for Data CentersJune 2013Pennsylvania State University – CICTR Labs.CATV TransmitterCATV RFInputLensesCATV Receiver1 GHz1 GHz10Gbps SFPCATV RFOutput10Gbps SFP10 GIG-EData I/O10 GIG-EData I/O4-PORTDWDM Mux4-PORTDWDM DeMuxhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v PaxFXNAnU70M. Kavehrad, M.I.S. Chowdhury, W. Zhang “CATV Transmission over a 1550 nm IR Indoor Optical Wireless Link,” To appear inthe OSA Optics Letters Journal.
What can you do with an LED Light Bulb thathas its own IP Address?Add a Node to the Global Network: INTERNETThe IPv6-Addressable Light Bulb Goes On Sale GreenWaveReality and NXP launch 6LowPAN mesh-networked LED bulbsand home energy control platform.
Summary"The most compelling story of how Internet of Light willtransform our world is the one still being written: thefuture of lighting, communications, sensing and the birthof a new enterprise lighting network.“
Projected Market of Location-Based Services(Data source: Pyramid Research)
LEDcommunicate aunique lightpattern by VLC Connected shopperslisten with retailer’sapp on smartphonewith a camera Camera detects uniquelight pattern, applicationnotices shopper’sposition and direction Deliver location-basedservice and personalizedcontent to each shopper
R&D Indoor Localization & Navigation
MotivationIndoor Coverage Problem of Global Positioning System (GPS)
Motivation RF approaches (UWB, WLAN, Bluetooth) deliver positioning accuraciesfrom tens of centimeters to several meters.Positioning MethodAccuracySapphire Dart (UWB)0.3 mEkahau (WLAN)1mTOPAZ (Bluetooth IR)2mSnapTrack (AGPS)5 m-50 mLANDMARC (RFID)2m Besides, more radio-frequency (RF) interference will be generated,congesting the limited mobile band.
MotivationHardware ID(Position info)[1] M. Kavehrad and P. Amirshahi, “Hybrid MV-LV Power Lines and White Light Emitting Diodes for Triple-PlayBroadband Access Communications”, 2006.
Positioning TechniquesHyperbolic LaterationCircular LaterationAngulation
Positioning TechniquesProximity-based Hybrid Positioning using VLC and ZigbeeProximity Y. U. Lee and M. Kavehrad,"Two Hybrid Positioning System Design Techniques with Lighting LEDs and Ad-hoc WirelessNetwork“, 2012.
Positioning System Implementation Hybrid RF/VLC Positioning Experiment multi-hop wireless networking: with24m distance between a target (i.e., monitoring node of Fig. (a)) and an observer(i.e., main node of Fig. (c)).11/29/12 Y. U. Lee, M. Kavehrad,” Long-range Indoor Hybrid Localization System Design with Visible Light Communications andWireless Network,” IEEE Photonics Society Summer Topical Conference – Optical Wireless Systems Applications, Seattle,July 2012.
Summary of WorkExperimental demonstration of a proximitybased hybrid positioning systemAn experimental view of the long-range hybrid positioning with Zigbee wirelessnetwork transmission over 77.314 m
Summary of WorkDevelopment of 4 MHz carrier visible light communication (VLC) basedtransceiverA 4 MHz carrier VLC based transceiverarchitecture (a) transmitter (b) receiverVL reception distance fromtransmitter depending on thetransceiver circuits
Hybrid Positioning with Lighting LEDs and ZigbeeMultihop Wireless Network"LED lights are becoming the norm," said M. Kavehrad, W.L. Weiss Chair Professor of ElectricalEng. and director of the NSF COWA at Penn State. "The same lights that brighten a room can alsoprovide location information.“January 2012
Summary of WorkExperimental realization of location based services(a)(b)(a) Photo of demo system – CES 2014 (b) User interface
Summary of Future Research Compliance with High-speed CommunicationsWi-Fi UplinkReportcurrentpositionNodes on theCeilingCSMA/CAVLC/IR e Handsets
Summary of Future Research Sensor Fusion Gyroscope AccelerometerLinearAccelerationDirection E- CompassRotationRawMeasurements OpticalPositioning Wi-Fi
Summary of Future Research Sensor FusionRealization of Sensor Fusion by Kalman Filter Though a good initialization may lead to excellent performance,inertial navigation cannot yield satisfactory performance by itself. Develop a Kalman filter structure for realization of sensor fusion tocombine the measurements from the light positioning system (LPS)and inertial navigation system (INS). Sensor fusion technology further improves the positioningaccuracy and neutralize the effects of outlier and light blockage bytaking advantages of both LPS and our proposed INS.
REAL-TIME SOFTWARE-DEFINED 2x2 MIMO VLC Designand implement a software-defined real-time SCQAM MIMO VLC transceiver system using FPGAbased USRP-X310. Measureand compare constellation diagram, EVM andBER performance for single-carried M-QAM MIMOVLC using spatial diversity and spatial multiplexing.P. Deng, and M. Kavehrad, "Real-Time Software-Defined Single-Carrier QAM MIMO Visible LightCommunications System, “Proceedings of IEEE Integrated Communications Navigation and Surveillance(ICNS), Herndon, VA. , April 2016.
REAL-TIME SOFTWARE-DEFINED 2x2 MIMO VLC - Experiment SetupLED DriverDC PowerDCInputAmplifierACRF SignalEthernetUSRP X310BiasTeesAC DCWhite LEDsWhite LEDsLED DriverDC Power(SoftWareDefined Radio)DCInputAmplifierRF SignalACBiasTeesVLCChannelVLCChannelReceiver OpticsPhotodiodesOutputAmplifierEthernetUSRP X310RF SignalLPFTIAReceiver Module(SoftWareDefined Radio)OutputAmplifierRF SignalLPFReceiver ModuleTransmitterOpticsTransmitterOpticsAC DCTIAReceiver OpticsPhotodiodes
Experiment SetupUSRP X310
Waveforms and IQ symbols for 64-QAM Spatial Diversity MIMO VLCRx SignalIQ GraphRx WaveformIQ GraphCH 0-1Tx SymbolsIQ GraphMIMOCombined RXSymbol IQGraph
Constellation Diagrams of 64-QAM Spatial Diversity MIMO VLCRMS EVM 1.73%BER 0
EVM vs Signal Power 64-QAM Spatial Diversity MIMO VLCEVM 4.59 @ -12.1 dBmEVM 2.15 @ -3 dBm
BER vs Signal Power 64-QAM Spatial Diversity MIMO VLCBER 1.2E-3 @ -12.7 dBmBER 0 @ -1 dBm
Waveforms and IQ symbols for 64-QAM Spatial Multiplexing MIMO VLCMIMO TXSymbolsIQ GraphCH 0-1 TXSymbolsIQ GraphCH 0-1 RXSymbolsIQ GraphMultiplexMIMO RXSymbolsIQ Graph
Constellation BER EVM for 64-QAM Spatial Multiplexing MIMO VLC64-QAM SpatialMultiplexed 2x2MIMO VLCData rate 120 MbpsDistance 2 metersRMS EVM 1.89%Mean BER 0
Constellation BER EVM for 128-256-QAM Spatial Multiplex MIMO VLCRMS EVM 1.82%128-QAM BER 0Data Rate 140 MbpsRMS EVM 1.81%256-QAM BER 2E-5Data rate 160 Mbps
EVM vs Signal Power Spatial Multiplexing MIMO VLCEVM 5.81 @-12 dBm120 MbpsEVM 2.14 @0.6 dBm
BER vs Signal Power Spatial Multiplex MIMO VLCBER 8.2E-4 @ -10 dBm120 MbpsBER 0 @ -1 dBm
Error Performance for Spatial Diversity/Multiplexing MIMO VLC
Bandwidth Efficiency of Spatial Multiplexing/Diversity MIMO VLCSpatial Multiplex Spatial DiversityBER 2E-5, EVM 1.81%BER 0, EVM 1.64%BER 0, EVM 1.89%BER 0, EVM 1.73%BER 0, EVM 2.37%BER 0, EVM 2.31%
Observations Demonstrateda real-time Single-Carrier 256-QAM 2x2spatial multiplexing MIMO VLC link and achieved1.81% EVM, 2x10-5 BER and 12.3 b/s/Hz spectralefficiency over a 2 meters distance. Spatialdiversity MIMO VLC improves errorperformance, while spatial multiplexing MIMO VLCenhances bandwidth efficiency.
Challenges
Ample Opportunities Optical spectrum is huge, secure and unregulated. OWC emerges as a new wireless technology with manyuseful applications. UV-C spectrum is unique Several standards already available, e.g. IEEE, JEITA,IrDA, VLCC. High-speed OWC technology is about to enter the market.
An Eye on the Future - Information Superiority The “Internet-of-Things” and “Big Data” are here. SM-Fiber optics give you all the bandwidth you need, but cannot provide “GlobalConnectivity”. Information superiority through global-connectivity will re-define the “Have’s”and the “Have not’s”.
Free Space Optical CommunicationsInter-satellite space optical cross-linksSatelliteMobile andstationaryterrestrial linksDown -linksUp-linksLAN to LANSpace stationSpacecraftVehicleUAVAirplaneBase stationBuildingGroundstationShipMobile aerial and maritime linksAtmosphericturbulence Long distance High capacity Flexibility Security
PHYSICAL-LAYER SECURITYSecret MessageAliceBobEve (Eavesdropper)
Quantum CommunicationsQuantum Key ecret KeyÅSecret KeyBobSecret key exchange by quantum cryptography
CICTRReport on Optics and Photonics - September 2012A National Research Council (NRC) committee has just released a major report, “Opticsand Photonics: Essential Technologies for Our Nation.”The field of optics and photonics is extremely broad in terms of the technical science andengineering topics that it encompasses: COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION PROCESSING, AND DATA STORAGE DEFENSE AND NATIONAL SECURITY ENERGY HEALTH AND MEDICINE ADVANCED MANUFACTURING ADVANCED PHOTONIC MEASUREMENTS AND APPLICATIONS STRATEGIC MATERIALS FOR OPTICS DISPLAYS
Reality and NXP launch 6LowPAN mesh-networked LED bulbs and home energy control platform. What can you do with an LED Light Bulb that has its own IP Address? Add a Node to the Global Network: INTERNET . TOPAZ (Bluetooth IR) 2 m. Sn
