WIXLIB

CprE 488 – Embedded Systems DesignLecture 1 – IntroductionPhillip JonesElectrical and Computer EngineeringIowa State Universitywww.ece.iastate.edu/ phjonesrcl.ece.iastate.eduThe trouble with computers, of course, is that they’re very sophisticated idiots. They doexactly what you tell them at amazing speed – The Doctor

What is an Embedded System?(CPRE 288 reminder)Quadcopter Your Definition?Micro SD Card? What are some propertiesof an Embedded System?Blu-Ray / RemoteJones, Spring 2019 ISUProgrammableThermostatRoombaCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.2

What is an Embedded System?(CPRE 288 reminder)Quadcopter Your Definition?Micro SD Card? What are some propertiesof an Embedded System?Blu-Ray / RemoteJones, Spring 2019 ISUProgrammableThermostatRoombaCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.3

What is an Embedded System? The textbook definitions all have their limits An embedded system is simultaneously:1. “a digital system that provides service as part of alarger system” – G. De Micheli2. “any device that includes a programmable computerbut is not itself a general-purpose computer” – M.Wolf3. “a less visible computer” - E. Lee4. “a single-functioned, tightly constrained, reactivecomputing system” – F. Vahid5. “a computer system with a dedicated function withina larger mechanical or electrical system, often withreal-time computing constraints” – WikipediaJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.4

Perspective Matters! These definitions quickly become blurredwhen changing perspective:Part of a larger system:Not general-purpose:Less visible:Tightly constrained:Dedicated function:Jones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.5

Another Practical Definition An embedded system is a computing system that uses an ARMprocessor Multiple caveats:– There is a significant 8-bit embedded market as well (e.g. PIC, Atmel,8051)– ARM is also attempting to grow into the desktop and server marketJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.6

A Different Paradigm Cyber-Physical System (CPS): an integration ofcomputation with physical processes– Embedded computers monitor and control the physicalprocesses– Feedback loops – physical processes affect computation,and vice versa Examples tend to include networks of interacting components(as opposed to standalone embedded devices) Still a matter of perspective as networks can span continents or beenclosed in a single chipJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.7

Scale of Embedded Devices Even as Electrical and Computer Engineers it can beeasy to understate the scale (both in terms of sizeand ubiquity) of embedded devices SanDisk microSD card 100 MHz ARM CPU But for what reason?Jones, Spring 2019 ISU Apple Lightning Digital AV Adapter 256 MB DDR2, ARM SoCCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.8

This Course’s Focus Embedded system design – the methodologies, tools, and platformsneeded to model, implement, and analyze modern embeddedsystems:– Modeling – specifying what the system is supposed to do– Implementation – the structured creation of hardware and softwarecomponents– Analysis – understanding why the implementation matches (or fails tomatch) the model– Design is not just hacking things together (which is admittedly also fun) What makes embedded system design uniquely challenging?– System reliability needs: Can’t crash, may not be able to reboot Can’t necessarily receive firmware / software updates– System performance and power constraints: Real-time issues in many applications (Potentially) limited memory and processing power– System cost: Fast time to market on new products Typically very cost competitiveJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.9

CprE 488 Survival SkillsNecessary SkillGained FromSoftware Development (General)ComS 207/227, EE 285PointersPointersCprE 288Memory and Peripheral InterfacingCprE 288CPU ArchitectureCprE 381HDL DesignCprE 381Circuits and SignalsEE 230, EE 224Critical ThinkingYour ParentsPlanning and Hard WorkYour Parents Any course that claims to teach you how to design embeddedsystems is somewhat misleading you, as the technology willcontinue to undergo rapid change Our goal: provide a fundamental understanding of existing designmethodology coupled with some significant experience on acurrent state-of-the-art platformJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.10

CprE 488 – Meet the StaffRobert WernsmanProf. Phillip Jonesphjones@iastate.eduOffice Hours: TBA (329 Durham)InstructorJames Talbertcpre488-tas@iastate.eduOffice Hours: TBA (Lab)TeachingAssistantsJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.11

CprE 488 – Resources Main text: M. Wolf. Computers asComponents (4th edition): Principles ofEmbedded Computing System Design,Morgan Kaufmann, 2017. We are here to help, but communication is key! Key online resources:– Class webpage: class.ece.iastate.edu/cpre488 – containslecture notes, assignments, documentation, generalschedule information (Note: HW0 is due this Friday!!)– Canvas space: https://canvas.iastate.edu is heavily usedfor announcements, discussion, online submission, grading– Class wiki: wikis.ece.iastate.edu/cpre488 – updated (byyou!) to include general tips and tricks and projectphotos/videosJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.12

Weekly Layout (Office hours to add)MondayTuesdayWednesdayThursdayFriday9 amLab A(2041 Coover)10 00Lab C(2041 Coover)11 0012 pm1 00Lecture(1126 Sweeney)Lecture(1126 Sweeney)2 003 004 00Lab B(2041 Coover) 7 00Jones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.13

FPGA Design Tools Necessary steps (scripts will be provided to help automate):1.2.Login to any of the departmental Linux machines: Remote access to machines on the list here:http://it.engineering.iastate.edu/remote/ Use Cygwin/X (ssh), NX client (preferred if the machine supports it) Some extra machines connected to FPGA boards if you really need themFrom the bash shell, enter the following:source /remote/Xilinx/14.6/settings64.shexport PATH PATH:/remote/Modelsim/10.1c/modeltech/linux x86 64/export LM LICENSE FILE nes, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.14

Lecture Topic Outline Lect-01: Lect-02: Lect-03: Lect-04: Lect-05: Lect-06: Lect-07: Lect-08:IntroductionEmbedded PlatformsProcessors and MemoryInterfacing TechnologiesSoftware OptimizationAccelerator DesignEmbedded Control SystemsEmbedded OSJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.15

Machine Problems (MPs) 5 team-based, applied assignments– Graded on completeness and effort– Significant hardware and software components– Two weeks each, with in-class and in-lab demos Tentative agenda:– MP-0:– MP-1:– MP-2:– MP-3:– MP-4:Platform IntroductionQuad UAV InterfacingDigital CameraTarget AcquisitionUAV ControlJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.16

Course Project Student-proposed, student-assessed embedded systemdesign project Essentially a capstone project – integrating yourknowledge in digital logic, programming, and systemdesign Something reasonable in a 5-6 week timeframe, likelyleveraging existing lab infrastructure Deliverables:– Project proposal presentation and assessment rubric (week 9)– Project presentation and demo (10 minutes, week 16)– Project page on class wiki, with images / video (continuous)Jones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.17

Grading Policies Grade components:–––––Machine Problems [5x]HomeworkClass ParticipationMidterm Exams [2x]Final Project(40%)(10%)(5%)(30%)(15%) At first glance, CprE 488 appears to be quite a bit of work!– Yes. Yes it is. – The lab/final project component is probably the most important– If you are a valuable member of your lab team, you will get an A Our goals as your instructor:– To create a fun, yet challenging, collaborative learning environment– To motivate the entire class to a 4.0 GPA– To inspire you to learn more (independent study / MS thesis ideas?)Jones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.18

Some High-Level Challenges How much hardware do we need?– How fast is the CPU? How large is Memory? How do we meet our deadlines?– Faster hardware or cleverer software? How do we minimize power?– Turn off unnecessary logic?– Reduce memory accesses?– Data compression? Multi-objective optimization in a vast design spaceJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.19

Design Considerations: Mars RoversMars Sojourner Rover (1997)– About 25 pounds– 25 x 19 x 12 inches– 8-bit Intel 80C85 100 KHzOpportunity/ Spirit (2004)– About 400 pounds– 5.2 x 7.5 x 4.9 ft– 32-bit Rad6000 20 MHz cost: ?Jones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.20

Some High-Level Challenges How much hardware do we need?– How big is the CPU? Memory? How do we meet our deadlines?– Faster hardware or cleverer software? How do we minimize power?– Turn off unnecessary logic?– Reduce memory accesses?– Data compression? Multi-objective optimization in a vast design spaceJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.21

Some High-Level Challenges How much hardware do we need?– How big is the CPU? Memory? How do we meet our deadlines?– Faster hardware or cleverer software? How do we minimize power?– Turn off unnecessary logic?– Reduce memory accesses?– Data compression? Multi-objective optimization in a vast design spaceJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.22

System Constraints and Considerations Exploring Martian surface (Power consumption)– Movement– Communications– ComputationJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.23

Energy / Power Quadcopter Battery– Capacity: 2000mAh– Max current: 35C, 7.4V– Quad On average requires 20A Average Watts required? Average Flight time?Jones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.24

Energy / Power Quadcopter Battery– Capacity: 2000mAh– Max current: 35C, 7.4V– Quad On average requires 20A 20A * 7.4V 148 W 2000/20,000 .1 hr 6 minJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.25

System Constraints and Considerations Exploring Martian surface (Power consumption)– Movement: (?)– Communications: (?)– Computation: (?) Power Available– Solar panels (140W, 4-hours/day)– Battery storageJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.26

System Constraints and Considerations Exploring Martian surface (Power consumption)– Movement: 100 W– Communications: Rover-Orbiter (5W), Rover-Earth (100W)– Computation: 20W@20Mhz, 5W@2.5MHz Power Available– Solar panels (140W, 4-hours/day)– Battery storageJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.27

System Constraints and Considerations Exploring Martian surface (Power consumption)– Movement: 100 W– Communications: Rover-Orbiter (5W), Rover-Earth (100W)– Computation: 20W@20Mhz, 5W@2.5MHz Power Available– Solar panels (140W, 4-hours/day) Capabilities– 3,500 – 12,000 bit/s to Earth– 120,000 bit/s to OrbiterJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.28

System Constraints and Considerations Exploring Martian surface (Power consumption)– Movement: 100 W– Communications: Rover-Orbiter (5W), Rover-Earth (100W)– Computation: 20W@20Mhz, 5W@2.5MHz Power Available– Solar panels (140W, 4-hours/day) Capabilities– 3,500 – 12,000 bit/s to Earth– 120,000 bit/s to Orbiter Task– Image transmission:1024x1024 12-bit-pixelsJones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.29

Image transmission Communicating with Earth or Orbiter– Communications: Rover-Orbiter (5W), Rover-Earth (100W) 100,000 bits/s to Obiter 10,000 bit/s to Earth– Computation: 20W@20Mhz, 5W@2.5MHz– Image Size: 1000x1000 10-bit-pixels Constraints– 3 hour window/day for Earth transmission– 10 min widow/day for Obiter transmission Compute– Time to send 1 image to Earth, to Obiter– How many pics per day (Earth and Obiter)Jones, Spring 2019 ISUCprE 488 (Introduction)Lect-01.30