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NAWCWD TP 8347U N C L A S S IF I E DNAVAL AIR WARFARE CENTER WEAPONS DIVISIONPOINT MUGU, CALIFORNIAELECTRONIC WARFAREAND RADAR SYSTEMSENGINEERING HANDBOOKNAVAIR Electronic Warfare/Combat Systems1 April 1997w/Rev 4 of 1 Jun 2012Approved for public release: Distribution is unlimitedU N C L A S S IF IE D

Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188Report Documentation PagePublic reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering andmaintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, ArlingtonVA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if itdoes not display a currently valid OMB control number.1. REPORT DATE2. REPORT TYPE01 JUN 2012Final3. DATES COVERED-4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE5a. CONTRACT NUMBERElectronic Warfare and Radar Systems Engineering Handbook5b. GRANT NUMBER5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER6. AUTHOR(S)5d. PROJECT NUMBERNAVAIR Electronic Warfare/Combat Systems5e. TASK NUMBER5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division Point Mugu, California9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBERNAWCWD TP 834710. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORTNUMBER(S)12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENTApproved for public release, distribution unlimited13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTESThe original document contains color images.14. ABSTRACTThis handbook is designed to aid electronic warfare and radar systems engineers in making generalestimations regarding capabilities of systems. This handbook is sponsored by the NAVAIR Director ofElectronic Warfare / Combat Systems.15. SUBJECT TERMS16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:a. REPORTb. ABSTRACTc. THIS PAGEunclassifiedunclassifiedunclassified17. LIMITATION OFABSTRACT18. NUMBEROF PAGESSAR39819a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSONStandard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

Naval Air Systems CommandNaval Air Warfare Center Weapons DivisionFOREWORDThis handbook is designed to aid electronic warfare and radar systems engineers in making generalestimations regarding capabilities of systems. This handbook is sponsored by the NAVAIR Director ofElectronic Warfare / Combat Systems.Approved by:MARK SCHALLHEIM,Approved by:Dr. RONALD SMILEYDirector Avionics DepartmentChief EngineerElectromagnetic Spectrum Dominance Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons DivisionNaval Air Systems CommandAndDirector, Electronic Warfare/Combat SystemsNaval Air Systems CommandUnder authority of:MATHIAS W. WINTER.RADM U.S. NavyCommanderJun 1, 2012Released for publication by:SCOTT O'NEILExecutive Director and Director for Research and EngineeringNAWCWD Technical Publication 8347 - Rev 4Published by . Technical Information DivisionSupersedes. NAWCWD TP 8347 Rev 3Collation . Cover, 163 leaves (Rev 4), TabsThird Printing (Rev 4).50 copiesSecond Printing (Rev 3). 100 copiesFirst Printing. 2,000 copiesPreviously published as NAWCWPNS TS 92-78 (1st through 4th Edition). 4,040 copies

CONTENTSSectionABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMS .1-1FUNDAMENTALSConstants, Conversions, and Characters .2-1Mathematical Notation .2-2Frequency Spectrum .2-3Decibel (dB).2-4Duty Cycle .2-5Doppler Shift .2-6Electronic Formulas .2-7Missile and Electronic Equipment Designations.2-8Radar Horizon / Line of Sight .2-9Propagation Time / Resolution .2-10Modulation.2-11Transforms / Wavelets.2-12ANTENNASAntenna Introduction / Basics .3-1Polarization .3-2Radiation Patterns.3-3Frequency / Phase Effects of Antennas .3-4Antenna Near Field.3-5Radiation Hazards.3-6Active Electronically Scanned Arrays (AESA) .3-7RADAR EQUATIONSField Intensity and Power Density.4-1Power Density .4-2One-Way Radar Equation / RF Propagation.4-3Two-Way Radar Equation (Monostatic) .4-4Alternate Two-Way Radar Equation .4-5Two-Way Radar Equation (Bistatic) .4-6Jamming to Signal (J/S) Ratio - Constant Power [Saturated] Jamming.4-7Burn-Through / Crossover Range.4-8Support Jamming .4-9Jamming to Signal (J/S) Ratio - Constant Gain [Linear] Jamming .4-10Radar Cross Section (RCS) .4-11Emission Control (EMCON) .4-12EW Jamming Techniques .4-13RADAR AND RECEIVER CHARACTERISTICS & TESTRF Atmospheric Absorption / Ducting.5-1Receiver Sensitivity / Noise.5-2Receiver Types and Characteristics.5-3Radar Modes .5-4General Radar Display Types .5-5IFF - Identification - Friend or Foe.5-6Receiver Tests.5-7Signal Sorting and Direction Finding .5-8i

MICROWAVE / RF COMPONENTSMicrowave Waveguides and Coaxial Cable.6-1Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) / Reflection CoefficientReturn Loss / Mismatch Loss .6-2Microwave Coaxial Connectors .6-3Power Dividers and Directional Couplers .6-4Attenuators / Filters / DC Blocks .6-5Terminations / Dummy Loads .6-6Circulators and Diplexers .6-7Mixers and Frequency Discriminators .6-8Detectors .6-9RF / Microwave Amplifiers.6-10Signal Generation .6-11Digital Processing Components.6-12Microwave Measurements.6-13ELECTRO-OPTICS AND IR .7-1Introduction.7-1.1Optical Spectrum .7-1.1Radiometric Quantities and Terminology .7-1.2Photometric Quantities .7-1.3Basic Principles .7-1.4Basic Radiant Power Relationships .7-1.5Infrared Source Characteristics .7-1.10Atmospheric Transmission .7-1.14EO Components and Sensors.7-1.16IR Threats to Aircraft and Their Countermeasures .7-1.30IRCM .7-1.36Lasers .7-1.38Fiber Optics .7-1.41Laser Safety .7-2AIRCRAFT DYNAMICS CONSIDERATIONSFree Fall / Aircraft Drag .8-1Mach Number and Airspeed vs Altitude .8-2Maneuverability .8-3EMP / Aircraft Dimensions .8-4DATA TRANSFER BUSSESData Busses.9-1RS-232 Interface .9-2RS-422 Balanced Voltage Interface .9-3RS-485 Interface .9-4IEEE-488 Interface Bus (HP-IB/GP-IB) .9-5MIL-STD-1553 & 1773 Data Bus .9-6Ethernet.9-7Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol.9-8GLOSSARY .10-1ii

ABBREVIATIONS and ACRONYMSaA-18Acceleration or atto (10 multiplier)Ampere, Area, Altitude, Angstrom(Å), Antenna Aperture, or AerialA-799No evidence of failure reportA/A, A-A, AA Air-to-Air or Anti-AircraftAA-()Air-to-Air missile number ()AAAAnti-Aircraft ArtilleryAAAAArmy Aviation Association ofAmericaAAEDAdvanced Airborne ExpendableDecoyAAMAir-to-Air MissileAARGMAdvanced Anti-Radiation GuidedMissileAAWAnti-Air WarfareA-BITAutomatic Built-in-TestABMAir Breathing Missile or Anti-ballisticMissileA/CAircraft (also acft.)ACAlternating CurrentACAAssociate Contractor Agreement orAirspace Coordination AreaACATAcquisition CategoryACCAir Combat CommandACCBAircraft Configuration Control BoardAcftAircraft (also A/C)ACLSAircraft Carrier Landing SystemACMAdvanced Cruise Missile or AirCombat ManeuveringACQAcquisitionACSAntenna Coupler SetACTDAdvanced Concept TechnologyDemonstrationA/DAnalog to DigitalADMAdvanced Development ModelADPAutomatic Data Processing orAdvanced Development ProgramAEAAirborne Electronic AttackAECAviation Electronic Combat (Army)AEGISAutomatic Electronic Guided InterceptSystemAELAccessible Emission LimitAESAActive Electronically Scanned ArrayAEWAirborne Early WarningAFAntenna Factor, Air Force, or AudioFrequencyAFBAir Force Base or Airframe BulletinAFCAutomatic Frequency Control orAirframe ChangeAFIPSAutomated Financial InformationProcessing TAoAOAOAAOCAOTAPCAPNAPOAPU1-1.1Air Force Operational T&E CenterAir-to-GroundAutonomous Guided BombAutomatic Gain ControlAuxiliary General Intelligence(Intelligence-gathering Ship)Above Ground LevelAir-to-Ground MissileAngle Gate StealerAdvanced Helicopter Weapons SystemArtificial Intelligence, Air Intercept, orAirborne InterceptorAmerican Institute of Aeronautics andAstronauticsAir Intercept ControlAir Intercept MissileCommander, U.S. Naval Air Forces,Atlantic FleetCommander, U.S. Naval Air Forces,Pacific FleetAnti-jamming or Anti-JamAircraft wiring kit for a system(includes cabling, racks, etc. excludingWRAs)Air Logistics CenterAmplitude ModulationAircraft Maintenance DepartmentAdvanced Multiple EnvironmentSimulatorAdvanced Memory Loader/VerifierAmplifierAdvanced, Medium-Range, Air-to-AirMissileAmerican National Standards InstituteAntennaOperational AvailabilityAcousto-OpticalAngle of Arrival, Angle of Attack, orAnalysis of Alternatives (similar toCOEA)Association of Old Crows(Professional EW Society) or Awardof ContractAngle Only Track, Angle Off Tail, orAcquisition-on-TargetAmphenol Precision Connector orArmored Personnel CarrierAircraft Procurement, NavyArmed Forces (or Army or Air) PostOffice, Acquisition Program OfficeAuxiliary Power Unit

ARARMAROA/S, A-S, JAUTODINAUXavdp.AvgAWACSAZAnti-reflection or Aspect RatioAnti-radiation MissileAfter Receipt of OrderAir-to-SurfaceAir Systems CommandAnti-ship Cruise MissileAircraft Survivability (or Survival)Equipment, Allowable Steering Error,or Automatic Support EquipmentApplication Specific Integrated CircuitAmplitude Shift KeyingAir-to-Surface MissileAviation Supply OfficeSystem SpecificationAirborne Self-Protection JammerAvionics Support (also Systems)Project Office (also Officer)Advanced Special Receiver orAirport/Airborne Surveillance RadarAdvanced Short Range Air-to-AirMissileAdvanced Strategic and TacticalExpendablesAnti-submarine WarfareAdvanced Tactical AircraftAdvanced Tactical AirReconnaissance SystemAir Traffic ControlAdvanced Technology DemonstrationAutomatic Test EquipmentAdvanced Technology Expendablesand Dispenser SystemsAdvanced Tactical Fighter (F-22)Airborne Turret Infrared MeasurementSystem or Airborne TacticalInformation Management SystemAdvanced Threat InfraredCountermeasuresAcceptance Test ProcedureAutonomous Target Recognition,Airborne Transportable Rack,Atlantic Test RangeAdvanced Threat Radar JammerAutomatic Digital NetworkAuxiliaryAvoirdupois (system of measures)AverageAirborne Warning and Control SystemAzimuth (also OABOLBPFBPSBUMEDBUNOBURBVRBWBWABWO8cC2C34C (C )34C I (C I)CADCAECAGCAGECAIVCALCAM1-1.2Bandwidth (also BW) or MagneticinductanceBest and Final OfferBus Adapter UnitBus ControllerBattle Damage AssessmentBattle Damage IndicationBeat Frequency OscillatorBackground InvestigationBattlefield Identification, Friend, orFoeBuilt-in-Test, Binary Digit orBattlefield Information TechnologyBuilt-in-Test EquipmentBus Interface UnitAvionics "Black Box" WRAsBombardier/NavigatorBayonet Navy ConnectorBasic Ordering AgreementSwedish chaff dispenser in a launcherBand Pass FilterBits Per SecondBureau of Medicine (Navy)Bureau Number (aircraft)Bottom Up ReviewBeyond Visual RangeBeamwidth (referring to an antenna) orsometimes BandwidthBackward Wave AmplifierBackward Wave OscillatorSpeed of Light 3x10 meters/sec 121.8x10 furlongs per fortnight or 1.8terafurlongs per fortnight, or centi-2(10 ) multiplierElectron Charge, Coulomb,Capacitance, Celsius, Centigrade,Confidential, Roman numeral for 100,or a programming language (also C and C )Command and ControlCommand, Control, Communications(and Computers)Command, Control, Communications,(Computers) and IntelligenceComputer-Aided DesignComputer-Aided EngineeringCarrier Air GroupCommercial and Government EntryCost as an Independent VariableCalibrationComputer-Aided Manufacturing orConstant Addressable Memory