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DATA AND COMPUTERCOMMUNICATIONSNinth EditionWilliam StallingsBoston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle RiverAmsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal TorontoDelhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
CONTENTSPreface15Acknowledgments21About the Author23Animations DirectoryChapter 00.10.20.30.4Reader's and Instructor's Guide1.11.21.31.41.51.6Chapter 229Outline of the Book 30A Roadmap for Readers and InstructorsInternet and Web Resources 33Standards 34PART O N EChapter 125OVERVIEW3136Data Communications, Data Networks, and the InternetData Communications and Networking for Today's EnterpriseA Communications Model 44Data Communications 47Networks 50The Internet 53An Example Configuration 58Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications2.1The Need for a Protocol Architecture 612.2A Simple Protocol Architecture 622.3The T C P / I P Protocol Architecture 662.4Standardization within a Protocol Architecture 742.5Traditional Internet-Based Applications 772.6Multimedia 782.7Recommended Reading and Web Sites 812.8Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 82Appendix 2A The Trivial File Transfer Protocol 85PART T W OChapter 3DATA C O M M U N I C A T I O N SData Transmission90903.1Concepts and Terminology 923.2Analog and Digital Data Transmission 1033.3Transmission Impairments 1113.4Channel Capacity 1173.5Recommended Reading and Web Site 1213.6Key Terms, Review Questions, and ProblemsAppendix ЗА Decibels and Signal Strength 125Chapter 44.14.23637Transmission Media128Guided Transmission MediaWireless Transmission 14413012260
8CONTENTS4.34.44.54.6Chapter 55.15.25.35.45.55.6Wireless Propagation 152Line-of-Sight Transmission 157Recommended Reading and Web Sites 161Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 162Signal Encoding Techniques166Digital Data, Digital Signals 169Digital Data, Analog Signals 179Analog Data, Digital Signals 190Analog Data, Analog Signals 196Recommended Reading 203Key Terms, Review Questions, and ProblemsChapter 6Digital Data Communication Techniques6.16.26.36.46.56.66.7Asynchronous and Synchronous TransmissionTypes of Errors 214Error Detection 214Error Correction 224Line Configurations 230Recommended Reading 231Key Terms, Review Questions, and ProblemsChapter 7Data Link Control Protocols2032082102322367.1Flow Control 2387.2Error Control 2457.3High-Level Data Link Control (HDLC) 2517.4Recommended Reading 2587.5Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 258Appendix 7A Performance Issues 261Chapter 88.18.28.38.48.58.68.7Chapter 99.19.29.39.49.59.6Multiplexing268Frequency Division Multiplexing 271Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing 277Statistical Time Division Multiplexing 287Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line 294xDSL 298Recommended Reading and Web Sites 300Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 301Spread Spectrum304The Concept of Spread Spectrum 306Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 307Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 312Code Division Multiple Access 318Recommended Reading and Web Site 322Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems322
CONTENTSPART T H R E EW I D E AREA NETWORKS326Chapter 10 Circuit Switching and Packet Switching10.110.210.310.410.510.610.7Switched Communications Networks 328Circuit-Switching Networks 330Circuit-Switching Concepts 333Softswitch Architecture 337Packet-Switching Principles 338Recommended Reading 348Key Terms, Review Questions, and ProblemsChapter 11 Asynchronous Transfer Mode11.111.211.311.411.511.611.711.8The Role of ATM 353Protocol Architecture 354ATM Logical Connections 356ATM Cells 361Transmission of ATM Cells 367ATM Service Categories 371Recommended Reading and Web Sites 374Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 375405Effects of Congestion 407Congestion Control 412Traffic Management 414Congestion Control in Packet-Switching NetworksATM Traffic Management 416A T M - G F R Traffic Management 428Recommended Reading 431Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 432Chapter 14 Cellular Wireless Networks14.114.214.314.414.514.614.7378Routing in Packet-Switching Networks 379Examples: Routing in ARPANET 389Least-Cost Algorithms 395Recommended Reading 400Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 401Chapter 13 Congestion Control in Data ter 12 Routing in Switched Data Networks12.112.212.312.412.5326435Principles of Cellular Networks 436First-Generation Analog 450Second-Generation CDMA 451Third-Generation Systems 457Fourth-Generation Systems 461Recommended Reading and Web Sites 466Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 4674169
10CONTENTSPART F O U RLOCAL A R E A N E T W O R K SChapter 15 Local Area Network es and Transmission Media 471LAN Protocol Architecture 477Bridges 485Hubs and Switches 493Virtual LANs 497Recommended Reading and Web Sites 502Key Terms, Review? Questions, and Problems 502Chapter 16 Ethernet50516.1Traditional Ethernet 50716.2High-Speed Ethernet 51516.3IEEE 802.1QVLAN Standard 52616.4Recommended Reading and Web Sites 52816.5Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 528Appendix 16A Digital Signal Encoding for LANs 531Appendix 16B Scrambling 538Chapter 17 Wireless LANs17.117.217.317.417.517.617.717.8541Overview 542Wireless LAN Technology 547IEEE 802.11 Architecture and Services 549IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control 554IEEE 802.11 Physical Layer 561IEEE 802.11 Security Considerations 569Recommended Reading and Web Sites 570Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 571PART FIVEPROTOCOLSINTERNET A N D TRANSPORT573Chapter 18 Internet Protocols18.118.218.318.418.518.618.7573Principles of Internetworking 574Internet Protocol Operation 579Internet Protocol 586IPv6 596Virtual Private Networks and IP Security 605Recommended Reading and Web Sites 608Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 609Chapter 19 Internetwork Operation19.119.219.319.419.5613Multicasting 614Routing Protocols 624Mobile IP 635Recommended Reading and Web Sites 647Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 648
CONTENTSChapter 20 Internetwork Quality of Service20.120.220.320.420.520.620.7Integrated Services Architecture 653Resource Reservation Protocol 662Differentiated Services 672Service Level Agreements 680IP Performance Metrics 682Recommended Reading and Web Sites 685Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 687Chapter 21 Multiprotocol Label PART SIX689The Role of MPLS 691Backgrounds 693MPLS Operation 695Labels 700FECs, LSPs, and Labels 704Label Distribution 706Traffic Engineering 710Virtual Private Networks 715Recommended Reading and Web Sites 717Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 718Chapter 22 Transport Oriented Transport Protocol MechanismsT C P 740T C P Congestion Control 748U D P 759Recommended Reading and Web Sites 760Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 761N E T W O R K SECURITY765Chapter 23 Computer and Network Security Threats23.123.223.323.423.523.623.7765Computer Security Concepts 766Threats, Attacks, and Assets 768Intruders 774Malicious Software Overview 778Viruses, Worms, and Bots 782Recommended Reading and Web Sites 792Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 793Chapter 24 Computer and Network Security Techniques24.124.224.324.424.524.624.724.8Virtual Private Networks and IPsec 797SSLandTLS 800Wi-Fi Protected Access 804Intrusion Detection 807Firewalls 810Malware Defense 818Recommended Reading and Web sites 824Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems82479672211
12CONTENTSAPPENDICESAppendix AA.lA.2A.3Fourier Analysis827Fourier Series Representation of Periodic Signals 828Fourier Transform Representation of Aperiodic Signals 829Recommended Reading 832Appendix ВB.lB.2B.3B.4B.5B.6B.7B.8B.9B.10Projects and Other Student Exercises for Teaching Data and ComputerCommunications 833Animations and Animation Projects 834Practical Exercises 835Sockets Projects 835Wireshark Projects 836Simulation and Modeling Projects 836Performance Modeling 837Research Projects 837Reading/Report Assignments 838Writing Assignments 838Discussion Topics 838ReferencesIndex827839853ONLINE CHAPTERSPART SEVEN I N T E R N E T A P P L I C A T I O N S25-1Chapter 25 Electronic Mail, D N S , and H T T P25-125.125.225.325.425.5Chapter 26Electronic Mail: SMTP and MIME 25-2Internet Directory Service: D N S 25-17Web Access and H T T P 25-28Recommended Reading and Web Sites 25-40Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 25-41Internet Multimedia Support 26-126.126.226.326.426.5Real-Time Traffic 26-2Voice Over IP and Multimedia Support—SIP 26-5Real-Time Transport Protocol 26-15Recommended Reading and Web Sites 26-25Key Terms, Review Questions, and Problems 26-26ONLINE APPENDICESAppendix СStandards OrganizationsC.lThe Importance of StandardsC.2Standards-Setting OrganizationsAppendix DD.lD.2The OSI ModelThe ModelThe OSI Layers
CONTENTSAppendix EThe International Reference AlphabetAppendix FProof o f the Sampling TheoremAppendix G13Physical-Layer InterfacingG.lV24/EIA-232-FG.2ISDN Physical InterfaceAppendix HQueuing EffectsH. 1Queuing ModelsH.2Queuing ResultsAppendix IATM Adaptation LayerLIAAL Services1.2AAL ProtocolsAppendix JLeaky Bucket AlgorithmsJ.lPeak Cell Rate AlgorithmJ.2Sustainable Cell Rate AlgorithmAppendix К The Spanning Tree AlgorithmAppendix LLAN Performance IssuesL.lThe Effect of Propagation Delay and Transmission RateL.2Simple Performance Model for C S M A / C DAppendix MFibre ChannelM. 1M.2Fibre Channel ElementsFibre Channel Protocol ArchitectureM.3Fibre Channel Physical Media and TopologiesAppendix NOrthogonality, Correlation, and AutocorrelationN.lCorrelation and AutocorrelationN.2Orthogonal CodesAppendix О T C P / I P ExampleAppendix PThe T C P / I P ChecksumP.lOnes Complement AdditionP.2UsemTCPandlPAppendix QQ.lQ.2Q.3Appendix RR.IR.2R.3Cryptographic AlgorithmsSymmetric EncryptionPublic-Key CryptographySecure Hash FunctionsUniform Resource Locators (URLs) and Uniform Resource Identifiers(URIs)Uniform Resource LocatorUniform Resource IdentifierTo Learn More
14CONTENTSAppendix SAugmented Backus-Naur FormAppendix TSockets: A Programmer's IntroductionT.lT.2T.3T.4T.5T.6Appendix UU.lU.2U.3U.4Appendix VGlossarySockets, Socket Descriptors, Ports, and ConnectionsThe Client/Server Model of CommunicationSockets ElementsStream and Datagram SocketsRun-Time Program ControlRemote Execution of a Windows Console ApplicationFrame RelayX.25Frame RelayFrame Relay Congestion ControlProblemsDerivations o f Equations and Examples
PART ONE OVERVIEW 36 Chapter 1 Data Communications, Data Networks, and the Internet 36 1.1Data Communications and Networking for Today's Enterprise 37. 1.2A Communications Model 44 1.3 Data Communications 47 1.4 Networks 50 1.5 The Internet 53 1.6 An Example Configuration 58. Chapter 2 Protocol Architecture, TCP/IP, and Internet-Based Applications .
