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Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics, 2018, 8, 286-307http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojfdISSN Online: 2165-3860ISSN Print: 2165-3852Comparison of RANS and LES in the Predictionof Airflow Field over Steep Complex TerrainTakanori Uchida1*, Graham Li2Research Institute for Applied Mechanics (RIAM), Kyushu University, Fukuoka, JapanTsubasa Windfarm Design, Tokyo, Japan12How to cite this paper: Uchida, T. and Li,G. (2018) Comparison of RANS and LES inthe Prediction of Airflow Field over SteepComplex Terrain. Open Journal of FluidDynamics, 8, eived: November 13, 2017Accepted: August 31, 2018Published: September 3, 2018Copyright 2018 by authors andScientific Research Publishing Inc.This work is licensed under the CreativeCommons Attribution InternationalLicense (CC BY en AccessAbstractThe present study compared the prediction accuracy of the three CFD software packages for simulating airflow around a three-dimensional, isolated hillwith a steep slope: 1) WindSim (turbulence model: RNG k-ε RANS), 2) Meteodyn WT (turbulence model: k-L RANS), which are the leading commercially available CFD software packages in the wind power industry and 3)RIAM-COMPACT (turbulence model: standard Smagorinsky LES), whichhas been developed by the lead author of the present paper. Distinct differences in the airflow patterns were identified in the vicinity of the isolated hill(especially downstream of the hill) between the RANS results and the LESresults. No reverse flow region (vortex region) characterized by negative windvelocities was identified downstream of the isolated hill in the result from thesimulation with WindSim (RNG k-ε RANS) and Meteodyn WT (k-L RANS).In the case of the simulation with RIAM-COMPACT natural terrain version(standard Smagorinsky LES), a reverse flow region (vortex region) characterized by negative wind velocities clearly forms. Next, an example of wind risk(terrain-induced turbulence) diagnostics was presented for a large-scale windfarm in China. The vertical profiles of the streamwise (x) wind velocity do notfollow the so-called power law wind profile; a large velocity deficit can beseen between the hub center and the lower end of the swept area in the case ofthe LES calculation (RIAM-COMPACT).KeywordsRANS, LES, Isolated Hill, Large-Scale Wind Farm1. IntroductionWe have developed an unsteady and non-linear wind synopsis simulator calledRIAM-COMPACT (Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu UniverDOI: 10.4236/ojfd.2018.83018 Sep. 3, 2018286Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics

T. Uchida, G. Lisity, Computational Prediction of Airflow over Complex Terrain) in order tosimulate the airflow on a microscale, i.e., a few tens of km or less [1]-[13]. InRIAM-COMPACT, a large-eddy simulation (LES) has been adopted for turbulence modeling. LES is a technique in which the structures of relatively large eddies are directly simulated and smaller eddies are modeled using a sub-grid scalemodel. Efforts have been made to promote RIAM-COMPACT, mainly in thewind power industry (e.g., private wind power providers, local governments, andwind turbine manufacturers) in Japan. Computation time had been an issue ofconcern for the RIAM-COMPACT software, which focuses on unsteady turbulence simulations (LES). The present fluid simulation solver is compatible withmulti-core CPUs such as the Intel Core i9 and also with GPGPU, which hasdrastically reduced the computation time, leaving no appreciable problems interms of the practical use of the RIAM-COMPACT software.On another front, commercially available CFD software such as STAR-CCM [14] and ANSYS (CFD, Fluent, CFX) [15] has developed mainly as an engineering tool primarily in the automobile and aviation industries until the presenttime. Recently, some of the above-mentioned general purpose thermal fluidanalysis software has started being adopted in the wind power industry. In theprevious study [16] [17] [18], the simulation results obtained from theRIAM-COMPACT software were compared to those from STAR-CCM , one ofthe leading commercially available CFD software packages. The results of thecomparison are discussed. In addition, open-source CFD software packages aremore widely used than in the past. One of the most widely used software packages is OpenFOAM (OpenField Operation And Manipulation) [19]. OpenFOAM is an open-source CFD toolbox which has been released and distributedunder the GNU GPL (General Public License) [20] by the OpenFOAM Foundation, a non-profit organization. In the previous study [21], the simulation resultsobtained from the RIAM-COMPACT software were also compared to thosefrom OpenFOAM, and the results of the comparison are discussed.The wind power industry has on its own developed and distributed CFDsoftware designed for selecting sites appropriate for the installation of wind turbine generators. One such leading software package is Meteodyn WT [22],which has been developed by Meteodyn in France. Meteodyn WT is a CFDsoftware package which incorporates a RANS turbulence equation with aone-equation closure scheme (k-L turbulence model; here, k and L refer to turbulence energy and the turbulence length scale, respectively). On October 12,2017, “WT6.0”, the latest version of the software, was released. Another one ofthe most widely used software packages is WindSim [23] by Norway-basedWindSim AS. WindSim is a CFD software package which uses a RANS turbulence model and has been designed specifically for wind resource assessment. InDecember 2016, the latest version of the company’s software package, WindSim8.0, was released. These two CFD software packages are specialized for windpower resource assessment as well as the RIAM-COMPACT CFD software package.DOI: 10.4236/ojfd.2018.83018287Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics

T. Uchida, G. LiIn the present study, numerical simulations are performed for airflow overand around a three-dimensional, isolated hill with a steep slope angle using thethree CFD software packages (WindSim, Meteodyn WT and RIAM-COMPACT).The results of the comparison are discussed. Next, the numerical simulations forairflow over a large-scale wind farm in China [21] are performed withRIAM-COMPACT, which is based on an LES turbulence model, and MeteodynWT, which is based on a RANS turbulence model.2. Overview of the Software Packages (RIAM-COMPACT andWindSim) and Numerical Simulation Set-Up in the Case ofa Three-Dimensional, Isolated Hill with a Steep SlopeAngleThe numerical wind simulations in the present study are conducted for highReynolds number airflow over and around a three-dimensional, isolated hillwith a steep slope angle and a large-scale wind farm in China. Table 1 shows thesimulation set-ups adopted in the two software packages which are used inTable 1. Comparison of numerical simulation methods, parameters, and settings betweenthe two software packages.CFD modelRIAM-COMPACTWindSimTurbulence modelStandard Smagorinsky LESRNG k-ε RANSAtmospheric stratification(Atmospheric stability)Neutral atmosphereCoriolis forceNot consideredSurface roughnessNot considered(Smooth surface)Roughness length: 0.001Ground surfaceboundary conditionNon-slip condition(Three wind velocity componentsat the ground surface are zero.)Wall functionShape function ofthe isolated hill z (r)0.5h {1 cos(πr/a)}, r (x2 y2)1/2, a 2hHeight of the isolated hill hReynolds number Re ( Uinh/ν)Time step ΔtComputational domain sizeNumber ofcomputational grid pointsStreamwise (x) grid spacing (Δx)Spanwise (y) grid spacing (Δy)Vertical (z) grid spacing (Δz)DOI: 10.4236/ojfd.2018.83018288100 (m)5 10 and 1 1045 104 and 1 107710 3 h/Uin (s) for Re 5 10410 7 h/Uin (s) for Re 1 10713h (i) 9h (j) 8h (k)for Re 5 10419h (i) 18h (j) 8h (k)for Re 1 107325 (i) 226 (j) 37 (k)(Approx. 2.7 million points)for Re 5 104436 (i) 325 (j) 101 (k)(Approx. 14.3 million points)for Re 1 107-13h (i) 9h (j) 8h (k)325 (i) 226 (j) 37 (k)(Approx. 2.7 million points)0.04 h for Re 5 104(0.035 - 0.5) h for Re 1 1070.04 h(0.05 - 0.40) h for Re 5 104(0.000004 - 0.6) h for Re 1 107(0.05 - 0.40) hOpen Journal of Fluid Dynamics

T. Uchida, G. Lithe present study: RIAM-COMPACT natural terrain version (turbulence model:LES) and WindSim (turbulence model: RANS). Figure 1 and Figure 2 illustratethe full computational grid used for WindSim and an enlarged view of the gridin the vicinity of the isolated hill, respectively. Figure 3 shows the inflow profileused for all of the simulations in the present study. Figure 4 shows the characteristic wind velocity and length scales which are employed for the simulationswith RIAM-COMPACT.In RIAM-COMPACT, a collocated grid in a general curvilinear coordinatesystem is used in order to numerically predict local wind flow over complex terrain with high accuracy while avoiding numerical instability. For the numericalsimulation method, a FDM is adopted, and an LES model is used for the turbulence model. For the computational algorithm, a method similar to a FS method[24] is used, and a time marching method based on the Euler explicit method isadopted. The Poisson’s equation for pressure is solved by the SOR method.Figure 1. Computational grid used in the simulations with WindSim, Re 5 104 and 5 107.Figure 2. Enlarged view of the computational grid used in the simulations with WindSim,Re 5 104 and 5 107.DOI: 10.4236/ojfd.2018.83018289Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics

T. Uchida, G. LiFigure 3. Inflow wind velocity profile used in the present study.Figure 4. Characteristic wind velocity and length scales used in the simulation withRIAM-COMPACT.For discretization of all the spatial terms in the governing equations except forthe convective term in the Navier-Stokes equation, a second-order central difference scheme is applied. For the convective term, a third-order upwind difference scheme is used. An interpolation technique based on four-point differencing and four-point interpolation by Kajishima [25] is used for the fourth-ordercentral differencing that appears in the discretized form of the convective term.For the weighting of the numerical diffusion term in the convective term discretized by third-order upwind differencing, α 3.0 is commonly applied in theKawamura-Kuwahara scheme [26]. However, α 0.5 is used in the present studyto minimize the influence of numerical diffusion. For the LES subgrid-scalemodeling, the standard Smagorinsky model [27] is adopted with a model coefficient of 0.1 in conjunction with a wall-damping function. For further details ofthe numerical simulation techniques, refer to Uchida [1]-[13].Regarding the boundary conditions adopted for the simulations withRIAM-COMPACT, the same inflow profile as used for the simulations withWindSim (Figure 3) is given at the inflow boundary. At the side and upperboundaries, free-slip conditions are applied, and convective outflow conditionsDOI: 10.4236/ojfd.2018.83018290Open Journal of Fluid Dynamics