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HANDBOOK&FORMULA BOOKforGATE, IES, JTO, PSU’s & SSCELECTRONICSENGINEERINGPublished by Engineers Institute of India
2017 By Engineers Institute of IndiaALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyrightherein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by anymeans graphic, electronic, or mechanical & chemical, including but notlimited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Webdistribution, information networks, or information storage and retrievalsystems.Engineers Institute of India28-B/7, Jia Sarai, Near IIT Hauz Khas New Delhi-110016Tel: 011-26514888For publication information, visit www.engineersinstitute.com/publicationISBN: 978-93-5156-854-4Price: Rs. 349/-A WORD TO THE STUDENTS
GATE andand EngineeringEngineering Services Examinations are theGATEmost prestigiousprestigious competitivecompetitive examinations conductedmostfor graduategraduate engineers.engineers. Over the past few years, theyforhave becomebecome moremore competitivecompetitive as more and morehavenumbers ofof aspirantsaspirants are increasingly becomingnumbersinterested inin postpost graduate qualifications &interestedgovernment jobsjobs forfor aa securedsecured and bright career.governmentThis FormulaFormula BookBook consistsconsists ofof well-illustratedwell-illustrated concepts, importantThisformulae andand diagrams,diagrams, whichwhich willwill bebe highlyhighly beneficial at the last leg offormulaecandidate’s preparation.preparation.candidate’sincludes allall thethe subjectssubjects ofof ElectronicsElectronics Engineering, which areItIt includesrequired forfor allall typetype ofof competitivecompetitive examinations.examinations. Adequate emphasisrequiredhas beenbeen laidlaid downdown toto allall thethe majormajor topicstopics in the form of Tips / Notes,haswhich willwill bebe highlyhighly lucrativelucrative forfor objectiveobjective and short answer typewhichquestions.questions.Proper strategystrategy andand revisionrevision isis aa mandatorymandatory requirement for clearingProperany competitivecompetitive examination.examination. ThisThis bookbook covers short notes andanyformulae forfor ElectronicsElectronics Engineering.Engineering. This book will help in quickformulaerevision beforebefore thethe GATE,GATE, IESIES && allall otherother PSUs.revisionThis bookbook hashas beenbeen designeddesigned afterafter consideringconsidering the current demand ofThisexaminations.examinations.would bebe veryvery fruitfulfruitful ifif thethe studentsstudents gogo through this book every day.ItIt wouldWe areare presentingpresenting thisthis bookbook byby consideringconsidering all the facts which isWerequired toto getget successsuccess inin thethe competition.competition.requiredWith bestbest wisheswishes forfor futurefuture careercareerWithR. K.K. RajeshRajeshR.DirectorDirectorEngineers InstituteInstitute ofof esh@gmail.com
This book is dedicated to allElectronics EngineersPreparing for GATE, IES, JTO, SSC& Public sector examinations.
CONTENTS1.NETWORK THEORY . 01-402.CONTROL SYSTEMS. 41-743.DIGITAL ELECTRONICS AND CIRCUITS . 75-1184.MICROPROCESSORS . 119-1365.ELECTRONIC DEVICES & CIRCUITS . 137-1686.ANALOG ELECTRONICS . 169-2047.SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS . 205-2308.COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS . 231-2649.ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY . 265-28610. MEASUREMENTS AND INSTRUMENTATION . 287-30811. MATERIALS SCIENCE . 309-32212. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION 323-33613. MICROWAVES .337-364
Why IES?Indian Engineering Services (IES) constitute of engineers that work under thegovt. of India to manage a large segment of public sector economy whichconstitutes of Railroads, Public works, Power, Telecommunications, etc. IESremain the most sought-after careers for the engineering graduates in India. Acombined competitive examination is conducted by UPSC for recruitment tothe Indian Engineering Services. The exam constitutes of a written examfollowed by an interview for personality test.Why GATE?In the present competitive scenario, where there is mushrooming ofuniversities and engineering colleges, the only yardstick to measure and testthe calibre of engineering students is the GATE.The GATE AdvantageMany public sector undertakings such as BHEL, IOCL, NTPC, BPCL, HPCL, BARCand many more PSUs are using the GATE score for selecting candidates fortheir organizations. Students who qualify in GATE are entitled to a stipend ofRs 8,000 per month during their M.Tech. course. Better remuneration is beingoffered for students of M.Tech./ME as compared to those pursuing B.Tech/B.E.A good rank assures a good job. After joining M.Tech. at IITs and IISc, one canlook at a salary package ranging from Rs 7lakh to 30lakh per annum dependingupon specialization and performance. Qualifying GATE with good marks is alsoan eligibility clause for the award of JRF in CSIR Laboratories.
ECE FORMULA BOOK[1]1. NETWORK THEORY1NETWORK THEORYCONTENTS1.NETWORK BASICS . 02-052.METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND THEOREMS . 06-103.AC FUNDAMENTALS AND R, L, C CIRCUITS .4.RESONANCE . 16-185.TRANSIENTS 6.GRAPH THEORY . 23-267.TWO PORT NETWORKS .27-308.MAGNETIC COUPLED CIRCUITS .31-329.FILTERS .33-3610.NETWORK SYNTHESIS .37-40Published by: ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED11-1519-22www.engineersinstitute.com
ECE FORMULA BOOK[2]1. NETWORK THEORY1. NETWORK BASICSCurrent: Electric current is the time rate of change of charge flow.dq(Ampere)i dttCharge transferred between time to and tq idttoSign Convention: A negative current of –5A flowing in one direction is same as acurrent of 5A in opposite direction.Voltage: Voltage or potential difference is the energy required to move a unitcharge through an element, measured in volts.Power: It is time rate of expending or absorbing energy. Law of conservation of energy must be obeyed in any electric circuit.Algebraic sum of power in a circuit, at any instant of time, must be zero.i.e. P 0Circuit Elements:Resistor: Linear and bilateral (conduct from both direction)In time domain V(t) I(t)RIn s domainV(s) RI(s)R ρlohmAl length of conductor, resistivity, A area of cross section Extension of wire to n times results in increase in resistance:Published by: ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDR ' n2Rwww.engineersinstitute.com
ECE FORMULA BOOK[3]1. NETWORK THEORYR' Compression of wire results in decrease in resistance:Rn2Capacitor: All capacitors are linear and bilateral, except electrolytic capacitorwhich is unilateral.Time Domain:t1v(t) i(t)dtC Cdv(t)i(t) dt1I(s)sC Capacitor doesn’t allow sudden change of voltage, until impulse of current isapplied. It stores energy in the form of electric field and power dissipation in idealcapacitor is zero.1; Xc Capacitive reactance ; 2 f Impedance Zc -jXc & Xc ωCInductor: Linear and Bilateral elementIn s-domain:I(s) sCV(s)V(s) Time Domain:di (t )v(t ) Ldt1i (t ) v(t )dtL ImpedanceZ L jX L tXL &L 1V(s)sL Inductor doesn’t allowed sudden change of current, until impulse of voltage isapplied. It stores energy in the form of magnetic field. Power dissipation in ideal inductor is zero.In s-domainI(s) V(s) sL I(s)Transformer: 4 terminal or 2-port devices.I1I2 Inputport V1 N1OutputV2 portN2–N1 N 2 : Step down transformerV1 N1 V2 N 2Where–N 2 N1 : Step up transformerI1 N 2 I 2 N1N1 K Turns ratio.N2Published by: ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDwww.engineersinstitute.com
ECE FORMULA BOOK[4]1. NETWORK THEORYTransformer doesn’t work as amplifier because current decreases in same amountpower remain constant.Gyrator:I1RoV1I2V2R o Coefficient of GyratorV1 R o I 2V2 R o I1 If load is capacitive then input impedance will be inductive and vice versa. If load is inductive then input impedance will be capacitive. It is used for simulation of equivalent value of inductance.Voltage Source:In practical voltage source, there is small internal resistance, so voltage across theelement varies with respect to current. Ideal voltmeter, RV (Internal resistance)Current Source:In practical current source, there is small internal resistance, so current varies withrespect to the voltage across element.Published by: ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDwww.engineersinstitute.com
ECE FORMULA BOOK[5]1. NETWORK THEORY Ideal Ammeter, Ra 0 (Internal resistance)Dependent and Independent Source:Independent Source: Voltage or current source whose values doesn’t depend onany other parameters. E.g. Generator etc.Dependent Source: Voltage or current source whose values depend upon otherparameters like current, voltage.The handling of independent and dependent voltage source is identical except.(i) In Thevenin and Norton Theorem(ii) Superposition TheoremWhere, (i) All independent voltage sources are short circuited.(ii) All independent current sources are open circuited.(iii) All dependent voltage and current sources are left as they are. A network in which all network elements are physically separable is known aslumped network. A network in which the circuit elements like resistance, inductance etc, are notphysically separate for analysis purpose, is called distributed network. E.g.Transmission line. If an element is capable of delivering energy independently, then it is calledactive element.Example: Voltage source, Current source If it is not capable of delivering energy, then it is passive element.Example: Resistor, Inductor, Capacitor If voltage and current across an element are related to each other through aconstant coefficient then the element is called as linear element otherwise it iscalled as non-linear. When elements characteristics are independent of direction of current thenelement is called bi-directional element otherwise it is called as unidirectional.Ex: R, L & C. Diode is a unidirectional element. Voltage and current sources are also unidirectional elements. Every linear element should obey the bi-directional property but vice versa as isnot necessary. Internal resistance of voltage source is in series with the source. Internalresistance of ideal voltage source is zero. Internal resistance of current source is in parellel with the source. Internalresistance of ideal current source is infinite.Published by: ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDwww.engineersinstitute.com
ECE FORMULA BOOK[6]1. NETWORK THEORY2. METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND THEOREMS(i) Kirchoff’s Points Law or Current Law (KCL): In any electrical network, thealgebric sum of the currents meeting at point (or junction) is zero.Incoming current Outgoing currentI1 I2 I3 I4It is based on conservation of charge.(ii) Kirchoff’s Mesh Law or Voltage Law (KVL): The algebraic sum of productsof currents and resistance in each of conductor in any closed path in a network plusthe algebraic sum of emf in that path is zero.i.e. IR emf 0It is based on conservation of energy.Determination of Voltage Sign(a) Sign of Battery E.M.F.:(b) Sign of IR Drop:Resistors in Series:R eq R1 R 2 R 3 . R nResistors in Parallel:11111 . R eq R1 R 2 R 3RnInductors in Series:Leq L1 L2 L3 . LnInductors in Parallel:11111 . Leq L1 L 2 L3LnCapacitors in Series:11111 . Ceq C1 C2 C3CnCapacitor in Parallel:Ceq C1 C 2 C3 . C nPublished by: ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVEDwww.engineersinstitute.com
ECE FORMULA BOOK2. CONTROL SYSTEMS[41]2CONTROL SYSTEMSCONTENTS1.BLOCK DIAGRAM 42-442.MATHEMATICAL MODELLING . 45-463.TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS 4.STABILITY . 53-555.ROOT LOCUS 56-586.FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS .59-607.POLAR PLOTS 61-648.BODE PLOTS .65-689.COMPENSATORS .69-7210.STATE SPACE ANALYSIS .73-74Published by: ENGINEERS INSTITUTE OF INDIA. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED47-52www.engineersinstitute.com
ECE FORMULA BOOK2. CONTROL SYSTEMS[42]1. BLOCK DIAGRAMOpen Loop Control System: In this system the output is not fedback for comparison with the input. Open loop system faithfulness depends upon the accuracy of input calibration.When a designer designs, he simply design open loop system.Closed Loop Control System: It is also termed as feedback control system. Herethe output has an effect on control action through a feedback. Ex. Human beingTransfer Function:Transfer function C(s)G(s) R(s) 1 G(s)H(s)Comparison of Open Loop and Closed Loop control systems:Open Loop:1. Accuracy of an open loop system is defined by the calibration of input.2. Open loop system is simple to construct and cheap.3. Open loop systems are generally stable.4. Operation of this system is affected due to presence of non-linearity in itselements.Closed Loop:1. As the error between the reference input and the output is continuouslymeasured through feedback. The closed system works more accurately.2. Closed loop systems is complicated to construct and it is costly.3. It becomes unstable under certain conditions.4. In terms of performance the closed loop system adjusts to the effects of nonlinearity present.Transfer Function: The transfer function of an LTI system may be defined as theratio of Laplace transform of output to Laplace transform of input under theassumptionY(s)G(s) X(s) The transfer function is completely sp
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING Published by Engineers Institute of India 2017 By Engineers Institute of India ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored or used in any form or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical & chemical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web .
