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Lesson 33: Circumference and Area ofCircles . 609High Impact Lesson: Area, Perimeter,and Circumference . 611Lesson 34: The Pythagorean Theorem . 615Lesson 35: Volume of RectangularPrisms and Cubes . 617Lesson 36: Volume of Cylindersand Spheres . 619Lesson 37: Volume of Pyramidsand Cones. 621Lesson 38: Surface Area of RectangularPrisms and Cylinders . 623Lesson 39: Surface Area of Right Prisms . 625Lesson 40: Surface Area of RightPyramids and Cones. 627Lesson 41: Surface Area of Spheres . 629High Impact Lesson:Geometric Formulas . 631Lesson 42: Solving for Variablesin Formulas . 635Lesson 43: Irregular Figures: Perimeterand Area . 637High Impact Lesson: Perimeter andArea of 2-D Composite Shapes . 639Lesson 44: Irregular Figures: Volumeand Surface Area . 643High Impact Lesson: Surface Area andVolume of Composite 3-D Figures . 645Lesson 45: Word Problemswith Irregular Figures . 649Lesson 46: Mean, Median, and Mode . 651Lesson 47: Simple Probability . 653Lesson 48: Permutations andCombinations. 655Lesson 49: Probability of Independentand Dependent Events . 657Lesson 50: Bar Graphs and Histograms . 659Lesson 51: Circle Graphs . 661Lesson 52: Dot and Box Plots. 663Lesson 53: Scatter Plots . 665GED Review: Geometry and Data Analysis . 667Geometry and Data Analysis at Work . 670Lesson 56: Adding and SubtractingLinear Expressions . 676Lesson 57: Multiplying and ExpandingLinear Expressions . 678Lesson 58: Solving One-Step Equations . 680Lesson 59: Solving Multi-Step Equations . 682Lesson 60: Translating Problemsinto Equations . 684Lesson 61: Solving Algebraic Equations. 686Lesson 62: Solving Systems by Graphing . 688Lesson 63: Solving Systems by Substitution 690Lesson 64: Solving Systems by Elimination . 692Lesson 65: System of EquationsWord Problems . 694Lesson 66: Solving and GraphingOne-Step Inequalities . 696Lesson 67: Solving and GraphingMulti-Step Inequalities . 698Lesson 68: Inequality Word Problems . 700High Impact Lesson: Linear Inequalities . 702Lesson 69: Multiplying Factors withTwo Terms . 706Lesson 70: Factoring: Finding the GCF. 708Lesson 71: Factoring x2 1 bx 1 c . 710Lesson 72: Factoring ax2 1 bx 1 c. 712Lesson 73: Quadratic Formula . 714Lesson 74: Solving Quadratic Equations. 716Lesson 75: Multiple-Choice Formatand Quadratic Equations . 718Lesson 76: Writing Quadratic Equations. 720High Impact Lesson: Linear andQuadratic Functions . 722Lesson 77: Writing Polynomial Expressions. 726Lesson 78: Evaluating PolynomialExpressions . 728Lesson 79: Adding and SubtractingRational Expressions . 730Lesson 80: Multiplying and DividingRational Expressions . 732Lesson 81: Evaluating Rational Expressions 734Lesson 82: Writing Rational Expressions . 736GED Review: Algebra . 738Algebra at Work . 741Part 3 AlgebraPart 4 FunctionsLesson 54: Variables and AlgebraicExpressions . 672Lesson 55: Simplifying Expressions . 674viLesson 83: The Coordinate Plane. 743Lesson 84: Finding the Slope of a Line . 745Lesson 85: Unit Rate and Slope. 747Contents

Lesson 86: Graphing Equations . 749Lesson 87: Linear Functions. 751Lesson 88: Nonlinear Functions . 753Lesson 89: Writing Linear Equations . 755Lesson 90: Equation of a Line . 757Lesson 91: Parallel and Perpendicular Lines 759Lesson 92: Proportional Relationships. 761Lesson 93: Functions . 763High Impact Lesson: Function Tablesand Graphs . 765Lesson 94: Evaluating Functions. 769Lesson 95: Representing Functions . 771Lesson 96: Comparing Functions . 773High Impact Lesson: Representationsof Linear and Quadratic Functions . 775GED Review: Functions . 779Functions at Work . 782GED Unit Review: MathematicalReasoning . 784Simulated TestsReasoning Through Language Arts . 793Social Studies. 819Science. 839Mathematics. 859Answers and ExplanationsEntry Tests . 872Unit 1: Reasoning ThroughLanguage Arts . 884Unit 2: Social Studies .911Unit 3: Science . 936Unit 4: Mathematical Reasoning. 957Simulated Tests.1049GlossaryReasoning Through Language Arts . 1067Social Studies. 1070Science. 1072Mathematical Reasoning . 1079AppendixReasoning Through Language ArtsExtended Response Scoring Rubric . 1087Calculator Handbook . 1090GED Test Mathematics Formula Chart . 1093Contentsvii

UNIT 1REASONING THROUGHLANGUAGE ARTSThe GED Reasoning Through Language Arts test measures yourability to comprehend and analyze fiction and non-fiction texts,write clearly, and edit text using standard written English languageconventions.The Test 150 minutes long, given in three sections Parts 1 and 3 include multiple-choice, drop-down, anddrag-and-drop items Part 2 includes a written essay. You will have 45 minutes toread and analyze a passage set and write an extendedresponse. Break: 10 minutes between parts 2 and 3The ContentYou will use yourreading and writingskills in all areas of yourlife: personal, school,and work. Reading Comprehension—reading and answering questionsabout passages: 25% fiction passages, 75% informationalpassages (workplace, social studies, and science texts). Language Skills—real-life editing of passages to ensurecorrect sentence structure, agreement, capitalization,punctuation, homonyms, possessives, word choice, andelimination of informal usage Extended Response—writing an essaybased on your analysis of a set ofpassages. Responses are scored based onthree traits: Creation of Arguments andUse of Evidence, Development of Ideasand Organizational Structure, andClarity and Command of StandardEnglish Conventions.The Questions Emphasis on reading for meaning,identifying and creating arguments, andapplying grammar and language skills All questions are aligned to GED Reading Through Language ArtsAssessment Targets.52

The lessons in this unit are divided into three parts:PART 1: Reading ComprehensionPART 2: Language Conventions and UsagePART 3: Writing an Extended ResponsePart 1 Reading ComprehensionLessons 1 through 12 include instruction and practice oncomprehension skills that are applied to fiction passages. Lessons 13through 33 include instruction and practice on comprehension skillsthat are applied to nonfiction and informational passages.All reading comprehension questions are aligned withthe GED Reading Through Language Arts Assessment Targets.The focus of these standards, as well as this test, is to assessreasoning skills, or how you think about the text. Most of thequestions in this portion of the test will require you to go beyondidentifying information in the passage and ask you to analyzehow the text presents the information and why the writer choseto present the information in a specific way. Both the fictionand nonfiction skills on the test require the application ofclose reading, a careful rereading of the passage to find evidence inthe text that supports your reasoning. Questions will require you to understand what the text says explicitly and to makeinferences, determine the use of organizational/text structure, interpret the use of language, determine an author’s point of view, analyze the validity of the information presented in thepassage, analyze the relationship between different elements in apassage, and make comparisons between the information in twodifferent passages.reasoning skillsthe ability to answera question or solve aproblem based on facts,evidence, and logicclose readinga careful rereading ofa text to analyze specifictext features an authoremploysStudy TipReasoning Through Language Arts Testing ToolsOnline highlighter tool On the online GED test, there is a tool for you to highlight key informationand text evidence that you may need to quickly locate while answering questions. As you do a closeread of the passages in this book, practice using a highlighter to mark key sections of the text.Erasable wipe-off board and dry erase pen These tools will be given to you at the testing center.As you read and reread the passages, you may want to take notes on important details.UNIT 1 Part 1 Reading Comprehension53

Lesson1settingwhere and when a storyor a scene in a storytakes placePart 1 Reading ComprehensionFictionAnalyzing SettingThe setting tells when and where the action takes place and isusually introduced at the beginning of a story. The setting includeselements such as the place and time. Holidays, dates of significanthistorical events, or dates of events important to the characters areoften described. Climate, weather, and geography are often part of thesetting, because they may influence the actions of the characters. Thepopulation of an area may also be an element of the setting.The setting may stay the same during the entire story, or it maychange several times. Authors often use setting to shape the structureof a story, to set the mood or tone, or to add to its meaning.Read the following passage and complete the exercise below.A wigwam of weather-stained canvas stood at the base of someirregularly ascending hills. A footpath wound its way gently down thesloping land till it reached the broad river bottom; creeping throughthe long swamp grasses that bent over it on either side, it came outon the edge of the Missouri.Here, morning, noon, and evening, my mother came to drawwater from the muddy stream for our household use. Always, whenmy mother started for the river, I stopped my play to run with her.Zitkala-Sa (Gertrude Bonnie), American Indian Stories1. Which element of setting is not found in the passage?A.B.C.D.Study TipThe time period isalso an importantpart of the setting.The social era orsignificant eventswill influencethe thoughtsand actions of acharacter.54time of dayplaceclimategeography2. What can you tell from this passage about the time era in whichthe story probably takes place?For item 1, you were correct if you chose option C. The passagementions daily times, the Missouri river, and the hills and swampgrass around it. The passage does not refer to the climate.The word wigwam and the mother’s actions of carrying water bothindicate that the story takes place in the past.UNIT 1 Part 1 Reading Comprehension

GED PracticeDirections: Choose or write the answer to each question.What Has This Newcomer Overlooked?12The man flung a look back along the wayhe had come. The Yukon lay a mile wide andhidden under three feet of ice. On top of thisice were as many feet of snow. It was all purewhite, rolling in gentle undulations where theice jams of the freeze-up had formed. Northand south, as far as the eye could see, itwas unbroken white, save for a dark hairlinethat curved and twisted from around thespruce-covered island to the south, and thatcurved and twisted away to the north, where itdisappeared behind another spruce-coveredisland. The dark hairline was the trail—the maintrail—that led south five hundred miles to theChilkoot Pass, Dyea, and salt water; and thatled north seventy miles to Dawson, and stillon to the north a thousand miles to Nulato,and finally to St. Michael on Bering Sea, athousand miles and half a thousand more.But all this—the mysterious, far-reachinghairline trail, the absence of sun from the sky,the tremendous cold, and the strangenessand weirdness of it all—made no impressionupon the man. It was not because he waslong used to it. He was a newcomer in theland, a chechaquo, and this was his firstwinter. The trouble with him was that he waswithout imagination. He was quick and alertin the things of life, but only in the things,and not in the significances. Fifty degreesbelow zero meant eighty-odd degrees of frost.Such fact impressed him as being cold anduncomfortable, and that was all.Jack London, “To Build a Fire”1. Based on the information in paragraph 1, whatis the Yukon?A.B.C.D.a vast wildernessa frozen rivera snow-covered prairiea town2. Based on this passage, the author usesthe setting to show that the character willstruggle with.A.B.C.D.his pasta townanother personnature3. Which sentence is true about the setting inthis passage?A.B.C.D.It stays the same for the entire passage.Each paragraph has a different setting.It changes twice in each paragraph.It is described in general, but not specific,detail.4. Complete the chart.Elements of setting that are included inthe passage:historical eventseasonclimatepopulationStudy TipNote that question four would be a Drag-and-Drop item on the online test. You would beasked to use your cursor to drag the words into the chart.LESSON 1 Analyzing Setting55

UNIT 2SOCIAL STUDIESThe GED Social Studies test measures your ability to understand,analyze, and apply procedural skill and fluency to information thatis presented in reading passages and graphics such as diagrams,photographs, editorial cartoons, charts, and maps.The Test 70 minutes long, given in one session Includes multiple-choice, fill-in-the-blank, drop-down,hot spot, and drag-and-drop itemsThe ContentAn understanding ofpast events is criticalto understanding andresponding to importantevents occurring today.292 Civics and Government (50%)U.S. History (20%)Economics (15%)Geography and the World (15%)The QuestionsThroughout the Social Studies test, questions will be relatedto two major themes: Development of Modern Liberties and Democracy Dynamic Responses in Societal Systems

The lessons in this unit are divided into four parts:PART 1: United States HistoryPART 2: Geography and the WorldPART 3: Civics and GovernmentPART 4: EconomicsThe GED Social Studies test focuses not only on specific socialstudies content and graphics but also on reasoning skills used toform a deeper conceptual understanding of events and societalconstructs. Being familiar with the content presented in each lessonis important, but it is also important to be aware of and practicekey skills used to understand social studies information. Embeddedthroughout the lessons are opportunities to apply the specific SocialStudies Practices listed below: Drawing Conclusions and Making InferencesDetermining Central Ideas, Hypotheses, and ConclusionsAnalyzing Events and IdeasInterpreting Meaning of Symbols, Words, and PhrasesAnalyzing Purpose and Point of ViewIntegrating Content Presented in Different WaysEvaluating Reasoning and EvidenceAnalyzing Relationships between TextsReading and Interpreting Graphs, Charts, and Other DataRepresentation Measuring the Center of a Statistical DatasetStudy TipSocial Studies Testing ToolsThe online GED Social Studies test includes tools that you can access online or that will be providedto you. While you are working through the lessons in this book, you should take

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