WIXLIB

FAA-H-8083-3A

Front Matter.qxd5/7/0410:45 AMPage iAIRPLANE FLYINGHANDBOOK2004U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATIONFEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATIONFlight Standards Service

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Front Matter.qxd5/7/0410:45 AMPage iiiPREFACEThe Airplane Flying Handbook is designed as a technical manual to introduce basic pilot skills and knowledge thatare essential for piloting airplanes. It provides information on transition to other airplanes and the operation ofvarious airplane systems. It is developed by the Flight Standards Service, Airman Testing Standards Branch, incooperation with various aviation educators and industry.This handbook is developed to assist student pilots learning to fly airplanes. It is also beneficial to pilots who wishto improve their flying proficiency and aeronautical knowledge, those pilots preparing for additional certificates orratings, and flight instructors engaged in the instruction of both student and certificated pilots. It introduces the futurepilot to the realm of flight and provides information and guidance in the performance of procedures and maneuversrequired for pilot certification. Topics such as navigation and communication, meteorology, use of flight informationpublications, regulations, and aeronautical decision making are available in other Federal Aviation Administration(FAA) publications.This handbook conforms to pilot training and certification concepts established by the FAA. There are different waysof teaching, as well as performing flight procedures and maneuvers, and many variations in the explanations ofaerodynamic theories and principles. This handbook adopts a selective method and concept of flying airplanes. Thediscussion and explanations reflect the most commonly used practices and principles. Occasionally the word “must”or similar language is used where the desired action is deemed critical. The use of such language is not intended toadd to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed by Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR).It is essential for persons using this handbook to also become familiar with and apply the pertinent parts of 14 CFRand the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM). The AIM is available online at http://www.faa.gov/atpubs.Performance standards for demonstrating competence required for pilot certification are prescribed in the appropriate airplane practical test standard.The current Flight Standards Service airman training and testing material and subject matter knowledge codes for allairman certificates and ratings can be obtained from the Flight Standards Service Web site at http://av-info.faa.gov.The FAA greatly acknowledges the valuable assistance provided by many individuals and organizations throughoutthe aviation community whose expertise contributed to the preparation of this handbook.This handbook supersedes FAA-H-8083-3, Airplane Flying Handbook, dated 1999. This handbook also supersedesAC 61-9B, Pilot Transition Courses for Complex Single-Engine and Light Twin-Engine Airplanes, dated 1974; andrelated portions of AC 61-10A, Private and Commercial Pilots Refresher Courses, dated 1972. This revision expandsall technical subject areas from the previous edition, FAA-H-8083-3. It also incorporates new areas of safety concerns and technical information not previously covered. The chapters covering transition to seaplanes and skiplaneshave been removed. They will be incorporated into a new handbook (under development), FAA-H-8083-23,Seaplane, Skiplane and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook.This handbook is available for download from the Flight Standards Service Web site at http://av-info.faa.gov. Thisweb site also provides information about availablity of printed copies.This handbook is published by the U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, AirmanTesting Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125. Comments regarding this handbook should be sent in e-mail form to AFS630comments@faa.gov.AC 00-2, Advisory Circular Checklist, transmits the current status of FAA advisory circulars andother flight information publications. This checklist is available via the Internet athttp://www.faa.gov/aba/html policies/ac00 2.html.iii

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Front Matter.qxd5/7/0410:45 AMPage vCONTENTSChapter 1—Introduction to Flight TrainingPurpose of Flight Training.1-1Role of the FAA .1-1Role of the Pilot Examiner.1-2Role of the Flight Instructor.1-3Sources of Flight Training.1-3Practical Test Standards.1-4Flight Safety Practices.1-4Collision Avoidance.1-4Runway Incursion Avoidance.1-5Stall Awareness.1-6Use of Checklists.1-6Positive Transfer of Controls.1-6Chapter 2—Ground OperationsVisual Inspection .2-1Inside the Cockpit.2-2Outer Wing Surfacesand Tail Section .2-4Fuel and Oil .2-5Landing Gear, Tires, and Brakes .2-6Engine and Propeller .2-6Cockpit Management.2-7Ground Operations .2-7Engine Starting .2-7Hand Propping.2-8Taxiing .2-9Before Takeoff Check.2-11After Landing .2-11Clear of Runway.2-11Parking.2-11Engine Shutdown.2-12Postflight.2-12Securing and Servicing.2-12Chapter 3—Basic Flight ManeuversThe Four Fundamentals.3-1Effects and Use of the Controls .3-1Feel of the Airplane .3-2Attitude Flying.3-2Integrated Flight Instruction.3-3Straight-and-Level Flight .3-4Trim Control .3-6Level Turns.3-7Climbs and Climbing Turns .3-13Normal Climb.3-13Best Rate of Climb .3-13Best Angle of Climb.3-13Descents and Descending Turns.3-15Partial Power Descent .3-16Descent at MinimumSafe Airspeed.3-16Glides.3-16Pitch and Power.3-19Chapter 4—Slow Flight, Stalls, and SpinsIntroduction .4-1Slow Flight .4-1Flight at Less thanCruise Airspeeds.4-1Flight at MinimumControllable Airspeed.4-1Stalls .4-3Recognition of Stalls .4-3Fundamentals of Stall Recovery .4-4Use of Ailerons/Rudderin Stall Recovery .4-5Stall Characteristics .4-6Approaches to Stalls (Imminent Stalls)—Power-On or Power-Off .4-6Full Stalls Power-Off.4-7Full Stalls Power-On .4-8Secondary Stall.4-9Accelerated Stalls .4-9Cross-Control Stall .4-10Elevator Trim Stall .4-11Spins .4-12Spin Procedures .4-13Entry Phase.4-13Incipient Phase.4-13Developed Phase .4-14Recovery Phase .4-14Intentional Spins.4-15Weight and Balance Requirements.4-16Chapter 5—Takeoff and Departure ClimbsGeneral.5-1Terms and Definitions .5-1Prior to Takeoff.5-2Normal Takeoff.5-2Takeoff Roll.5-2Lift-Off .5-3Initial Climb.5-4Crosswind Takeoff.5-5Takeoff Roll.5-5Lift-Off .5-6Initial Climb.5-6Ground Effect on Takeoff.5-7Short-Field Takeoff and MaximumPerformance Climb.5-8Takeoff Roll.5-9Lift-Off .5-9Initial Climb.5-9Soft/Rough-Field Takeoff and Climb.5-10v

Front Matter.qxd5/7/0410:45 AMPage viTakeoff Roll.5-10Lift-Off .5-10Initial Climb.5-10Rejected Takeoff/Engine Failure .5-11Noise Abatement.5-11Chapter 6—Ground Reference ManeuversPurpose and Scope.6-1Maneuvering By Referenceto Ground Objects .6-1Drift and Ground Track Control.6-2Rectangular Course .6-4S-Turns Across a Road .6-6Turns Around a Point .6-7Elementary Eights .6-9Eights Along a Road.6-9Eights Across a Road.6-11Eights Around Pylons .6-11Eights-On-Pylons (Pylon Eights) .6-12Chapter 7—Airport Traffic PatternsAirport Traffic Patterns and Operations .7-1Standard Airport Traffic Patterns .7-1Chapter 8—Approaches and LandingsNormal Approach and Landing .8-1Base Leg .8-1Final Approach .8-2Use of Flaps.8-3Estimating Height and Movement.8-4Roundout (Flare) .8-5Touchdown .8-6After-Landing Roll .8-7Stabilized Approach Concept .8-7Intentional Slips.8-10Go-Arounds (Rejected Landings).8-11Power .8-11Attitude .8-12Configuration.8-12Ground Effect .8-13Crosswind Approach and Landing .8-13Crosswind Final Approach .8-13Crosswind Roundout (Flare) .8-15Crosswind Touchdown .8-15Crosswind After-Landing Roll .8-15Maximum SafeCrosswind Velocities .8-16Turbulent Air Approach and Landing .8-17Short-Field Approach and Landing .8-17Soft-Field Approach and Landing .8-19Power-Off Accuracy Approaches .8-2190 Power-Off Approach.8-21180 Power-Off Approach.8-23vi360 Power-Off Approach.8-24Emergency Approaches andLandings (Simulated) .8-25Faulty Approaches and Landings .8-27Low Final Approach.8-27High Final Approach .8-27Slow Final Approach .8-28Use of Power .8-28High Roundout .8-28Late or Rapid Roundout .8-29Floating During Roundout.8-29Ballooning During Roundout .8-30Bouncing During Touchdown .8-30Porpoising.8-31Wheelbarrowing .8-32Hard Landing.8-32Touchdown in a Drift or Crab .8-32Ground Loop .8-33Wing Rising After Touchdown.8-33Hydroplaning .8-34Dynamic Hydroplaning .8-34Reverted Rubber Hydroplaning.8-34Viscous Hydroplaning .8-34Chapter 9—Performance ManeuversPerformance Maneuvers.9-1Steep Turns .9-1Steep Spiral.9-3Chandelle .9-4Lazy Eight .9-6Chapter 10—Night OperationsNight Vision.10-1Night Illusions .10-2Pilot Equipment .10-3Airplane Equipment and Lighting.10-3Airport and Navigation Lighting Aids .10-4Preparation and Preflight.10-4Starting, Taxiing, and Runup.10-5Takeoff and Climb.10-5Orientation and Navigation .10-6Approaches and Landings .10-6Night Emergencies .10-8Chapter 11—Transition to ComplexAirplanesHigh Performanceand Complex Airplanes .11-1Wing Flaps.11-1Function of Flaps.11-1Flap Effectiveness.11-2Operational Procedures.11-2Controllable-Pitch Propeller .11-3Constant-Speed Propeller .11-4

Front Matter.qxd5/7/0410:45 AMPage viiTakeoff, Climb, and Cruise .11-4Blade Angle Control .11-5Governing Range.11-5Constant-Speed Propeller Operation .11-5Turbocharging.11-7Ground Boosting vs.Altitude Turbocharging.11-7Operating Characteristics .11-8Heat Management.11-8Turbocharger Failure .11-9Overboost Condition.11-9Low Manifold Pressure .11-9Retractable Landing Gear.11-9Landing Gear Systems.11-9Controls and Position Indicators .11-10Landing Gear Safety Devices.11-10Emergency GearExtension Systems.11-10Operational Procedures.11-12Preflight .11-12Takeoff and Climb .11-13Approach and Landing .11-13Transition Training .11-14Chapter 12—Transition to MultiengineAirplanesMultiengine Flight .12-1General.12-1Terms and Definitions .12-1Operation of Systems .12-3Propellers .12-3Propeller Synchronization .12-5Fuel Crossfeed .12-5Combustion Heater.12-6Flight Director / Autopilot.12-6Yaw Damper .12-6Alternator / Generator .12-7Nose Baggage Compartment.12-7Anti-Icing / Deicing.12-7Performance and Limitations .12-8Weight and Balance.12-10Ground Operation.12-12Normal and CrosswindTakeoff and Climb.12-12Level Off and Cruise .12-14Normal Approach and Landing .12-14Crosswind Approach and Landing .12-16Short-Field Takeoff and Climb.12-16Short-Field Approachand Landing .12-17Go-Around.12-17Rejected Takeoff.12-18Engine Failure After Lift-Off .12-18Engine Failure During Flight .12-21Engine Inoperative Approachand Landing .12-22Engine Inoperative Flight Principles.12-23Slow Flight .12-25Stalls .12-25Power-Off Stalls(Approach and Landing) .12-26Power-On Stalls(Takeoff and Departure) .12-26Spin Awareness.12-26Engine Inoperative—Loss ofDirectional Control Demonstration .12-27Multiengine Training Considerations.12-31Chapter 13—Transition to TailwheelAirplanesTailwheel Airplanes .13-1Landing Gear .13-1Taxiing .13-1Normal Takeoff Roll.13-2Takeoff.13-3Crosswind Takeoff.13-3Short-Field Takeoff.13-3Soft-Field Takeoff.13-4Touchdown .13-4After-Landing Roll .13-4Crosswind Landing.13-5Crosswind After-Landing Roll .13-5Wheel Landing .13-6Short-Field Landing.13-6Soft-Field Landing.13-6Ground Loop .13-6Chapter 14—Transition to TurbopropellerPowered AirplanesGeneral.14-1The Gas Turbine Engine.14-1Turboprop Engines .14-2Turboprop Engine Types .14-3Fixed Shaft.14-3Split-Shaft / Free Turbine Engine .14-5Reverse Thrust andBeta Range Operations.14-7Turboprop AirplaneElectrical Systems .14-8Operational Considerations .14-10Training Considerations .14-12Chapter 15—Transition to Jet PoweredAirplanesGeneral.15-1Jet Engine Basics.15-1Operating the Jet Engine .15-2Jet Engine Ignition.15-3Continuous Ignition .15-3vii