FAA-H-8083-1A, Aircraft Weight & Balance Handbook

Transcription

AircraftWeight and BalanceHandbook2007U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATIONFederal Aviation AdministrationFlight Standards Servicei

ii

PrefaceFAA-H-8083-1A, Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook,has been prepared in recognition of the importance ofweight and balance technology in conducting safe andefficient flight. The objective of this handbook is twofold:to provide the Airframe and Powerplant Mechanic (A&P)with the method of determining the empty weight andempty-weight center of gravity (EWCG) of an aircraft,and to furnish the flightcrew with information on loadingand operating the aircraft to ensure its weight is within theallowable limit and the center of gravity (CG) is within theallowable range.Any time there is a conflict between the information in thishandbook and specific information issued by an aircraftmanufacturer, the manufacturer’s data takes precedenceover information in this handbook. Occasionally, theword must or similar language is used where the desiredaction is deemed critical. The use of such language is notintended to add to, interpret, or relieve a duty imposed byTitle 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR).PThis publication may be purchased from theSuperintendent of Documents, U.S. Government PrintingOffice (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9325, or fromGPO’s web site.http://bookstore.gpo.govThis handbook is also available for download, in pdfformat, from the Regulatory Support Division’s (AFS-600)web site.http://www.faa.gov/about/office org/headquarters offices/avs/offices/afs/afs600This handbook is published by the U.S. Department ofTransporation, Federal Aviation Administration, AirmenTesting Standards Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082,Oklahoma City, OK 73125.Comments regarding this publication should be sent, inemail form, to the following address.AFS630Comments@faa.goviii

iv

IntroductionThis handbook begins with the basic principle of aircraftweight and balance control, emphasizing its importanceand including examples of documentation furnished by theaircraft manufacturer and by the FAA to ensure the aircraftweight and balance records contain the proper data.Procedures for the preparation and the actual weighingof an aircraft are described, as are the methods ofdetermining the location of the empty-weight center ofgravity (EWCG) relative to both the datum and the meanaerodynamic chord (MAC).Loading computations for general aviation aircraft arediscussed, using both loading graphs and tables of weightand moment indexes.IInformation is included that allows an A&P mechanic orrepairman to determine the weight and center of gravity (CG)changes caused by repairs and alterations. This includesinstructions for conducting adverse-loaded CG checks, alsoexplaining the way to determine the amount and location ofballast needed to bring the CG within allowable limits.The unique requirements for helicopter weight and balancecontrol are discussed, including the determination oflateral CG and the way both lateral and longitudinal CGchange as fuel is consumed.A chapter is included giving the methods and examplesof solving weight and balance problems, using handheld electronic calculators, E6-B flight computers, and adedicated electronic flight computer.v

vi

ContentsChapter 1CLeveling Means .2-11Weight and Balance Control .1-1Manufacturer-Furnished Information .2-11Weight Control .1-1Chapter 3Effects of Weight.1-2Weight Changes .1-2Weighing the Aircraft and Determiningthe Empty-Weight Center of Gravity .3-1Stability and Balance Control .1-3Requirements .3-1Weight Control for Aircraft other thanFixed and Rotorwing.1-5Equipment for Weighing .3-1Preparation for Weighing .3-2Chapter 2Weigh Clean Aircraft Inside Hangar .3-2Weight and Balance Theoryand Documentation .2-1Equipment List .3-2Ballast .3-2Weight and Balance Theory .2-1Draining the Fuel.3-2Aircraft Arms, Weights, and Moments .2-1Oil .3-2The Law of the Lever .2-1Other Fluids .3-3Determining the CG .2-2Configuration of the Aircraft .3-3Shifting the CG .2-3Jacking the Aircraft .3-3Basic Weight and Balance Equation .2-4Leveling the Aircraft .3-3Shifting the Airplane CG .2-5Weight and Balance Documentation .2-6FAA-Furnished Information.2-6Data Pertinent to Individual Models .2-6CG Range.2-6Utility Category .2-6Empty Weight CG Range .2-10Maximum Weights .2-10Number of Seats .2-10Maximum Baggage (Structural Limit) .2-10Fuel Capacity.2-10Oil Capacity (Wet Sump) .2-10Data Pertinent to all Models .2-10Datum .2-10Safety Considerations .3-3Determining the Center of Gravity .3-4Two Ways to Express CG Location .3-4Empty-Weight Center of Gravity Formulas .3-5Datum Forward of the Airplane—Nose Wheel Landing Gear .3-5Datum Aft of the Main Wheels—Nose Wheel Landing Gear .3-5Location of Datum .3-6Datum Forward of the Main Wheels —Tail Wheel Landing Gear .3-6Datum Aft of the Main Wheels—Tail Wheel Landing Gear .3-6Location with Respect to theMean Aerodynamic Chord .3-6vii

Chapter 4Chapter 7Small Fixed Wing Aircraft OperationalWeight and Balance Computations .4-1Large AircraftWeight and Balance .7-1Determining the Loaded Weight and CG.4-1Weighing Procedures .7-1Computational Method .4-1Determining the Empty Weight and EWCG .7-1Loading Graph Method .4-3Determining the Loaded CG of the Airplanein Percent MAC .7-2Moment Indexes .4-3Loading Graph.4-3Compute Weight and Balance Usingthe Loading Graph .4-4On Board Aircraft Weighing System .7-2Determining the Correct Stabilizer Trim Setting .7-4Stabilizer Trim Setting in % MAC.7-4Multiengine Airplane Weight andBalance Computations .4-4Stabilizer Trim Setting in Units ANU(Airplane Nose Up) .7-4Determining the Loaded CG .4-5Determining CG Changes Caused byModifying the Cargo .7-4The Charp Method Using weight,Arm, and Moments .4-5Determining the CGin Percent of MAC .4-6The Chart Method Using Weight,and Moment Indexes .4-6Effects of Loading or Offloading Cargo .7-4Effects of Onloading Cargo .7-5Effects of Shifting Cargo fromOne Hold to Another .7-6Chapter 5Determining Cargo Pallet Loads withRegard to Floor Loading Limits.7-7Center of Gravity Change AfterRepair or Alteration .5-1Determining the Maximum Amount of PayloadThat Can Be Carried .7-8Equipment List .5-1Determining the Landing Weight.7-8Major Alteration and Repair .5-1Determining the Minutes of Fuel Dump Time.7-10Weight and Balance Revision Record .5-3Weight and Balance of CommuterCategory Airplanes .7-11Weight Changes Caused by a Repair or Alteration.5-3Computations Using Weight, Arm, and Moment .5-3Computations Using Weight andMoment Indexes .5-4Empty-Weight CG Range .5-4Adverse-Loaded CG Checks.5-4Forward Adverse-Loaded CG Check .5-5Aft Adverse-Loaded CG Check .5-6Determining the Loaded Weight and CG .7-15Determining the Changes in CG WhenPassengers are Shifted .7-15Determining Changes in Weight and CGWhen the Airplane is Operated inits Cargo Configuration .7-16Determining the CG Shift When Cargo is MovedFrom One Section to Another .7-16Ballast .5-6Determining the CG Shift When Cargo isAdded or Removed .7-17Temporary Ballast.5-6Determining Which Limits are Exceeded .7-17Temporary Ballast Formula .5-6Permanent Ballast .5-6Chapter 6Weight and Balance Control—Helicopters .6-1Determining the Loaded CG of a Helicopter .6-2Effects of Offloading Passengers and Using Fuel.6-3viiiChapter 8Use of Computers for Weightand Balance Computations .8-1Using an Electronic Calculator to SolveWeight and Balance Problems .8-1Using an E6-B Flight Computer to SolveWeight and Balance Problems .8-1

Using a Dedicated Electronic Flight Computer toSolve Weight and Balance Problems .8-3Typical Weight and Balance Problems .8-3Determining CG in Inches From the Datum .8-3Nose Wheel Airplane with DatumAhead of the Main Wheels .8-3Nose Wheel Airplane with DatumBehind the Main Wheels .8-4Tail Wheel Airplane with DatumAhead of the Main Wheels .8-4Tail Wheel Airplane with DatumBehind the Main Wheels .8-4Determining CG, GivenWeights and Arms .8-4Determining CG, given Weightsand Moment Indexes .8-5Determining CG in Percent ofMean Aerodynamic Chord .8-5Determining Later CGof a Helicopter .8-5Determining CG caused byShifting Weights .8-6Determining Weight Shifted to CauseSpecified CG .8-6Determining Distance Weight is Shifted toMove CG a Specific Distance .8-6Determining Total Weight of an Aircraft That WillHave a Specified CG When Cargo is Moved .8-6Determining Amount of Ballast Needed toMove CG to a Desired Location .8-6AppendixSupplemental Study Materialsfor Aircraft Weight and Balance . Appendix-1Glossary .Glossary-1Index .Index-1ix

x

Weight and Balance ControlChapter1There are many factors that lead to efficient and safeoperation of aircraft. Among these vita

FAA-H-8083-1A, Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook, has been prepared in recognition of the importance of weight and balance technology in conducting safe and efficient flight. The objective of this handbook is twofold: to provide the Airframe and Powerplant Mechanic (A&P) with the method of determining the empty weight and