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Joint Analysis and Lessons Learned CentreThe Joint Analysis and Lessonsoperations and exercises, and moni-The JALLC mainly produces analysisLearned Centre (JALLC) located intors the process to implement thereports, NATO and PfP lessonsMonsanto, on the west side of Lisbon,lessons learned. The Centre will even-learned databases and related reme-Portugal, conducts analysis of real-tually conduct analysis of 10-12 exer-dial actions databases, and otherworld NATO and Partnership forcises a year, mostly at the operationalanalytical documents. These productsPeace (PfP) joint military operationsand tactical levels and sometimes atare distributed via print media, CDs,and exercises, maintains a lessonsthe strategic or technical levels.and websites on the NATO-wide weblearned database drawn from theseand the Internet. nSupporting the NATO Response ForceThe new NATO command structureof duty following appropriate trainingNRF 3 and 4 between June 2004plays an important role supportingand certification.and July 2005 were commanded bythe NATO Response Force (NRF),the Joint Force Command in Naples.the Alliance’s rapidly deployableAt the strategic level, SHAPE is inNRF 5 and 6 between July 2005 andmultinational unit made up of land,charge of standards, certification ofJuly 2006 were commanded by Jointair, maritime and special forces com-forces, and exercises for the NRF,Headquarters Lisbon. Starting withponents. The force, which is on con-while ACT is responsible for adaptingNRF 7 in July 2006, operationalstant standby at high readiness, isfuture capabilities, including emerg-command of the force has alternatedcomposed of national elements rota-ing technologies, and developing theamong these headquarters everyting through it on six-month periodsdoctrine for the force and training thesix months.NRF at its joint training centres inNorway and Poland. Operational andThe land, air and maritime compo-component command of the NRFnents of the NRF can be commandedrotates every six months to shareby the third-tier component com-the burden and to keep all head-mands, for six-month rotations. nquarters at the same level of trainingand readiness.Operational command of the NRFalternates among the three secondtier headquarters. Thus, NRF 1 andNRF 2, the prototypes of the forcebetween October 2003 and June2004, were commanded by the JointForceCommand inBrunssum.“Operationalcommand of theNATO Response Forcealternates amongthe three second-tierheadquarters”

Combined Joint Task ForcesThesecond-tierheadquartersinreflect their readiness to make NATOon the command and control arrange-Brunssum, Naples and Lisbon areassets available, on the basis of case-ments for such operations. The role ofbeing trained and equipped to gen-by-case decisions by the North AtlanticCJTF headquarters is therefore crucial.erate Combined Joint Task ForcesCouncil, for operations led by theA CJTF headquarters will be formed(CJTFs). The NATO Response Force’sWestern European Union, thereby sup-around core elements from selectedair, land and maritime components areporting the building of the Europeanparent headquarters of the NATO com-commanded by a CJTF generated bySecurity and Defence Identity. In addi-mand structure. It will be augmentedone of these headquarters.tion, they linked the development offrom other NATO headquarters and bythe CJTF concept to practical political-nations and contributing Partner coun-A CJTF is a multinational (combined)military cooperation in the context oftries as necessary, using a modularand multi-service (joint) task forcethe Partnership for Peace programme.approach, in order to meet the require-organised for a specific mission (task)ments of the specific mission.and formed for the full range of theThe need which the concept was cre-Alliance’s military missions requiringated to fulfil, arose from the changingA number of trials of the CJTF conceptmultinational and multi-service com-security situation in Europe and thehave been completed, for example,emergence of smaller but diverse andExercise Allied Effort in Novemberunpredictable risks to peace and sta-1997, in which a number of Partnerbility. In particular, it was agreed thatcountries participated as observers;future security arrangements wouldand Exercise Strong Resolve in Marchcall for easily deployable, multina-1998, in which Partner countries par-tional, multi-service military formationsticipated and were integrated through-tailored to specific kinds of militaryout the structure of the CJTF. The aimtasks. These included humanitarianof the trials was to validate the evolvingrelief, peacekeeping and peaceCJTF headquarters concept.enforcement, as well as collectivemand and control by a CJTF head-defence. The forces required wouldBased on these trials and other rel-vary according to the circumstancesevant staff analyses, the Allianceand would need to be generatedbegan the full implementation of therapidly and at short notice.CJTF concept in 1999. This process, which included the acquisition ofquarters. It may include elements fromAt the core of the CJTF concept whichnecessary headquarters support andevolved to meet these needs, are thecommand, control and communica-The CJTF concept was launched incommand and control arrangementstions equipment, was evaluated at thelate 1993 and was endorsed at theessential to allow such forces to oper-end of 2004. The implementation proc-January 1994 Brussels Summit, whenate effectively. The wide variety of cir-ess is taking fully into account lessonsAllied leaders directed that the furthercumstances under which CJTFs mightlearned from NATO-led operations indevelopments of the concept shouldoperate places considerable demandsthe Balkans. nnon-NATO troop-contributing nations.10

Command of deployed operationsCombined Joint Task Forces and the NATO Response ForceA Combined Joint Task Force (CJTF)generate,whenrequired,CJTFassets available, on the basis ofis a multinational (combined) andheadquarters able to command acase-by-case decisions, for opera-multi-service (joint) task force formedmajor joint operation and the newtions led by the Western Europeanfor a specific mission (task) fromsmallerDeployableUnion, thereby supporting the build-within the full spectrum of AllianceJoint Task Force (DJTF) headquartersing of the European Security andmilitary missions requiring multina-which commands the NRF. Both areDefence Identity. In addition, thetional and multi-service commandgenerated from a core DJTF head-development of the CJTF conceptand control by a CJTF headquarters.quarters staff element in each of thewas linked to practical political-mili-It may include elements from non-three joint headquarters. It containstary cooperation in the context of theNATO troop-contributing nations. Theall the principal staff functions andPartnership for Peace programme. ItNATO Response Force (NRF) is athe key elements of the commandcontinues to evolve and now reflects,smaller but higher readiness and highlygroup. These headquarters will betogether with the NRF, the transfor-capable combined joint force optimisedaugmented from other NATO head-mation of NATO from an era whenfor rapid intervention. Both requirequarters, by Allies and as appropriateArticle 5 (collective self-defence)dedicated command and control.by contributing Partner countries.dominated planning to the new, lessnon-standing,predictable security environment andThe second-tier headquarters inThe CJTF concept, launched at theNATO’s readiness to conduct com-Brunssum, Naples and Lisbon are1994 Brussels Summit, also reflectedbined joint expeditionary operationsbeingAllies’ readiness to make NATOas and where necessary. ntrainedandequippedtoFor more information, please see www.nato.int/ims www.nato.int/aco www.act.nato.int11

Prior to building a new NATO command 1stGerman-NetherlandsCorpslevel of a NATO naval task force made upstructure, Allies had already establishedHeadquarters in Münster, Germany;of dozens of warships. Three such head-as part of the new force structure six High NATO Rapid Deployable Corps-Italyquarters have been certified by SHAPE:Readiness Forces (Land) HeadquartersHeadquarters in Solbiate Olona, close Headquarters Commander Italianto Milan, Italy; NATO Rapid Deployable Corps-SpainHeadquarters in Valencia, Spain;Maritime Forces on board the ItalianNavy aircraft carrier Garibaldi; Headquarters Commander Spanish NATO Rapid Deployable Corps-Maritime Forces on board theTurkey Headquarters in Istanbul,Spanish Navy landing ship dockTurkey;Castilla; Rapid Reaction Corps-France inLille, France; Eurocorps in Strasbourg, France,sponsored by Belgium, France,BRIEF-MCS-ENG-0407High Readiness Forces and Headquarters in theNATO force structure Headquarters Commander UnitedKingdom Maritime Forces on boardthe British Royal Navy aircraft carrier HMS Ark Royal.Germany, Luxembourg and Spain.modelled on the Allied Rapid ReactionEurocorps has a different interna-Two more High Readiness ForcesCorps (ARRC) and supplemented bytional military status than the other(Maritime) Headquarters are beingother headquarters at lower readiness.five headquarters but has signed aprepared, one by France, for theThese deployable headquarters can com-technical arrangement with AlliedCommander French Maritime Forcesmand and control forces from the size ofCommand Operations and can alsoinitially on board the aircraft carriera brigade numbering thousands of troopsbe committed to NATO missions.Charles de Gaulle and in future thelanding ship dock Mistral, and the otherup to a corps of tens of thousands.These headquarters are taking turnsby NATO’s Naval Striking and SupportSHAPE has certified seven Highcommanding the International SecurityForces,Readiness Forces (Land) Headquarters:Assistance Force in Afghanistan for six-which is dual-hatted with the US Sixth ARRC Headquarters in Rheindahlen,to nine-month rotations. They also takeFleet, on board the command ship USSnear Mönchengladbach, Germany,turns providing the six-month rota tingMount Whitney. STRIKFORNATO willwith the United Kingdom as frame-land component command of the NATObe able to command an expandedwork nation, providing nearly 60 perResponse Force.NATO task force. nNATO(Strikfornato),Deployable High Readiness Forcesthe corps, as well as combat service(Maritime) Headquarters can commandand combat service support units;and control assigned forces up to theNATO Briefings address topical Alliance issues. They are published under the authority of the Secretary General and do not necessarilyreflect official opinion or policy of member governments or of NATO.NATO Public Diplomacy Division, 1110 Brussels, Belgium - Website: www.nato.int - Email: natodoc@hq.nato.int NATOnel and assigning its two divisions to2007cent of the headquarters person-

the sea, cyber defence, defence against terrorism, explosive ordnance disposal, humanitarian demining, mountaineering, naval mine warfare, nuclear, biological and chemical defence, Partnership for Peace training, and policing operations. n and a land component command in Heidelberg, Germany. The joint force