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AutomaticIdentification Systems(AIS)

What is AIS?An automated autonomous systemfor the exchange of navigationalinformation between suitably equippedvessels and shore stations usingdistinct messages and operating on twodesignated marine VHF channels.

AIS ReportsPort InfoLocal Data(Tides, Current,Weather)Administration(Pilots, BerthAssignments)Ship to ShipAIS ReportsVTSControlCenterDGPSCorrectionsAIS ReportsPort InfoPlus Aids To Navigation and SAR Aircraft

How did we get AIS?International MaritimeOrganization (IMO)

Maritime Safety Committee

ITU: International Telecommunications Union (UN)Frequency Mgmt and ICT Performance StandardsIEC: International Electrotechnical Commission (non-Govt)Standards such as IEC 61162 interfacing protocols andAIS equipment standardIHO: International Hydrographic Organization (Inter-Govt)All matters related to hydrography incl. Chart standardsIALA: International Assoc. of Lighthouse Authorities (non-Govt)Navigational Standards (Aids To Navigation – VTS - AIS!)

NMEA: National Marine Electronics Association(non-Govt)NMEA 0183 and NMEA 2000 protocolsRTCM: Radio Technical Commission for Maritime Services(non-Govt)U.S. Radar Standards for UTVs, FCC EPIRB standards,DGPS interface (SC104)

Why do we need AIS?Creates a much improved situationalawareness for the Navigators byovercoming the inherent limitations ofsight, VHF voice and radar for collisionavoidance – regardless of vessel size

How does AIS work?The heart of the system is atransmission protocol called SelfOrganizing Time Division MultipleAccess (SOTDMA).This protocol is what allows AIS tobe autonomous and continuouslyoperational.

SO-TDMA60 Seconds2250 SlotsAAIS-1AIS-2ABBB26.67 ms1 Slot 256 BitsCCC C .AA.IdentityPositionSpeed over GroundCourse over GroundHeadingRate of TurnNavigation StatusTime Stamp

Due to the anticipation of far morenon-regulated vessels than regulatedvessels, the Maritime Safety Committeecommissioned the technicalorganizations to develop an alternativesystem that we know as Class B.

Class A – Regulated VesselsUses the SOTDMA protocol2- to 10-second Interval while Underway3 Minutes while at AnchorSupplemental Data at 6-minute Intervals12.5 watt transmitterClass B – non-Regulated VesselsUses a CSTDMA protocol which politely interweaveswith Class A transmissions30-second Interval while Underway 2 knots3 Minutes while at AnchorSupplemental Data at 6-minute Intervals2 watt transmitter

SOTDMA60 Seconds2250 SlotsAAIS-1AIS-2ABBB26.67 ms1 Slot 256 BitsCCC C .AA.IdentityPositionSpeed over GroundCourse over GroundHeadingRate of TurnNavigation StatusTime Stamp

AIS Nav Broadcasts Latitude (both Classes)Longitude (both Classes)Speed over Ground (both Classes)Course over Ground (both Classes)Position Accuracy (both Classes)Time Stamp (both Classes)MMSI Number (both Classes)True Heading (A requirement - B only if available)Rate of Turn (class A only)Navigation Status (class A only)DSC receiver fitted Y/N? (Class B only)

AIS Supplemental Broadcasts MMSI (both Classes)Radio Call Sign (both Classes)Name (both Classes)Type of Ship/Cargo (both Classes)Dimensions of Ship (both Classes)Location of Reference Point (both Classes)IMO Number (class A only)Type of Position Fixing Device (class A only)Draught of Ship (class A only)Destination (class A only)ETA at Destination (class A only)Vendor ID (class B only)

InstallationsSN Circular 227

Installation ConsiderationsVHF Antennas and cablingGPS AntennasEquipment InterfacesShip’s Power SourcesPilot Plugs

A very important difference about VHF antennasThe AIS frequencies are on the high end of the VHF-FMband (@ 162 mhz). Because of this, the standard marineVHF antennas are not manufactured for optimumperformance at those frequencies.Use the proper antenna for best performance

VHF Antenna Possibly Integrated GPSAntenna. Main VHFAntenna 6’ Feet from ConductiveObjects Ideally 6’ Directly aboveor below VHF6'MinimumAIS VHFAntenna Otherwise 30’ HorizontalSeparationSN Circular 227

The IMO Safety Nav Circular 227 recommends the useof RG-214 coax which is a double screened coax cable whichhas better shielding capabilities (3% more).As a matterRG-58RG-8 MiniRG-8RG-214of comparison, here are the@ 50 ft3.0 db loss@ 50 ft2.3 db loss@ 50 ft1.2 db loss@ 50 ft1.2 db lossfour common types:50% loss40% loss20% loss20% loss

GPS AntennasThe suggested mounting is one which gives acomplete sky view from 5 degrees above the horizonto 90 degrees (the zenith).SN Circular 227

Interconnection CablingAll interconnection cables used to interface NMEA 0183 inputsfrom external GPS units, Gyrocompasses, Satellite Compasses,Speed Logs, and the like should use shielded pair type cables.

DC voltage drops 3%Class A units: 5 A @ 24 vdc10 awg for 50 ftClass B units: 2 A @ 12 vdc14 awg for 25 ft

For Class A systems, the IMO recommendation SN Circ 227 isthat the unit should be connected to an Emergency Source.For IMO vessels, this means the Emergency Generator to which allthe Communication and Navigation equipment is to beconnected to.In addition, an Supplement to the Recommendation alsorequests that the AIS be connected to a UPS to ensure that theswitchover from Main to Emergency does not shut the AIS down

Required for Class A – Ships on International VoyagesPinSignal1Transmit A4Transmit B5Receive A6Receive B9Shield

Configuration

PreferredDataAcceptableNMEA 0183 Sentence FormatReference DatumDTMPositioning System:Time of Position, Latitude / Longitude, PositionAccuracyGNS,GLLGGA, RMCSpeed over Ground (SOG)VBWVTG, OSD, RMCCourse over Ground (COG)RMCVTG, OSDHeadingHDTOSDRAIM IndicatorGBSRate of Turn (ROT)ROTNMEA Input Sentences for Class A units

Vessel DataMaritime Mobile Service Identity (MMSI) NumberVessel NameVessel Type and Cargo TypeGPS Antenna Location/Reference Position/ DimensionsIMO Number (Class A fittings)Radio Call Sign (if assigned)

Distance (meters)AA0 – 511 m511 m 511 m or GreaterB0 – 511 m511 m 511 m or GreaterC0 – 63 m63 m 63 m or GreaterD0 – 63 m63 m 63 m or GreaterGPS/ReferenceLocationBCD

As the final check of the system, make sure thatyou have entered all the Static informationcorrectly.USCG Alert # 05-10“AIS is only as good as the information providedand exchanged, therefore, users must ensuretheir unit is always in effective operatingcondition and broadcasting accurate information”

Confirm with another vessel or shore stationthat they can receive your vessel’s infocorrectly and that you are seeing othersas well before you leave the vessel.

Take the time to teach the Customer how tooperate the AIS and how to decipher what it istelling the Navigator.Don’t assume they will ‘figure it out’ – especiallywhen they get into the Voyage data fields(destinations, cargo type, etc)Remind them that it is an AID to navigation

w.imo.orgwww.panbo.com

United States Coast GuardOffice of Navigation SystemsProviding navigationsafety information forAmerica’s waterwaysJorge ArroyoProgram AnalystU.S. Coast Guard HeadquartersWashington, DCInternational Boat builders’Exhibition and Conference (IBEX)October 17th, 2011Louisville, KY

Automatic Identification System (AIS) U.S. AIS HistoryRegulations Who? Where? When?AIS UpdateApplication Specific MessagingAIS @ www.navcen.uscg.govQuestions & Answers

AIS History & TimelineWRC’97AIS1 Ch.87BAIS2 Ch.88BSOLASV/19.2.4IMOITU-R M.1371-1MSC 74 (69)TechnicalPerformance2002 IMODiplomaticConferenceSOLASV/19.2.4IEC 61993-2Testing essMarine BoardPorts &WaterwaysStudyVTS LMRPublicMeetingFCCNoticeDA-02-1362MTSA - 11/02Interim - 7/03Final - 10/03Deadline - 1/04

What started the USCG on AIS?In 1990, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Actwhich participation in VTS mandatory anddirected the USCG to seek ways to have‘dependent surveillance’ of all tankers bound forValdez, Alaska.To that end, in 1993 the USCG developedAutomated Dependent Surveillance ShipboardEquipment (ADSSE), based on Digital SelectiveCalling (DSC) protocol.

Congress supports/mandates AIS!In 1997, Congress stated that AIS“technology should be the foundation of anyfuture VTS system” and that it “stronglybelieves that this technology willsignificantly improve navigational safety, notjust in select VTS target ports, butthroughout the navigable waters of theU.S”, and, that we “continue working withstakeholders ”H.R. Rep. No. 236, 105th Cong., 1st Sess. (1997)

Industry endorses AIS!In 1999, the National Dialog Group, comprised of the marineprivate and public representatives, stated they:“strongly endorse the widespread use of AISemploying dGPS and onboard transpondertechnologies that national use of AIS technology onthe greatest number of vessels is essential both as afoundation of a VTS system improving navigationsafety strongly urge the USCG to take the lead indeveloping equipment and procedural standards thatwill promote universal use of AIS technology”, whichwill “be less intrusive and distracting to the marinerthan will a voice-based control system ”

AIS TimelineWRC’97AIS1 Ch.87BAIS2 Ch.88BSOLASV/19.2.4IMOITU-R M.1371-1MSC 74 (69)TechnicalPerformance2002 IMODiplomaticConferenceSOLASV/19.2.4IEC 61993-2Testing essMarine BoardPorts &WaterwaysStudyVTS LMRPublicMeetingFCCNoticeDA-02-1362MTSA - 11/02Interim - 7/03Final - 10/03Deadline - 1/04

Towards an AIS-based VTSIn an effort to facilitate vessel transits, enhancegood order, promote safe navigation, and improveupon existing operating measures on the waterway.The USCG proposed to establish a Vessel TrafficService on the Lower Mississippi River and transfercertain vessel traffic management provisions on theriver.By implementing a proposed transition to VTS in aphased manner which would allow for the orderlytransition from existing regulations and practices tooperating procedures appropriate to an AIS-basedVTS. Ref: 65 FR 24616, Apr. 24, 2000

Mandated by Congress in 2002 Marine Transportation & Security Act of 2002Commercial self-propelled vessels 65 feet orgreater;-- Towing Vessels over 26 feet or greater and 600hp or more;- Passenger vessels as determined by USCG; and- those the USCG deems necessary for safety.

AIS Carriage Regulations 33 CFR 164.46The following must have a properly installed, operational, type-approved AIS On international voyage: Tankers, Passenger 150 GT, all others 300 GT Per SOLAS Regulation V/19.2.4 Self-propelled commercial vessels 65 feet Except fishing and small passenger vessels ( 150 passengers) Within a VTS area: Self-propelled commercial vessel 65 feet Except fishing & small passengers vessels Towing vessel 26 feet and 600 hp Vessel certificated to carry 150 passengers

AIS Rulemaking [Changes in Bold-type]Estimated ExpandedAIS PopulationShips 65ft10/23/03 current AIS requirement published (33 CFR 164.46)Freight Ship298Industrial Ship748MODU210OSV553Research Vessel97School Ship19Tank Ship122Unclassified385Unknown54107/01/03-01/09/04, 3 meetings & comment period re: AIS expansion10/31/05, agenda entry re: expansion of AIS to all navigable waters12/16/08, NPRM published; 04/15/09, comment deadlineProposed compliance date: NLT 7 month after Final Rule(73 FR 78295)AIS prices: Class A, 2,800-5,000; Class B, 700-1,500 Installation cost will vary by display options & interfacingFishing 65ftSOLAS requires interfacing to GPS, THD, ROT, back-up powerPotentially could effect 17,442 vessels/14,506 small biz’s, i.e. 2,973 Commercial self-propelled vessels of 65 feet No exclusions Towing vessels 26 feet and 600 hp Vessels with 50 passengers (vice 150 for hire) Hi-Speed vessels with 12 passengers for hireCertain dredges & floating plants, &Vessel moving certain dangerous cargoes5,520Documented4,571Undocumented (est.)949Towing 26ft & 600hp4,560Passenger3,235 65ft2,167 65' but 50 pax1,062 30kts & 12 pax for hire6Dredges35Total (U.S.)Foreign Flag 65ftTotal (All)16,3231,11917,442