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Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC A Rich History of Materials Testing EquipmentLate 1800s1930sIn 1831, Matthias Baldwin founded Baldwin Locomotive Worksin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.In the 1930s Baldwin-Southwark Corporation worked withmaterials testing innovators such as A.H. Emery and FrankTatnall to develop and grow their testing machine business.In the late 1800s, Baldwin Locomotive Works began to designand develop their own high capacity testing machines in orderto test large metal castings produced for their steam locomotivebusiness. Initially these machines were used to determine onlythe ultimate breaking strength. They had a single rangepressure tube indicator to measure and show the applied force.GFrank G. Tatnall with later model SR-4 testing machineGThe first Baldwin testing machines were designed totest castings for Baldwin’s locomotivesGA.H. Emery’s world-famous "United States testing machine"was installed in 1879. Capacity: 800,000 lbf (tension);1,000,000 lbf (compression).The Baldwin-Southwark Corporation officially partnered withthese testing specialists to produce the Southwark-Emery line ofmachines. Later, they were joined by Tate and changed thename to Southwark-Tate-Emery.GBaldwin Locomotive Works was located inEddystone, PennsylvaniaTo contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 1
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)Even Thomas Edison used a Southwark testing frame inhis laboratory.GSouthwark-Tate-Emery, BTE seriesGThomas Edison’s Southwark press ison display at the Henry Ford MuseumThe Southwark-Tate-Emery line used hydraulic fluid to applyand measure testing loads. The load measurement system wasindependent of the load application system and used the uniqueEmery load weighing capsule. The company’s tagline was "Thetrend is definitely to the all-hydraulic machine."The principal product of the company was the static hydraulicBTE series (an acronym for the founders’ last names, Baldwin,Tate and Emery). These frames were available in five standardmodels ranging in capacity from 60,000 lbf to 400,000 lbf. Thisline is the predecessor of the modern day 5590-HVL series andDX series.In addition to the BTE series, the Southwark-Tate-Emery lineincluded static hydraulic compression testers, torsion testersand spring testers. Similar products are still manufacturednearly 100 years later.F Emery load weighing capsuleEmery capsule configurationHG90,000 lbf Southwark-Emery (compression only)cement testing machineTo contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 2
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)Perhaps the most amazing accomplishment of theSouthwark-Tate-Emery group was the sheer size of their customframes. Some systems were designed to apply forces up to 12million pounds and stood five stories tall. These unique systemswere literally cast and built on site. In some cases, the buildingswere designed around the frames.Due to the material requirements of World War II, manyadvances were made in the testing arena including multiplerange load indicators and dial type strain measuringinstruments. Additionally, instruments were designed to recordstrain using microformer LVDT devices.GSpecimen strain is indicated with a dial (left)and recorded with a microformer (right)G3,000,000 lbf Southwark-Tate-Emery universaltesting machine with tensile specimen loadedG4,000,000 lbf Southwark-Emery universaltesting machine configured for concretecompression testingAt first, mechanical drives were used for load, and later thesame microformer LVDTs were added to pressure tubes andused as a load recording system capable of producing XY plotsof load versus deformation. This was probably the biggestsingle instrumentation advancement in over fifty years.GLoad versus deformation graphs were made possiblewith the addition of XY recorders (right of dial)To contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 3
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)1940sBy the late 1940s strain gauge technology advanced to a pointwhere load cells were added to Baldwin’s electromechanicalscrew driven frames. Vacuum tube amplifiers and signalconditioning systems enabled the use of electronic loadindicating systems. These were the first ‘all electric’ systemswith electrical motor drives, electric load, and strain measuringwith an electrical mechanical dial and/ or recorder.GElectromechanical drive systemMachine control to this point was manual. Loading rates weresometimes indicated to the operator by mechanical load pacing,strain pacing or ram speed indicators. The electromechanicalframes enabled changes in speed through clutch selectionswitches and later manually operated variable speed motors.Repeated loading, in addition to ultimate loading, became astandard means of testing in the late 40s.GControl module showingselectable speedsThe Sonntag fatigue and IVY mechanical fatigue machines weredeveloped during this decade. The oscillator style machinesreally became the first load control devices. The feedback to thecontrol was position; as position or displacement increased, the‘static force’ controller would adjust the preload to maintainstatic load.GSonntag fatigue machine withtension/ compression fixturesRotary mechanical fatigue machines were another version ofthis repeated loading manner of testing.GR.R. Moore rotating beam machineTo contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 4
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)1950sReal time machine control was advanced in the 1950s withvariable speed drives and servo valve ‘closed-loop’ controlsystems. In closed-loop functions, the loading actuator wascontrolled by feedback from load, strain or position sensors. Setrates or set points and combinations became possible. Baldwinproduced some of the first servohydraulic machines inthe USA.As a Company, perhaps the most important development wasthe strain gauge and strain gauged load cells. Up to this time,load sensors were either scale balance lever types or fluid cells(Emery load weighing capsules).While testing machines continued to be a viable product line,load cells and their associated products became the significantbusiness. In fact, a secondary company, Hottinger Baldwin, wasestablished in West Germany to supply the European market.The BLH group continued their advancements in universaltesting during the 1950s and introduced the Mark G servomatictester in 1957. This new hydraulic motor-driven designfeatured a single test space for tension and compression testing.GBaldwin load cellBecause of the success of their testing machines and straingauge advances, Baldwin assigned these two product lines toBLH, a new company established in 1951. This new company,the Baldwin-Lima-Hamilton Corporation (BLH), was createdthrough the merger of Baldwin and the Lima-HamiltonCorporation, which was originally made up of Lima LocomotiveWorks and the General Machine Corporation of Hamilton.GMark G Series featured a combinationservohydraulic/ electromechanical designJust as World War II was a force in the 1940s, the manufactureand deployment of jet engine aircraft in the 1950s produced theneed for environmental testing of materials - most significantlyat elevated temperatures. These tests were conducted over longperiods of time so less expensive loading systems were requiredto complete a significant number of tests.To contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 5
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)In 1952, Arcweld Manufacturing Company, was established inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania.1960sThe controller developments of the prior decade were refinedand advanced in the 1960s. Perhaps more importantly, theconcept of closed-loop dynamic testing became an acceptednorm. Some solid state electronics were made adaptable totemperature controllers and the end of the vacuum tube basedelectrical systems was at hand.Arcweld began to manufacture a line of creep and stress testersto meet this market demand. The company later moved toGrove City, Pennsylvania in 1955.The man-on-the-moon program clearly sent waves through thetesting industry due to new environmental requirements.Vacuum or high pressure chambers were needed to test atunprecedented high temperatures.The demands of strength-to-weight materials of the mannedspace program produced a whole new materials industry. Untilthe late 50s, the word ‘plastic’ was best defined as somethingcheap and breakable. Nonmetallic, petrochemical basedmaterials came to the forefront to solve many materialproblems of the space age and clearly moved the industrybeyond the typical textile applications.In 1961, BLH licensed the rights to their Baldwin and Sonntagtesting machines to the Wiedemann Machine Company of Kingof Prussia, Pennsylvania.GArcweld creep and stress rupture testing machinesIn addition to jet engines, companies such as Westinghouse andGeneral Electric were advancing nuclear power. The need forenvironmental testing was increased to include atmosphere orgaseous conditions and radiation as factors affectingmaterial properties.To contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 6
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)Arcweld Manufacturing Company was renamed SATECCorporation in 1962 (SATEC then being an acronym for SpaceAge Testing Equipment Company).In 1964, the Warner & Swasey Company purchased theWiedemann Machine Company.GBTE II seriesAlso in 1964, the Shenango Furnace Company purchased aminority position in SATEC Corporation.The B, BN, WBN, CG and CS series of electromechanical testerswere also introduced during this timeframe. These systemsranged in capacity from 10,000 lbf to 200,000 lbf.Finally, a joint venture company, SATEC Systems Inc., wasestablished in 1968 by combining the Baldwin/ Sonntagproducts of Warner & Swasey with the Arcweld products ofSATEC. Warner & Swasey and Shenango Furnace Companyeach held a 50% share.The Baldwin line of universal testers continued to improve andexpand during the 1960s. The BTE II line evolved from theoriginal BTE machines of the 1930s. This new design featureda welded base and machined crosshead.GBaldwin’s model CS featured a single test spaceTo contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 7
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)During the 1960s, the SI and BLI impact lines were marketedfor Charpy and Izod testing. Bell Telephone Laboratoriesoriginally designed the BLI series and licensed themanufacturing rights to SATEC. The SI series was introducedseveral years later for higher capacity metals testing.1970s‘Solid-State’ and ‘Digital’ became the high tech words of the1970s. The solid-state signal conditioners devised in the 1960swere connected to electromechanical dial indicators. Frequencyand pulse counting chips became economically feasible anddials eventually gave way to ‘digital’ displays. During thisperiod, SATEC introduced its Mark I and Mark IIdigital indicators.GSI (left) and BLI (right) series of impact testersIn 1966, a compact version of the BTE II was designed. Thisnew line became the HV series.GControl console with Mark IIdigital indicatorDuring the 1960s Francis Buckingham of Wiedemann-Baldwindesigned what is believed to be the world’s largest universaltesting machine. With a capacity of 12 million pounds, thismachine was intended to test full scale structural componentsand calibrate load cells. In 1971, this frame was commissionedby the NBS Institute for Basic Standards (now NIST). Thishydraulic universal test frame stands 76 feet above the floor and23 feet below floor level.GHV series of hydraulic universal testersTo contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 8
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)Digital technology not only made digital displays possible butalso paved the way for computer applications. Clearly, thebiggest advance in testing machine control for SATEC Systemswas the development of a computer-based machine control anddata collection/ reduction unit. The Microprocessor AssistedTesting System (MATS) was marketed in 1977 and was SATECSystem’s first software based system for tensile testingapplications - believed to be the first such direct digital controlsystem for static testing commercially offered in the USA.G12 million lbf UTM at NBS Institute forBasic Standards (now NIST).In 1973, two new versions of the HV series were offered. TheHVP model included a pressure transducer while the HVLmodel featured a load cell.GThe MATS I controller made possiblecomputer controlled testingIn 1973, Carl Schenck, A.G. of West Germany became aminority shareholder in exchange for a license to SATEC forthe manufacture and sale of their dynamic materialstesting products.GHVP model (left) and HVL model (right)To contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 9
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)1980sWith the continued development of computer hardware andexpanding markets for computer-based systems, the cost forhigh performance computers was greatly reduced. Applicationsof personal computers (PCs) and interfacing with them droveproduct developments during the 1980s. Higher testing speedswere made possible by using computers to gather and evaluatetest data and determine machine control functions ‘on the fly’.Complex test sequences, dependent upon test data criteria, weremade possible without human intervention during a test.In 1985, SATEC Systems purchased back the outstanding stockowned by Carl Schenck.In 1987, SATEC Systems Inc. was purchased by a private ownerto become SATEC Materials Testing Equipment. SATECcontinued to run under private ownership until 1998 andexperienced significant growth during this period.1990sGOperators could set test control speeds andcalculation criteria with software programsThe 1990s brought advancements in single purpose test framesand software.This concept was further enhanced in 1985 with theintroduction of the Computer Aided Testing System (CATS).This control system was the first direct digital controller placedinto the market for closed-loop dynamic testing.GSingle purpose lines: TVL series (left), RD series (center)and QC series (right)GCATS controller for closed-loop fatigue testingOriginating from the Baldwin CTL series, the new RD series ofcompression testers was launched in 1990. This design featuredTo contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 10
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)an ultra stiff frame for testing high strength concrete. The TVLseries was launched in 1990 as well. This new tension-onlydesign was introduced as a cost effective solution for highcapacity fastener testing. The low cost QC compression serieswas developed one year later in 1991.2000 and TodayIn 2000, the SATEC division added the 55MT series for lowcapacity torsion testing to its product line.In 1996, Partner Software hit the market as the firstMicrosoft Windows based application for materials testing.GModel 55MT1 configured for wire testingIn 2001, the SATEC division adopted the SF line of spring testersformerly manufactured by Wolpert .Instron Corporation purchased SATEC Systems Inc. in Augustof 1998. In April 1999, the SATEC division purchased the pipe andpressure testing line of Tech Team Inc.GSF series of spring testing line: SF 500 andSF 101 (front), SF 1288 and SF 1230 (back)To contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 11
Industrial Products Group900 Liberty Street K Grove City, PA 16127-9005Tel: 724-458-9610 K Fax: 724-458-9614 K www.instron.comHistory of SATEC (continued)In 2003, the SATEC division was renamed the IndustrialProducts Group. Located in Grove City, Pennsylvania (nearPittsburgh) this division continues to market and manufactureSATEC’s traditional static hydraulic testing equipment alongwith high capacity electromechanical UTMs, torsion testers,impact testers, R.R. Moore Machines, spring testers, pipe andpressure equipment, Sonntag fatigue machines and more!This series traces its origins back nearly seventy years to theBaldwin BTE line of the 1930s. In addition to the SATEC series,Instron continues to manufacture many other productsoriginating from the Baldwin and Arcweld history.Also in 2003, the Industrial Products Group introduced the newSATEC Series of single footprint hydraulic UTMs. Available inLX and DX models, these machines feature compact packaging,a modern appearance, high performance electronics andleading edge software.G300LX (left) and 300DX (right)Today, SATEC remains the brand name for Instron’shydraulically powered universal testing machines.To contact your local Instron Sales and Service office, please go to www.instron.com/offices.page 12
testing machine with tensile specimen loaded G . tester in 1957. This new hydraulic motor-driven design featured a single test space for tension and compression testing. Just as World War II was a force in the 1940s, the manufacture . 724-458-9614 K www.instron.com History of SATEC .
