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Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Port Delfin LNG Project Deepwater Port ApplicationAppendix RMajor LNG Incidents

LNG Incident HistoryMajor LNG Incidents Involving LNG ReleaseIncidentDateShip/FacilityNameLocationShip r1944East Ohio GasLNG TankClevelandNA128deathsNA1964 hortly afterleaving port(1965)NoneNoneCanveyIsland, UKTransferoperation1 injury;seriousburn1965May 196519651969Jules adingNoLNGSpill/ ReleaseNAYesYesTank failure and no earthen berm.Vapor cloud formed and filled thesurrounding streets and stormsewer system. Natural gas in thevaporizingLNG poolstrikeignited.In 1964, a lightningto theforward vent riser of the MethaneProgress ignited vapor which wasbeing routinely vented through theventing system at the time. Asimilar occurrence also occurred inearly 1965. Both times, the flamewas quickly extinguished bypurgingthroughDuring withLNGnitrogentransfer,an aerrorconnectionin theriser.of LNG. Theresulted in thereleaseYesrelease became ignited, causing onepersonto be seriouslyOverflowingof a cargoburned.tank.Resulted in a tank cover andadjacentdeck fracture.Valve leakage.Deck constructionNAYesYes1Incident SummaryAn explosion occurred in an LNGtank under construction. No LNGhad ever been introduced into thetank. The cause of the accident wasthe accidental removal of blindsfrom natural gas pipelines whichwere connected to the tank. This ledto the flow of natural gas into thetank while it was beingconstructed.

LNG Incident HistoryIncidentDateShip/FacilityNameLocationShip ll/ ReleaseIncident Summary1971LNG shipEsso Brega,La SpeziaLNG ImportTerminalLa Spezia,ItalyUnloadingLNG into thestorage tankNAYesYesFirst documented LNG “rollover”incident, where two differingtemperatures and densities of LNGmix. Tank developed a suddenincrease in pressure, causing LNGvapor to discharge safely from thetank safety valves and vents. Tankroof slightly damaged. No ignition.January1972Montreal g defrosting, a back flow ofnatural gas from the compressor tothe nitrogen valve when the valveremained unclosed caused overpressurization of the compressor.This led to a leak and subsequentignition.Staten Island,New YorkRepair onempty storagetankYes-37fatalities.YesNoWhile repairing the interior of anempty storage tank, a fire started.The increase in pressure inside thetank occurred so quickly that theconcrete dome collapsed downinside the tank. 37 constructionworkers inside the tank were killed.NANoYesYesGlass breakage. Small amount ofLNG spilled upon a puddle ofrainwater, and the resulting flamelessvapor explosion, called a rapid phasetransition (RPT), caused the loud"booms.” No injuries resulted.In portNoYesNoTouched bottom at Arzew.February1973Canvey Island,UK19731974MethaneProgress2

LNG Incident HistoryIncidentDateShip/FacilityNameJuly 1974MassachusettsBarge1975PhiladelphiaGas ip ll/ ReleaseIncident SummaryLoadingNANAYes40 gallons of LNG leaked duringloading, as a result of a powerfailure and the resulting automaticclosure of the safety valves. Theleak resulted in several fractures tothe deck plates.Not caused by LNG. An isopentane intermediate heattransfer fluid leak caught fireand burned the entire vaporizerarea.Aluminum valve failure oncontact with cryogenictemperatures. Wrong aluminumalloy on replacement valve.LNG was released, but no vaporignitionDuring occurred.filling, LNG overflowedNANoYesNAAlgeriaNA1 workerfrozen oYes1979Columbia GasLNGTerminalCove Point,MarylandNA1 killed 1seriouslyinjuredYesYesLNG leaked through the LNG pumpelectrical penetration seal andentered the substation. A circuitbreaker ignited the natural gas-airmixture, resulting in an explosion.April 1979Mostefa BenBoulaid ShipUnloadingNoYesYesValve leakage. Deck fractures.through the vent mast. Possiblecause was difficulties in the liquidlevel gauge system.3

LNG Incident HistoryIncidentDateShip/FacilityNameLocationShip ll/ ReleaseIncident SummaryApril 1979PollengerShipUnloadingNoYesYesValve leakage. Tank cover platefractures.1979El Paso PaulKayser ShipAt seaNoYesNoStranded. Severe damage tobottom, ballast tanks, motor waswater damaged, bottom ofcontainment system set up.1980LNG LibraAt seaNoYesNoShaft moved against rudder.Tail shaft fractured.1980LNG TaurusIn portNoYesNoStranded. Ballast tanks all floodedand listing. Extensive bottomdamage.1984MelroseAt seaNoYesNoFire in engine room. Nostructural damage sustained –limited to engine room.4

LNG Incident HistoryIncidentDateShip/FacilityNameLocationShip ll/ ReleaseIncident Summary1985GradiniaIn portIn portNoNotreportedNoSteering gear failure. No detailsof damage go valve failure. Cargooverflow. Deck fractures.1989TellierLoadingLoadingNoYesYesBroke moorings. Hull and deckfractures.1990BachirChihaniAt seaAt seaNoYesNoSustained structural cracksallegedly stressing and fatigue ininner NoNANALNG leak from open run-down lineduring a pipe modification project.LNG entered an undergroundconcrete storm sewer system andunderwent a rapid vapor expansionthat over pressured and ruptured thesewer pipes. Storm sewer systemsubstantially damaged.5

LNG Incident HistoryIncidentDateShip/FacilityNameLocationShip ll/ ReleaseIncident Summary2002LNG shipNorman LadyEast of theStrait ofGibraltarAt seaNoYesNoCollision with a U.S. Navynuclear-powered attacksubmarine, the U.S.S OklahomaCity. In ballast condition. Shipsuffered a leakage of seawater intothe double bottom dry tank area.2004SkikdaAlgeriaNA27 killedYes72 injured(thecausalitiesare mainlydue to theblast, fewcasualtiesdue to fire)NAA leak in the hydrocarbonrefrigerant system formed a vaporcloud that was drawn into the inletof a steam boiler. The increasedfuel to the boiler caused rapidlyrising pressure within a steamdrum. The rapidly rising pressureexceeded the capacity of theboiler’s safety valve and the steamdrum ruptured. The boiler rupturewas close enough to the gas leakto ignite the vapor cloud andproduce an explosion due theconfined nature of the gas leakand an ensuing fireball. The firetook eight hours to extinguish.The explosions and fire destroyeda portion to the LNG plant andcaused 27 deaths, and injury to 72more.6

LNG Incident HistoryIncidentDate2006Ship/FacilityNameTrain 2FacilityLocationShip ll/ ReleaseIncident SummaryPortFortin,Trinidad,CaracasNo1 InjuryYesNoAtlantic LNG reported that an accidentoccurred at its Train 2 facility at PointFortin, Trinidad when a temporaryeight inch isolation plug was blown bybuilt-up pressure. The Train 2 facilityhad been shut down due to thedetection of a gas release from a twoinch pipeline. The release of naturalgas was brought under control, andpersonnel returned. While thecompany was carrying out repairs theplug blew injuring one worker. It hadbeen filled with inert gas to facilitaterepairs.2009South HookLNG TerminalUKNANoNoYesA maximum of ten litres of LNG wasspilled and “immediately vaporized”,because of the unintended activation ofthe emergency shutdown system,which caused powered emergencyrelease couplings to separate,discharging LNG.2010Montoir deBretagneterminalFranceUnloadingNoYesNoThe incident occurred when liquidpassed into the gas take-off line duringdischarge operations. The damagesustained extended to part of the ship'smanifold and its feed lines.2010Withnell BayfacilityAustraliaLoadingNoYesYes7The ship suffered cryogenic burnswhen 2,000 to 4,000 litres of LNGwere spilt.

LNG Incident HistoryIncidentDateShip/FacilityNameLocationShip ll/ ReleaseIncident Summary2011Yung An LNGTerminalTaiwanUnloadingNoYesYesThe vessel's master decided to suspendthe discharge and move the ship off theberth but the problems were eventuallyrectified and the vessel returned tocomplete the discharge of its cargo.2011PyeongtaekLNG terminalSouthKoreaUnloadingNoYesYesThe ship disconnected from the berthafter what was described as a verysmall leak of LNG was reportedaround the top of one emergencyrelease coupler shortly after ascheduled overhaul of the unloadingarms had been completed. Seals andball valves were replaced on theunloading arms and dischargerecommended using the remaining twoarms.OffZeebrugge,BelgiumAt Sea1 InjuryYes2015Al OraiqAl Oraiq involved in a collisionwith the Dutch freighter,Flinterstar. Flinterstar sank withall survivors rescued and oneinjury. The Al Oraiq suffered aslight gash and there was somewater ingress, however, the vesselwas able to return to port with theassistance of a tug.Sources:Center for Energy Economics 2006, Shipwrecklog.com, “Atlantic LNG Trinidad Train 2 accident injures employee,” November 2006, .Center for Energy Economics 2012, Shipwrecklog.com, “LNG Safety and Security,” June, 2012, http://www.beg.utexas.edu/energyecon/LNG Safety and Security Update 2012.pdf8

Island, UK Transfer operation 1 injury; serious burn . Staten Island, New York Repair on empty storage tank Yes-37 fatalities. Yes No While repairing the interior of an empty storage tank, a fire started. . Center for Energy Economics 2006, Shipwrecklog.com, "Atlantic LNG Trinidad Train 2 accident injures employee," November 2006, http .