Transcription
The InternationalHandbook ofPsychologyKurt PawlikMark R. RosenzweigeBook covers pj orange.indd 3729/1/08 8:37:45 pm
International Handbook ofPSYCHOLOGY
INTERNATIONAL EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARDJohn Adair, University of Manitoba, CanadaRubén Ardila, University of Bogotá, ColumbiaGéry d’Ydewalle, University of Leuven, BelgiumHiroshi Imada, Kwansei Gakuin University, JapanCigdem Kagitcibasi, Koc University of Istanbul, TurkeyKevin McConkey, University of New South Wales, AustraliaLionel J. Nicholas, University of the Western Cape, Republic of South AfricaJuan José Sanchez Sosa, National University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico* Durganand Sinha, University of Allahabad, IndiaJanet T. Spence, University of Texas, Austin, USAJan Strelau, University of Warsaw, PolandLarry Weiskrantz, University of Oxford, UKHoucan Zhang, Beijing Normal University, China* Deceased in 1998.
International Handbook ofPSYCHOLOGYedited byKURT PAWLIKANDMARK R. ROSENZWEIGSAGE PublicationsLondon Thousand Oaks New Delhi
International Union of Psychological ScienceFirst published 2000All rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted orutilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording or otherwise, without permission inwriting from the Publishers.SAGE Publications Ltd6 Bonhill StreetLondon EC2A 4PUSAGE Publications Inc2455 Teller RoadThousand Oaks, California 91320SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd32, M-Block MarketGreater Kailash – INew Delhi 110 048British Library Cataloguing in Publication dataA catalogue record for this book is available from the BritishLibraryISBN 0 7619 5329 9Library of Congress catalog record availableTypeset by Photoprint, Torquay, DevonPrinted in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press Ltd,Trowbridge, Wiltshire
ContentsBiographic ProfilesixPrefacexxxiPart A FOUNDATIONS AND METHODS OFPSYCHOLOGY1Psychological Science: Content, Methodology, History, andProfessionKurt Pawlik and Mark R. Rosenzweig132Basic Methods of Psychological ScienceWilliam K. Estes203Behavior in the Social ContextVera Hoorens and Ype H. Poortinga404Psychology in Biological PerspectiveMark R. Rosenzweig and Keng Chen Liang54Part BINFORMATION PROCESSING ANDHUMAN BEHAVIOR775Sensation/Perception, Information Processing, AttentionGéry d’Ydewalle796Conditioning and Experimental Analysis of BehaviorRubén Ardila1007Memory ProcessesHenry L. Roediger, III and Michelle L. Meade1178Neurobiology of LearningFederico Bermúdez Rattoni and Martha Escobar136
viInternational Handbook of Psychology9Psychology of LanguageWillem J. M. Levelt15110Knowledge Acquisition and Use in Higher-Order CognitionGiyoo Hatano and Kayoko Inagaki16711MotivationPeter M. Gollwitzer, Juan D. Delius, and Gabriele Oettingen19112EmotionsNico H. Frijda20713Consciousness and Conscious ExperienceCarlo Umiltà223Part CSOCIAL PROCESSES AND BEHAVIORALDEVELOPMENT23314Developmental Psychology I: Prenatal to AdolescenceHeidi Keller23515Developmental Psychology II: Adulthood and AgingLea Pulkkinen26116Personality and Individual DifferencesRobert Hogan, Allan R. Harkness, and David Lubinski28317Social Processes and Human Behavior: Social PsychologyMichael A. Hogg30518(Cross) Cultural PsychologyCigdem Kagitcibasi32819Comparative-Evolutionary PsychologyMichael C. Corballis and Stephen E. G. Lea347Part D APPLIED PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE20Psychological Assessment and TestingKurt Pawlik, with companion sections by Houcan Zhang,Pierre Vrignaud, Vladimir Roussalov,and Rocio Fernandez-Ballesteros21Clinical Psychology I: Psychological Disorders: Description,Epidemiology, Etiology, and PreventionKenneth J. Sher and Tim Trull363365407
Contents22Clinical Psychology II: Psychological Treatments:Research and PracticePeter E. Nathan, Anne Helene Skinstad, and Sara L. Dolanvii42923Health PsychologyRalf Schwarzer and Benicio Gutiérrez-Doña45224Psychology in Education and InstructionRobert L. Burden46625Work and Organizational PsychologyPieter J. D. Drenth and Wang Zhong Ming47926Applied Social PsychologyJosé M. Prieto, Michel Sabourin, Lenore E. A. Walker,Juan I. Aragonés, and Maria Amerigo49727Contributions of Psychology to Peace and NonviolentConflict ResolutionMichael G. Wessells28Psychology as a ProfessionIngrid LuntPart E PSYCHOLOGY IN TRANS-DISCIPLINARYCONTEXTS52653454929Theoretical PsychologyHenderikus J. Stam55130International PsychologyQicheng Jing57031Psychological Science in Cross-Disciplinary ContextsMichel Denis585Author Index599Subject Index615
Biographic ProfilesEditorsKurt F. Pawlik is Professor of Psychology and Institute Director (1966– )and Dean, Faculty of Psychology and International Center for GraduateStudies, University of Hamburg, Germany. His main areas of teaching andresearch include the psychology of individual differences (and psychologicalassessment), neuropsychology, and environmental psychology. Since the late1960s Pawlik served in numerous national and international scientific functions, as President of the German Society of Psychology, President of theCriminological Scientific Council at the Conseil de l’Europe, Strasbourg,Secretary-General and President of the International Union of Psychological Science, and, since 1998, as President of the International SocialScience Council, Paris. He was awarded the Austrian Cross of Honors inScience and Arts.Pawlik is author/co-author of over 180 publications (articles, chapters, andbooks), and editor/co-editor of scientific journals, including the following:Hundleby, J. D., Pawlik, K., & Cattell, R. B. (1965). Personality factors in objectivetest devices. San Diego: Knapp.Pawlik, K. (1966). Dimensionen des Verhaltens. [Dimensions of Behavior.] Bern,Switzerland: Huber.Pawlik, K. (Ed.). (1982). Diagnose der Diagnostik. [Diagnosis of diagnostics.] (2nded.). Stuttgart, Germany: Klett. [Spanish ed.: Diagnosis del diagnostico. Barcelona:Herder, 1980.].Pawlik, K. (Ed.). (1982). Multivariate Persönlichkeitsforschung. [Multivariate personality research]. Bern, Switzerland: Huber.Pawlik, K., & Stapf, K. H. (Eds.). (1992). Umwelt und Verhalten. [Environment andbehavior]. Bern, Switzerland: Huber.Pawlik, K. (Ed.). (1998). Neuropsychology of consciousness. International Journalof Psychology, 33, 185–233.Pawlik, K. (Ed.). (1983– ). Methoden der Psychologie [Methods of psychology] (14vols). Bern, Switzerland: Huber.Psychologie [Teaching and research texts in psychology] (48 vols). Heidelberg,Germany: Springer. New Series: 6 vols. Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.
xInternational Handbook of PsychologyPawlik, K. (Editor-in-Chief). (1996– ). European Psychologist. Quarterly journal.Göttingen, Germany: Hogrefe.Current address: Department of Psychology, University of Hamburg, VonMelle-Park 11, 20146 Hamburg, GermanyMark R. Rosenzweig is Professor of Graduate Studies in the Department ofPsychology, University of California, Berkeley, where he has taught since1951. His main activities are in research and teaching in biological psychology and in international psychology. He was given the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award in 1980and its Award for Distinguished Contributions to International Psychologyin 1997.Rosenzweig was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, USA in1979. He was awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Paris (1980)and l’Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg (1997). Rosenzweig served as amember of the Executive Committee of the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) from 1972 to 1996, and was IUPsyS vice-president,1980–84, president, 1988–92, and past-president, 1992–96. He was co-editorof the Annual Review of Psychology from 1969 to 1994.Rosenzweig is author, co-author, editor or co-editor of 300 publications(articles, chapters, and books), including the following:Rosenzweig, M. R., Krech, D., Bennett, E. L., & Diamond, M. C. (1962). Effectsof environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry and anatomy: Areplication and extension. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology,55, 429–437.Rosenzweig, M. R. (Ed.). (1992). International psychological science: Progress,problems, and prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Rosenzweig, M. R. (Ed.). (1993). Psychology in developing countries and regions.[Publication of IUPsyS Presidential Symposium at the 15th International Congressof Psychology, Brussels.] Psychology and Developing Societies, 5(2).Rosenzweig, M. R. (1996). Aspects of the search for neural mechanisms of memory.Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 1–32.Rosenzweig, M. R. (1998). Historical perspectives on the development of the biologyof learning and memory. In J. L. Martinez Jr. & R. P. Kesner (Eds.). Neurobiologyof learning and memory (3rd ed., pp. 1–53). New York: Academic Press.Rosenzweig, M. R., Leiman, A. L., & Breedlove, S. M. (1999). Biological psychology:Introduction to behavioral, cognitive, and clinical neuroscience (2nd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. (Translated into French, Italian, and Spanish.)Rosenzweig, M. R. (1999). Continuity and change in development of psychologyaround the world. American Psychologist, 54(4), 252–259.Rosenzweig, M. R., Holtzman, W. H., Sabourin, M., & Bélanger, D. (2000). History ofthe International Union of Psychological Science. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.Current address: Department of Psychology-1650, University of California,3210 Tolman Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1650, USA
Biographic ProfilesxiInternational Editorial Advisory BoardJohn G. Adair is Professor Emeritus of psychology at the University ofManitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. He researches the social psychology of thescience of psychology, especially methodology and research ethics, and mostrecently the process of indigenization and growth of psychological science indeveloping countries (see Special Issues of International Journal of Psychology, 30(6), and Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48(4)). Heis recognized for his contributions to international psychology on the Executives of IUPsyS, IAAP, and SIP, on the organization of the 1996 InternationalCongress program, and as coordinator of ARTS, an international program oftraining seminars for scholars from developing countries.Current address: University of Manitoba, Department of Psychology,Winnipeg, MB, Canada, R3T 2N2Rubén Ardila was born in Colombia and received his psychological trainingin his native country and in the USA. His Ph.D. degree in experimentalpsychology was granted by the University of Nebraska-Lincoln. He has doneresearch in experimental analysis of behavior, history of psychology, professional issues, and the application of psychology to socio-economic development. Dr. Ardila has published 24 psychology books and more than l50scientific papers in journals from several countries. He has been visitingprofessor in the United States, Germany, Spain, Argentina and Puerto Rico.He was President of the Interamerican Society of Psychology (SIP), andfounder and first President of the Latin American Association for the Analysisand Modification of Behavior.Current address: National University of Colombia, Bogotá, ColombiaGéry d’Ydewalle is currently Director of the Laboratory of ExperimentalPsychology at the University of Leuven (Belgium) and President of the International Union of Psychological Science. He obtained his Ph.D. from theUniversity of Leuven, and has been visiting professor at Birkbeck College(London), the London School of Economics, and the University of Liège(Belgium). In 1992, he received the highest scientific award in Belgium, theFrancqui Prize. He is member of the Belgian Royal Academy of Science. Hiscurrent research interest is on visual information processing and memory.d’Ydewalle, G. (1997). Visual perception at the edge of the century. In R. Fuller, P.N. Walsh, & P. McGinley (Eds.), A century of psychology: Progress, paradigmsand prospects for the new millenium (pp. 241–251). London: Routledge.d’Ydewalle, G., Desmet, G., & Van Rensbergen, J. (1998). Film perception: Theprocessing of film cuts. In G. Underwood (Ed.), Eye guidance in reading andscene perception (pp. 357–367). Oxford: Elsevier.Current address: Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, B-3000Leuven, Belgium
xiiInternational Handbook of PsychologyHiroshi Imada, Ph.D., Professor of Psychology and President of KwanseiGakuin University, Nishinomiya, Japan. Born in 1934 in Nishinomiya, Japan.Graduated from the Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin Universityin 1957, and from the Graduate School of University of Iowa, USA, in 1963(Ph.D.). Post-doctoral study at the Institute of Psychiatry, University ofLondon, 1968–69. Professor of Psychology of Kwansei Gakuin Universitysince 1974. Executive Committee member of the International Union ofPsychological Science since 1992. Publications: Fear and anxiety (1974, inJapanese); Psychology of learning (1996, in Japanese).Current address: Department of Psychology, Kwansei Gakuin University,Uegahara, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 662, JapanCigdem Kagitcibasi is Professor of Psychology and Dean at Koc Universityin Istanbul, Turkey. She received her Ph.D. from the University of California,Berkeley. She is Vice-President of the International Union of PsychologicalScience, the Past President and Honorary Fellow of the International Association for Cross-Cultural Psychology, and a member of the Turkish Academy ofSciences. She received the American Psychological Association 1993 Awardfor Distinguished Contributions to the International Advancement of Psychology and the International Association of Applied Psychology 1998 Award forDistinguished Contribution to the International Advancement of AppliedPsychology. She is the author of Family and Human Development AcrossCultures (1996) and the co-editor of the Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, vol. 3 (1997).Current address: Psychology Department, Koc University, Cayir Cad. 5,80860 Isti
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7619 5329 9 Library of Congress catalog record available Typeset by Photoprint, Torquay, Devon Printed in Great Britain by The Cromwell Press Ltd, Trowbridge, Wiltshire. Contents Biographic Profiles ix Preface xxxi Part A FOUNDATIONS AND METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY 1 1 Psychological Science: Content,
