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FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODSTOOL7FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMICWHAT IS FOOD SECURITY?Food security in a community depends on three main pillars:PREPAREDNESSRESPONSERECOVERY food availabilityThis tool will help you to: food access Provide a thoroughintroduction to staff andvolunteers about the key waysin which a pandemic may causesevere hunger and nutritionproblems in your municipality food utilization Understand what local leaderscan do to reduce potentialfood security problems duringa pandemicWho will implement this tool: The mayor Members of the municipalleadership team, emergencyresponse team, disastermanagement team, andcommunications support team Lead staff from relevantsectors and agencies ofyour municipalityThis tool will introduce you tothe basic elements of food securityand ways in which an influenzapandemic may impact it. You willalso find measures that can be takento prevent, alleviate, and respondto many of a pandemic’s negativeconsequences on food security.Food availability means that enough food isphysically present for the entire population.It is in markets and shops, is grown on farmsor home gardens, or has arrived as the resultof food aid.Food security in a communityexists when all people at all timeshave both physical and economicaccess to sufficient food to meettheir dietary needs for productiveand healthy lives.Food access means that individuals can obtain available food. Households mayaccess food in many ways: growing, buying, and bartering; or through gifts, welfareprograms, or food aid. Food access is ensured when households have enoughresources, like land, money, or social connections, to obtain nutritious foods inadequate amounts.Food utilization refers to the way people’s bodies are able to use the food they eat.Making the best use of foods depends on proper food storage and processing, overallnutrition and health status, the availability of clean drinking water, and adequatehealth and sanitation services.WHAT ARE THE FIRST SIGNS THAT APANDEMIC HAS AFFECTED FOOD SECURITY?The global health impact of an influenza pandemic may affect workforces, transportationsystems, and supply chains. The impact of the virus in other areas of the world may resultin your community experiencing a food crisis even before the influenza virus causessevere health problems in your municipality. Some of the first things that you will noticethat indicate a pandemic could cause a food security problem are: Industries that rely on import and exportare struggling. Food supplies are hard to get locally. Economic activities are disrupted.DID YOU KNOW:The first sign that a community mayexperience a food security crisisdue to pandemic influenza mayNOT be an outbreak of disease.For more information, see Tool 1, Priority Actions to Lead Your Municipality Througha Pandemic and Tool 2, Presentation on the Threat of a Severe Influenza Pandemic.TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC1
WHO MIGHT BE MOST AT RISK FOR FOODSECURITY PROBLEMS?WHAT DOES THE MUNICIPAL LEADERSHIPTEAM NEED TO DO?Some groups will be more at risk than others for the food security impact of apandemic. The most at-risk populations in most emergency situations are thosethat are already struggling with hunger, health, and poverty. These populations willbe at great risk during a severe pandemic. In addition to these groups, many otherhouseholds are vulnerable to the impact of a severe pandemic because of the way itmay affect economic and social systems. Any household that has not taken necessaryactions to prepare for a severe pandemic will face greater difficulties in coping withthe impacts of spreading disease.In many countries food security is handled at the national level. However, during asevere pandemic, national governments may be overwhelmed and may be unable toprovide timely assistance to every municipality. The most important thing to do isstart planning for your municipality now, in the likely event that your municipalitywill have to become food self-sufficient for a period of time.Groups typically at risk inall emergenciesAdditional groups at risk ina pandemic People with limited or irregular income People who cannot build up emergencyreserves of money or food People in poor health (especiallymalnutrition, chronic disease, andcompromised immune systems) Those living with stigma (people livingwith HIV, prisoners and their families, thementally ill, the disabled) The isolated (living in a remote locationor having no social network) The homeless or internally displaced The elderly Those with little or no transportation Orphans and vulnerable children Those who rely on markets for themajority of food purchases (expertsbelieve that market systems may beseverely impacted) People without knowledge about how toprepare for a pandemic Those employed in occupations thatmay be severely impacted (tourism,restaurants, taxi drivers, etc.) People who rely on public transportationto get to job People who migrate for income CaregiversFor more information, see Tool 8, Classification of Food Security Risk Locations andTool 9, Identification of People Most at Risk of Food Insecurity.THE SUCCESS OFMUNICIPAL EFFORTS TOENSURE FOOD SECURITYCOULD HINGE ON THREEIMPORTANT FACTORS: The degree to which thepublic is informed about thenecessity of household andcommunity preparedness The capacity of public andprivate agencies to organizeand provide basic servicesand needed assistance understressful circumstances The degree to which massconfusion, civil disorder, andconflicts over resourcesdisrupt or complicateresponse effortsWHY SHOULD MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIESTAKE ACTIONS TO PROTECT FOOD SECURITYRIGHT NOW?Municipalities can help reduce possible food emergencies by paying close attentionto what is happening at the local level in terms of food security. Building communityresilience is key to surviving disasters. The way to build resilience is to communicate, plan,prepare, and invest time and money long before a disaster is present in your municipality.Your immediate actions can help reduce the negative impact that a pandemic, or otheremergency, may have on the food security of your municipality because:Municipal leaders will want to take the necessary steps to: Work with national governments and private sector providers to secure essentialfood stocks (food availability) during successive periods (waves) of 6–12 weekswhen normal supplies of food may be disrupted.REMEMBER!Effective public messages aboutlocal food availability will becritical during a pandemicto provide credibility to “donot flee” messages. For moreinformation, see Tool 12,Fundamentals of CommunicationDuring Crises and Emergencies. Ensure that the population can obtain the food they need (food access), especiallythe most vulnerable individuals (infants, young children and women, elderlypeople, homeless people, people living with HIV/AIDS and other chronic illness,disabled people, and homebound individuals). Educate the public about the necessity of increased hygiene, nutrition, and safefood and water storage. Work with national and regional governments to reducemalnutrition and other debilitating diseases so that people’s bodies can make thebest use of the foods they eat (food utilization).HOW CAN MUNICIPAL LEADERSHIP PROTECTFOOD SECURITY?A wide range of actions can support and protect food security in a pandemic. Most ofthese responses depend on early planning, which is why preparedness is so important.After considering a range of responses, the municipal leadership team shoulddetermine which actions best suit the local context. You may find that many of theseresponses are also appropriate after the pandemic, during the recovery period.The charts on the following pages describe conditions in a municipality that couldimpact food availability, food access, and food utilization. Each chart provides a menuof potential responses to consider based on the conditions of your municipality. Thechart also suggests the stage of the pandemic where these actions will be most helpful.The overall challenge forlocal leaders is to guaranteeenough nutritious food foreach community as well as fairdistribution of that food forseveral months at a time. Thismeans that after each wave, foodstocks need to be replenishedbefore the next wave arrives.Tools which offer more guidance on how to put these actions into place are listed inthe last box of each of the three charts (availability, access, and utilization). By the time you notice food shortages it may be too late to produce more foodlocally or to expect that national governments or international agencies can getfood to you in time. Transporting food to your communities will be difficult if transportation systemsbreak down. Even if you can get food to your communities, purchasing and stockpiling food toget through a 6–12 week pandemic wave will become very expensive if food pricesrise as expected.2LEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DOTOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC3
Conditions that Could Cause Food Availability Problems Educate the public about the critical need to prepare for food shortagesat the household level:- Promote stockpiling, home production, canning, and food preservationActions to Reduce Potential Food Availability ProblemsBefore pandemicEarly pandemicAfter pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicLEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DOTOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMIC Implement a price freeze on staple and nutritious food items that formimportant parts of local diets Facilitate low-cost credit arrangements with local shopkeepers, medicalfacilities, and those who provide funeral services Negotiate short-term debt relief programs (to preserve assets andcash reserves) Determine whether cash transfer programs are available throughregional or central government. If so, provide at-risk households withlinks to these programs Provide transportation support that allows producers to get products tomarket or community food warehouses Merchants and traders seeking higher profits may withhold availablefood until prices spike Due to economic disruptions, local shopkeepers may stop offeringcredit to customers Producers/distributors may not have the fuel or other means to getavailable harvests and livestock to central locationsDuring pandemicAfter pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicAfter pandemicDuring pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicThese are just a few examples. What else might work? For more information, see Tool 9, Identification of People Most at Risk of Food Insecurity;Tool 11, Distribution of Emergency Food During an Influenza Pandemic; and Tool 19, Recovery and Resilience. Initiate widespread public campaigns about the devastating consequences thathoarding can have on at-risk populations—specifically targeted at those whocan afford to buy extra, and merchants and traders who may speculate Determine whether to place purchase limitations on specific productslikely to be hoarded Those who are able to afford extra food may hoard more than theyneedDuring pandemic Distribute food to the most vulnerable residents in a way that minimizescontact between people when social distancing measures are in placeDuring pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicAfter pandemic Organize food voucher programs with local shopkeepers that allow at-riskhouseholds to obtain food in exchange for a voucher Organize fair price shops that sell basic items at controlled prices Provide food in exchange for assisting in key response areas duringa pandemic Deliver food and water to isolated households and individualsBefore pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicTimingof Support Encourage cooperative sharing/barter of food and resources (whilerespecting social distancing measures if in place) Accurately identify those most at riskActions to Reduce Potential Food Access Problems People who live alone may become too ill to physically get to amarket or food distribution site Food prices may drastically increase and make many food itemsunaffordable to those on limited incomes Shopkeeper bias during times of limited resources may result inpeople being turned away from markets because of their race,ethnicity, religion, political beliefs, or disability Households may have less money available to purchase food due to:- reduced income due to illness, care giving, or job loss- more money must be used to pay high medical fees or funeralexpensesConditions that Could Cause Food Access ProblemsPOTENTIAL FOOD SECURITY ISSUES AND ACTIONS DURING A PANDEMICTimingof Support Restrictions on transportation and disruptions in the markets mayquickly create shortage problems Increase household and community food production:- Distribute seeds, tools, and fertilizers for small rural farms andurban gardens- Provide local agricultural and livestock extension(technical assistance) servicesBefore pandemic Many communities (especially urban centers) rely on markets, withlimited home food production and/or processing Local production/harvests are insufficient to begin with People are not able to work because they are sick, which leads to lesslocal food production and smaller harvests Take an inventory of public and private storage facilities that could beused for emergency food stockpilingDuring pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicAfter pandemic Acquired food spoils due to improper storage Restrict the export of locally produced food crops that are necessary tofeed the population of the municipality Transport and stockpile basic, high-energy, and high-nutrient foods for thecommunity:- Contact central government representatives to find out about availabilityand location of national food stocks for emergencies and prepositioneddonations from national and international food aid agencies- Purchase extra stock from local and regional food suppliers and growers Request donations from local retailers A significant amount of food is committed for sale to other areasoutside the municipalityThese are just a few examples. What else might work? For more information, see Tool 11, Distribution of Emergency Food During an Influenza Pandemic, andTool 10, Household Food Security Preparedness.45
Agricultural producers and processors Commerce and industry employers Labor and farmer associations Humanitarian and development nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) National emergency management agencies Public works and water agencies Community leaders and teachers Food wholesalers and retail markets Transportation companies/associations Community-based and religious organizations Widespread illness: malnutrition, HIV, and other debilitating diseases Lack of food variety may prevent people from consumingessential micronutrients Power outages could impact safe food storage causing foodto spoil Service outages could affect the ability to properly cook food People may resort to using unsafe water sources if watershortages occur Lack of knowledge about hygiene, nutrition, sanitation, and properchild feeding practices Contaminated water may increase intestinal illnesses that willcontribute to malnutrition and dehydration; these illnesses will makeit more difficult for people to fight off the pandemic virusConditions that Could Cause Food Utilization ProblemsFood insecurity during an influenza pandemic is not a threat that stands separatefrom the sectors of health, family welfare, commerce, or governance and publicservices. Now that you have explored how a severe pandemic may impact each pillarof food security, it is time to examine why the protection of food security must beintegrated into all sectors. Key partners may include, but are not limited to,the following: Public security agenciesThe chart on the following page will help the municipal leadership team understandhow the potential problems that a municipality may face in a pandemic areinterconnected. It offers some main points to consider as the team begins to preparefor and meet the challenges of a pandemic. It also offers a menu of potential responsesto consider based on the conditions in the municipality.Following the comprehensive one-page chart are expanded sector-specific charts thatexplain what might happen if a municipality does not prepare for a severe pandemic,and actions that each sector can take to protect food security. Local geography,demographics, economic and social structures, as well as the severity of the virusin the region will determine the specific preparation and response actions mostappropriate for each community. Encourage households to grow fruits and vegetables to provide essentialmicronutrients Assure that municipality-acquired foods for community stockpiles willmeet the nutritional energy needs of your populations when they arecombined into food baskets for distribution Distribute vitamin supplements Implement contingency plan to maintain essential services such as water,power, and basic sanitation during a severe pandemic Distribute containers for proper water storage Educate households about the nutritional food requirements of short- ormedium-term emergencies like the pandemic Educate households about water treatment and storage Educate households about the need for increased hygieneBefore pandemicAfter pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicAfter pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicAfter pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicBefore pandemicEarly pandemicDuring pandemicAfter pandemicTiming ofSupport Work with national and regional governments to reduce malnutrition andother debilitating diseases so that people’s bodies can make the best useof the foods they eatActions to Reduce Potential Food Utilization Problems Health centers and hospitalsThese are just a few examples. What else might work? For more information, see Tool 16, Maintenance of Essential Services; Tool 11, Distribution of EmergencyFood During an Influenza Pandemic; and Tool 10, Household Food Security Preparedness.7TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMICLEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO6FOOD SECURITY IS AMULTISECTORAL CHALLENGE
High levels of anxietyand uncertaintyIncreased non-pandemic deathsdue to compromised healthcareservice delivery, shortages ofmedications, or malnutritionA need to provide most healthcarein homes or in the communityIncreased medical andfuneral expensesDehydration due to pandemicillness and/or water shortagesHealthcare facilities overwhelmedDisruption of local leadershipdue to death and illnessHigh rates of work absenteeism inall sectorsHigh levels of griefLarge numbers of sick anddying peopleConsequencesWhat might happen if localauthorities do not prepare beforethe pandemic virus arrivesResponsesActions that you can take to lessenthe impact once the pandemic virushas arrived in your municipalityDeliver food to isolated householdsEstablish small decentralizeddistribution centersPrioritize who gets food transfersEncourage community-basedhealthcare for sicker personsEncourage and support homebased healthcare for those able tobe cared for at homeImplement measures to limit thespread of the pandemic virusPreparednessWhat you can do before thepandemic virus arrives to reducedeath and sufferingNegotiate low-cost credit formedical and funeral expensesProvide training in mental healthand grief counselingEducate households about properwater treatment and storage andthe need for increased hygieneMake sure foods acquired foremergency distribution meetnutritional energy needsContinue health services for lifesaving non-pandemic careand diseasesTraining for home- and communitybased careAssess the expected health impactand your available resourcesProvide psychosocial support andgrief counselingConduct ongoing observation,monitoring, and treatment ofchild malnutritionMake direct food transfers tomedical facilitiesEncourage community-basedhealthcare for sicker persons fromwhom facility-based care is notavailable or for whom home care isnot possibleEncourage and support homebased healthcare for those able tobe cared for at homeImplement measures to limit thespread of the pandemic virusContinuously MonitorStay InformedCreate pandemic continuity ofoperations plan for health sectorResponsesActions that you can take to lessenthe impact once the pandemic virushas arrived in your municipalityPreparednessWhat you can do before thepandemic virus arrives to reducedeath and sufferingAcquire community food stockpilesfor later distributionIdentify the households most at riskof food insecurityProvide training in home andcommunity-based healthcareDevelop plan to prioritize careMedical supply stockpilingDevelop municipal health sector plansContinuously MonitorAPotential EventsWhat can happen if thepandemic arrives in full forceto the municipalitySURVIVING AN INFLUENZA PANDEMIC –UNDERSTAND WHAT CAN HAPPEN, BE PREPARED, AND TAKE ACTIONIncreased demand on clinic andhospital servicesHealth and Medical ServicesLarge numbers of sick anddying peopleShortages of medications and suppliesConsequencesWhat might happen if localauthorities do not prepare beforethe pandemic virus arrivesHigh levels of griefDisruptions in essential servicesresulting in diminished sanitation andshortages of clean water and foodPotential EventsWhat can happen if thepandemic arrives in fullforce to the municipalityHigh rates of workabsenteeism in all sectorsLimited or no household incomeLess cash available to buy essentialsImplement social distancingEncourage barter among householdsusing social distance measuresAssess all resourcesAllocate scarce resourcesImplement risk/crisis communicationto prevent public panic and conflictKeep government runningOrganize barter and fair trade shopsPlan to address gapsDevelop contingency plansReview national food security plansand resourcesCreate alternateemployment schemesIncrease household food stockpiling,production, preservationSocial disintegrationDisruptions in food delivery (import,export, and regional trading)Negative economic impacts onhouseholds and businessesRumors, misinformation, panicConflicts over public resourcesCreate business continuity plansNegative coping strategies used byhouseholds to obtain food or cashLess food available to eatTemporary family disabilityDecrease in householdfood production, cashearned, childcare,homemaking, andeducational activitiesRestrictions onmovements of people,goods, and servicesStrain on public servicesStay InformedFOOD SECURITY IN AN INFLUENZA PANDEMIC: A MULTISECTORAL CHALLENGESectorAHealth andMedicalServicesBFamilyWelfareand FoodSecurityCCommerce,Trade,and TravelDGovernanceand PublicServicesDevelop information andcommunication systems9TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMICLEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DO8
ResponsesActions that you can take to lessenthe impact once the pandemic virushas arrived in your municipalityCPreparednessWhat you can do before thepandemic virus arrives to reducedeath and sufferingLEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC: WHAT YOUR MUNICIPALITY CAN DOTOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMICCommerce, Trade, and TravelConsequencesWhat might happen if localauthorities do not prepare beforethe pandemic virus arrivesPrioritize who will receiveemergency food rationsWorkforce absenteeism leads tobreakdown of commerce andtrade that affects food, energy,business inputs and sales, banking,and medical suppliesLimitations on social gatheringand travel that affects schools,religious groups, public meetings,family visitationRestrictions on movements ofpeople, goods, and servicesPotential EventsWhat can happen if thepandemic arrives in full force tothe municipalityEconomic impacts on householdsand businesses such as inflation,rising unemployment, loss of landand leases, resulting in tenantsthat have nowhere to liveLarge quantities of refrigeratedfoods spoil due to power outagesFood spoilage in fields due todisrupted transportation systemsMerchant and trader speculationHoarding of food, fuel, and otherbasic necessitiesMarket closuresConsequencesWhat might happen if localauthorities do not prepare beforethe pandemic virus arrivesMandate a price freeze on stapleand nutritious food items that formimportant parts of local dietsDevelop a continuity of operations(COOP) planEncourage businesses and clientsto use the Internet and telephonefor transactionsProvide transportation support thatallows producers to get productsto markets or community stockpilesRestrict export of locallyproduced food crops that arenecessary to feed the populationof the municipalityDevelop alternate employment plansSet up fair trade and barter shopsIdentify temporary employmentopportunities in key sectors andprioritize public works projectsOrganize and initiate localpurchases of food stocks andessential goodsDetermine the status of supplychains for food, medical supplies,fuel, and other essential goodsEnforce social distancing measuresContinuously MonitorStay InformedAssess all resources and plan howyou will address gapsResponsesActions that you can take to lessenthe impact once the pandemic virushas arrived in your municipalityPreparednessWhat you can do before thepandemic virus arrives to reducedeath and sufferingSURVIVING AN INFLUENZA PANDEMIC –UNDERSTAND WHAT CAN HAPPEN, BE PREPARED, AND TAKE ACTIONSURVIVING AN INFLUENZA PANDEMIC –UNDERSTAND WHAT CAN HAPPEN, BE PREPARED, AND TAKE ACTIONPotential EventsWhat can happen if thepandemic arrives in full force tothe municipalityPrepare for food shortagesContinuously MonitorLimited or no household incomeDistribute food rations to atrisk households using smalldecentralized drop-off pointsEncourage barter amonghouseholds using socialdistancing measuresProvide home food delivery toisolated or ill householdsNegotiate debt relief andsuspensions on foreclosuresStay InformedTemporary family disabilityLess food available to eatIdentify households and regionsmost at risk of food insecurityEncourage households to increasefood production, preservation,and stockpilingDistribute short-cycle seeds,provide agricultural extensionservicesLess food produced in rural areasLess cash available tobuy essentialsHouseholds resort to negativecoping strategies to obtain foodor cash (e.g. sale of productiveassets, hoarding, theft)Hold community meetings to planfood sharingDecreased household foodproduction, cash earned,childcare, homemaking, andeducational activitiesDecreased participation in socialand political activitiesDecreased personal andbusiness transactionsForeclosure on debts and loansTake an inventory of available foodand crops in the municipalityEncourage households to save aportion of their wagesSocial disintegration collapse of social relationships emerging pockets of famine mass migrationAcquire community food stockpilesfor later distributionConstruct community andhousehold food storage facilities10BFamily Welfare and Food Security11
SOURCESD Department for International Development (DFID). 2000. Sustainable LivelihoodsGuidance Sheets. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. 2007. Globalfood security assessment guidelines. Geneva. Maxwell, Simon and Timothy Frankenberger. 1992. Household food security:Concepts, indicators, measurements. UNICEF/IFAD. Osterholm, Michael T. 2005. Preparing for the Next Pandemic. Foreign Affairs.84.(4). TANGO International. 2002. Household Livelihood Security Assessments – A Toolkitfor Practitioners. CARE USA, PLHS Unit. TANGO International. 2008. Emergency Food Security Assessment Handbook. WorldFood Programme. World Bank. 2005. Keeping Healthy in an Urban Environment. The Urban Poor inLatin America. Marianne Fay ed.Potential EventsWhat can happen if the pandemicarrives in full force to themunicipalityStrain on public servicesReduced capacity to provideservices such as police, justice,communications, water andsanitation, electricity,natural gas, transportationLoss of revenues from reducedcollection of fees and taxesConsequencesWhat might happen if localauthorities do not preparebefore the pandemic virusarrivesRumors, misinformation, panicConflicts over public resourcesReduction of basic privilegesand rightsPeople are excluded fromobtaining necessary survival itemsdue to bias or stigmaPreparednessWhat you can do before thepandemic virus arrives to reducedeath and sufferingResponsesActions that you can take to lessenthe impact once the pandemic virushas arrived in your municipalityProvide conflict resolution servicesusing community advocatesProvide security services tocommunity food warehousesand distribution centers, and tothe transportation services thatsupply themUse volunteer staff to makesure that basic goods and servicesare providedContinuously share updatedinformation about the municipality’sfood supply with the populationImplement effective crisis andemergency risk communication toprevent public panic and conflictKeep government runningContinuously MonitorDevelop information andcommunication mechanismsIdentify services that mustbe continued Train and organize volunteer staffto keep these services running inthe event that regular staff are illDevelop COOP plansStrengthen local expertise infood securityReview national food security plansand available resourcesStay InformedSURVIVING AN INFLUENZA PANDEMIC –UNDERSTAND WHAT CAN HAPPEN, BE PREPARED, AND TAKE ACTION TANGO International 2007. Ethiopia: The Path to Self-Resiliency. Prepared forCHF on behalf of CANGO. Tucson, AZ: TANGO International.Civil disorder, including riotsover unsatisfied demands, risein insurgent group activities,vandalism, armed attacksDevelop public awareness programsDevelop measures to ensure equalaccess to food and servicesConduct trainings for conflictresolution servicesEstablish procedures for communityinput and government transparency13TOOL 7: FOOD SECURITY IN A PANDEMICLEADERSHIP DURING A PANDEMIC:
the basic elements of food security and ways in which an influenza pandemic may impact it. You will also find measures that can be taken to prevent, alleviate, and respond to many of a pandemic's negative consequences on food security. WHAT IS FOOD SECURITY? Food security in a community depends on three main pillars: food availability
