Transcription
S. V.GuptaViscometryforLiquidsCalibration of Viscometers Springer
Contents1Flow1.11Through Capillary1Types of Flow1.1.1Turbulent Flow11.1.2Laminar Flow21.2Motion in Laminar Flow21.3Unit of Dynamic Viscosity31.4Rate of Flow in a4Capillary6Energy Correction1.4.1Kinetic1.4.2End Correction101.5Units of Kinematic Viscosity101.6Corrections to C Due to Various Parameters111.6.1Correction Due n Due to ThermalExpansion12of Viscometer Bulb1.6.4to C Due toCorrectionofDifferent Temperatures13and UseLoading1.6.5Correction1.6.6Temperature CorrectiontoC Due toChangetoKinematicKinematic2.1Viscosity ty.17References2in Surface TensionScale19System212.3.1At Level 1212.3.2At Level II212.3.3At Level III21Equipment Required212.4.1Master mer26ix
Contentsx2.52.4.5Cleaning Agents272.4.6StandardLiquids2727Detailed Procedure2.5.1Calibration of Master Viscometers272.5.2Calibration of Second Viscometer with Water292.5.3Determination of Viscosity of Oil(Measurement302.5.5Corrections and Calculation of KinematicViscosity2.729 C)Measurement with Second Viscometer2.5.62.6at 402.5.431at 40 C34Calculation of Kinematic ViscosityStandards Maintained at NPLI352.6.1Viscometers352.6.2Standard Oils35Propagation of UncertaintytheViscosityinEstablishing36Scalein the nth2.7.2Expression for UncertaintyPlanning for Uncertainty2.7.3Correction Due to Different2.7.1Step40Measuring42and Stated2.7.4336TemperaturesUncertainty in the Value of Viscosity ofWater42References43Capillary Viscometers453.1Broad Classification3.2Three3.2.13.33.4Groups4546of Viscometers46Modified Ostwald Viscometers46Level Viscometers3.2.2Suspended3.2.3Reverse Flow Viscometers4647Modified Ostwald Viscometers3.3.1Cannon Fenske Routine Viscometers473.3.2Zeitfuchs Viscometers473.3.3SEL BS/U-Tube Viscometer533.3.6Miniature Viscometers BS/U-Tube or BS/U/M553.3.7Pinkevitch dthe57TimeSample upto theTimingMarkLevel Viscometers60603.4.1Ubbelohde Viscometers603.4.2Cannon Ubbelohde Viscometer623.4.3Cannon-Ubbelohde Semi-Micro Viscometer643.4.4BS/IP/SL (S) Viscometer663.4.5BS/IP/MSL Viscometer66
xlContents3.53.63.4.6Fitz-Simons Viscometer693.4.7Atlantic Viscometer713.4.8Equilibrium71Reverse Flow Viscometers3.5.1Zeitfuchs Cross-Arm Viscometer713.5.2Cannon-Fenske Viscometer743.5.3Lantz-Zeitfuchs Viscometer743.5.4BS/IP/RF U-Tube Reverse Flow763.5.5Equilibrium3.5.6Flow ofTime79Sample Through CapillarySamplesFor All3.6.1471TimeSample for Charging Viscometers798080References80Rotational and Other Types of Viscometers814.1Introduction814.2Rotational Viscometers814.2.1824.2.24.3Cylinders ViscometersConcentric Spheres ViscometerRotating4.2.4Cone and Plate ViscometerFallingBall/Piston Viscometers87Ball Viscometer89Piston Viscometer90FallingFalling91Rolling Ball ViscometerMeasurement with4.5Torsion Viscometer4.6Oscillating4.7MichellRollingBall ViscometerPiston ViscometerCup and Ball e of Small GapViscometers for Specific Field4.8.2Results4.9.1Redwood Viscometer4.9.2Redwood No 2 cometer4.2.54.3.24.88484Disc Viscometer4.2.34.3.14.4Coaxial4.9.4Saybolt Universal ViscometerSaybolt Furol Viscometer4.9.5EnglerViscometerBubble ViscometerReferences959596969698100102103105105
xii5ContentsOscillating Viscometers5.1Oscillating Viscometers1075.2Damped Oscillations1085.3Measurement of 5 and TLogarithmic5.3.2Logarithmic Decrement by Time MeasurementLogarithmic Decrement by Time Measurement110Between Two Fixed Points1125.4.25.65.7Linear Measurement113CircularRightSphereas anCylinderOscillating BodyOscillating BodyasViscometer Used byand Oye1155.6.1TorklepSupport System5.6.2Torsion Pendulum5.6.3Torsion Wire1165.6.4Cross-Sectional View of the Viscometer1185.6.5Oscillation Initiator1185.6.6Measurement of 5 and T1185.6.7Calculation of119Viscometer UsedOriginal116Viscosityby Kestin and Shankland119Viscometer due to Kestin et alViscometer UsedSample116byBerstad et alContainer and120122TemperatureControl122NBS Torsion Pendulum1235.9.1Torsion Pendulum1235.9.2Torsion Viscometer124Theoryfor Calculations ofViscosity6.1Tuning-Fork6.2Ultrasonic Viscometer6.2.16.2.2131136New Trends in .9.361095.5.15.8.15.9byViscometer Used by Roscoe and Bainbridge5.7.15.8DecrementViscosity gitudinal Waves and AcousticImpedance of FluidShear Waves and Shear Impedance of Fluid137137138139139Ultrasonic Plate Waves Viscometer1416.3.1Device iscosity by Love Waves1476.4.1Oudine of the Device1486.4.2Advantages of Micro-Acoustic DeviceSensitivity of Love Wave Device1486.4.3149
Contents6.5Piezoelectric ResonatorChange in Frequency6.5.26.5.3Change in Frequency VersusImpedance Versus Viscosity6.5.4Piezoelectric Resonator in Biochemical Reactions1526.5.5Quartz Microbalance1526.5.6Piezoelectric Resonatorand6.6VersusasChange inViscosityMassDensity153Viscosity multaneous Determination of DensityOpticalViscosity158Fibre Viscometer159Introduction1596.7.2ofa PartiallyFrequency ChangeExperimental ArrangementVibrating Wire ViscometerImmersed cro-Cantilevers forand6.71516.5.1160161164References164Commercial Viscometers1717.1Introduction1717.2Cambridge Viscometers1717.2.1Range of Products1727.2.2Viscolab 3000 and Viscopro 80001727.2.3Various Other Viscometers1727.37.4HAAKE Viscometer1727.3.1Range of Products1737.3.2Rotational Viscometers1737.3.3Haake Viscotesters 6 Plus and 7 Plus7.6Ball Viscometer174Falling7.3.5Haake MicroVisco 21767.3.6Version "L"177or"R"?175Anton Paar Viscometers1777.4.1Anton Paar Inline Viscometers1787.4.2Stabinger ViscometersRolling Ball Viscometers Lovis 2000 M/ME1787.4.37.5(Features)7.3.4178A&D Viscometers1797.5.1Tuning1797.5.2A&D ViscometersFork Vibration Viscometer179Brookfield Viscometers1807.6.1Rotating Viscometers1817.6.2Falling7.6.3Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometers7.6.4HighBall ViscometersShear CAP1000 181182184
Contentsxiv7.7KU-2 Viscometer7.6.6Process Viscometers185185Cannon Viscometers185Capillary Viscometers7.7.1Master7.7.2Viscometers Used in7.7.3Cannon 2000 Series Viscometers1867.7.4SmallMicroSampleSample Viscometer1897.7.5Pressure s Viscometer Controller190Digital Viscometer190List Manufacturers/Dealers of iscosity Through CapillaryasPrimaryStandard ofViscosityHowCapillary8.3.2Work of SwindellsFlowViscosity by Oscillatinget199alViscometers2088.4.1Work of Roscoe and Bainbridge2088.4.2Work of Torklep and2138.4.3Work of -ShanklandKestin and Shankland2168.4.4Work of Berstad et al219OyeConsolidation of Various Viscosity Values8.5.28.5.3Mean Value at 20 C8.5.4Dynamic, Kinematic Viscosity of Waterat Various Temperatureson223ITS 90 ScaleViscosity224225225A: StandardsC:221222Temperature DependencePressure DependencePertainingtoViscosityAppendix B: Standard Oils (An Example)andDensityof Standard OilsE: Coefficients ofViscosity227231233237Appendix D: Buoyancy x197198of Water8.3.18.5.1Appendix190List of Indian Manufacturers and Dealers of ViscometerViscosity of Water8.51897.7.7and Related8.41867.7.67.7.87.881847.6.5of Some Standard Oils239
ContentsxvAppendix F: Equivalent ViscositiesAppendixIndexG: Moment of Inertiaat 100 F241243253
Contents xl 3.4.6 Fitz-Simons Viscometer 69 3.4.7 Atlantic Viscometer 71 3.4.8 EquilibriumTime 71 3.5 ReverseFlowViscometers 71 3.5.1 Zeitfuchs Cross-Arm Viscometer 71 3.5.2 Cannon-Fenske Viscometer 74 3.5.3 Lantz-Zeitfuchs Viscometer 74 3.5.4 BS/IP/RF U-TubeReverse Flow 76 3.5.5 EquilibriumTime 79 3.5.6 FlowofSampleThroughCapillary 79 3.6 For All Samples 80 3.6.1 Samplefor ChargingViscometers 80
