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Technical MemorandumTo:South Carolina Department of Natural Resources (DNR)South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC)From:CDM SmithDate:January 2016 (Final)Subject:Methodology for Unimpaired Flow DevelopmentBroad River Basin, South Carolina (Prepared as part of the South CarolinaSurface Water Quantity Modeling Program)1.0 Background and Objectives for Unimpaired FlowsUnimpaired Flow (UIF) describes the natural hydrology of a river basin. UIFs quantify streamflowthroughout a river basin in the absence of human intervention in the river channel, such as storage,withdrawals, discharges, and return flows. From this basis, modeling and decision making can becompared with pristine conditions. This memorandum explains the methods that will be employedto develop UIFs for South Carolina’s Broad River Basin. It describes data needs, methods for fillingdata gaps, and issues specific to the Broad River basin. Once developed, UIFs will be input to theSimplified Water Allocation Model (SWAM) to evaluate surface water hydrology and operationsthroughout the basin. The UIFs for the Broad River Basin will extend from 1925-2013.UIFs will serve two purposes:UIFs will be the fundamental input to the model at headwater nodes and tributary nodesupstream of historic management activity, representing naturally occurring water in theriverways. Current and future management practices such as storage, withdrawals, anddischarges will be superimposed on the UIFs.UIFs will provide a comparative basis for model results. The impacts of current and futuremanagement practices on flow throughout the river network can be compared to the naturalconditions represented by the UIFs, and decisions about relative impacts can be wellinformed.UIFs are defined as the addition and subtraction of management impacts on measured, impactedflows. UIFs will be calculated on a daily timestep using Equation 1:
Methodology for Unimpaired Flow Development – Broad River BasinJanuary 2016 (Final)Page 2Unimpaired Flow Measured Gage Flow River Withdrawals Reservoir Withdrawals –Discharge to Reservoirs – Return Flow Reservoir Surface Evaporation – Reservoir SurfacePrecipitation Upstream change in Reservoir Storage Runoff from previously unsubmerged area(Equation 1)Where reservoirs with large surface areas exist upstream of streamflow gages, UIFs will account forrunoff that would have occurred on land that was submerged by reservoirs at the time ofstreamflow readings. Direct precipitation on the reservoir surface will be replaced by this estimatein Equation 1.2.0 Overview of the Broad BasinThe Broad River basin covers 5,330 square miles, 3,790 of which falls within South Carolina.Covering 12 percent of the land area of the state, it lies primarily within the Piedmontphysiographic province, with edges in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain (Figure 2-1). The basin’smajor watercourse, the Broad River, originates in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina, flowssouth-southeastwardly for 60 miles before crossing the state line, and flows another 100 milesbefore joining the Saluda River to form the Congaree River near Columbia. (Figure 2-2). Majortributaries include the Pacolet River, Tyger River, Enoree River, and Little River.Twenty-six active Unites States Geological Survey (USGS) gaging stations monitor streamflow in thebasin, including seven on the Broad River, seven on major branches, and twelve on smallertributaries. While the Broad River station at Alston (USGS 02161000) offers the earliest period ofrecord beginning in 1896, this gage stopped recording in 1907 and the next earliest gage recorddoes not appear until 1925 at the Broad River station at Richtex (USGS 02161500). As a result ofthis gap, the Richtex station serves as the starting date for record extension. The Pacolet Riverstation near Fingerville (USGS 02155500) offers the longest, uninterrupted period of record,beginning in 1929. Average annual streamflow1 in the Broad River varies from 1,680 cubic feet persecond (cfs) near Blacksburg (USGS 02153200) to 4,240 cfs near Alston (USGS 02161000). Theupper region’s higher annual precipitation results in well-sustained and moderately variablestreamflow. With downstream progression, rainfall and baseflow decrease and streamflowvariability increases. Multiple hydroelectric and municipal water-supply reservoirs affectstreamflow not only on the Broad River along its entire length, but also major tributaries.Chapter 6 of The South Carolina State Water Assessment (SCDNR, 2009) describes the basin’ssurface water and groundwater hydrology and hydrogeology, water development and use, andwater quality. A summary is also provided in An Overview of the Eight Major River Basins of SouthCarolina (SCDNR, 2013).1Restricted to overlapping calendar years of 1998-2013 between the two gages.
North CarolinaBlue Ridge er CoastalPlainEdistoSanteeSalkehatchieLegendLower CoastalPlainBroad River BasinOther River BasinsPhysiographic Province Boundaries0204080MilesEsri, DeLorme, GEBCO, NOAA NGDC, and other contributorsFigure 2-1South Carolina's Broad River Basin and Other Major River Basins
TAININNTygerRGRAYCOURTi v erAndersonLaurensLOWRYSUNIONBroadEn ershawMajor RiversiveBroadDarlingtonMajor GROVESHARONLitt e envilleGROVERCHESNEESumterFlorenceCounty BoundaryBroad River BasinEsri, DeLorme, GEBCO, NOAA NGDC, and other contributorsClarendonFigure 2-2: Broad River Basin Counties and Municipalities
Methodology for Unimpaired Flow Development – Broad River BasinJanuary 2016 (Final)Page 53.0 Water Users and Dischargers in the Broad BasinThe South Carolina DHEC has provided information and data regarding current (active) and former(inactive) water users and dischargers throughout the state. Currently permitted or registeredwater users in the Broad basin are listed in Table 3-1. Former users are listed in Table 3-2.Withdrawal locations of current and former water users are shown in Figure 3-1 (municipal watersupply, industrial, and mining), Figure 3-2 (nuclear and hydroelectric), and Figure 3-3 (agricultureand golf courses). Individual withdrawals less than 3 million gallons per month (mg/m) willgenerally not be included in UIF calculations or in water quantity modeling; however, someaggregation of withdrawals that are less than 3 mg/m on a particular reach may occur, and thecombined amount included. In other instances, withdrawals that average less than 3 mg/mannually, but are seasonally higher than 3 mg/m may be included.Current and former wastewater dischargers are listed in Tables 3-3 and 3-4, respectively, basedon National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit information. Dischargelocations of current and former discharges are shown in Figure 3-4. Only discharges that typicallyaverage over 3 mg/m are listed in the tables and shown on Figure 3-4. Discharges that averagedless than 3 mg/m will generally not be considered when performing UIF calculations, except whenthe cumulative discharge amount from facilities located on the same tributary or portion of themainstem are deemed significant.Table 3-1. Currently Permitted or Registered Water Users in the Broad BasinIntake IDFacility NameWithdrawal TributaryGolf Course 75S0144IN003S0142MI001S01FOX RUN COUNTRY CLUBHOLLY TREE COUNTY CLUBPEBBLE CREEK GOLF CLUBPEBBLE CREEK GOLF CLUBPEBBLE CREEK GOLF CLUBMUSGROVE MILL GOLF CLUBMID CAROLINA GOLF CLUBTHE COUNTRY CLUB OF SPARTANBURGCAROLINA COUNTRY CLUBWILLOW CREEK GOLF CLUBLINKS O'TRYONIndustrial and Mining UsersMILLIKEN - MAGNOLIA PLANTCHEMTRADECHEMTRADEREFLECTIVE RECYCLING LLCCARLISLE FINISHING LLCVULCAN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALSDurbin CreekGilder CreekMountain CreekMountain CreekMountain CreekEnoree RiverCrimms CreekLawsons Fork CreekFairforest CreekEnoree RiverSouth Pacolet RiverBroad RiverBroad RiverBroad RiverPacolet RiverBroad RiverPacolet River
Methodology for Unimpaired Flow Development – Broad River BasinJanuary 2016 (Final)Page 6Intake ID42MI001S02Facility 2S03VULCAN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALSHydroelectric and Nuclear UsersDUKE ENERGY GASTON SHOALS PEAKING HYDRODUKE ENERGY NINETY-NINE ISLANDS PEAKINGHYDROSCE&G FAIRFIELD PUMP STORAGESCE&G PARRSIMMS HYDROLOCKHART POWER CO PACOLET HYDRO (LOWER)LOCKHART POWER CO PACOLET HYDRO (UPPER)SCE&G NEAL SHOALS HYDROLOCKHART POWER CO LOCKHART HYDROLOCKHART POWER CO (MINIMUM FLOW UNIT)SCE&G - V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATIONSCE&G - V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATIONDrinking Water UsersGAFFNEY WTPGAFFNEY WTPTOWN OF WINNSBORO WTPTOWN OF WINNSBORO WTPTOWN OF WINNSBORO WTPGREER CPW - WATER TREATMENT PLANTCITY OF CLINTON WTPCITY OF CLINTON WTPTOWN OF WHITMIRE WTPTOWN OF WHITMIRE WTPCITY OF COLUMBIA - CANAL WATER PLANTINMAN CAMPOBELLO N SPARTANBURG PROJECT #1SPARTANBURG CPWWOODRUFF-ROEBUCK WTPWOODRUFF-ROEBUCK WTPCITY OF LANDRUM (SPARTANBURG CPW)CITY OF LANDRUM (SPARTANBURG CPW)SJWD MIDDLE TYGER WTPSJWD MIDDLE TYGER WTPSJWD MIDDLE TYGER WTP42WS014S0144WS001S01SPARTANBURG CPWCITY OF UNION S0220PN001S0120PN001S02Withdrawal TributaryPacolet RiverGaston Shoals Lake (Broad River)Ninety-Nine Islands Res. (BroadRiver)Parr Shoals Reservoir (Broad River)Parr Shoals Reservoir (Broad River)Lake Bowen (Pacolet River)Pacolet RiverPacolet RiverNeal Shoals Res. (Broad River)Broad RiverBroad RiverMonticello ReservoirMonticello ReservoirLake Welchel (Cherokee Creek)Gaston Shoals Lake (Broad River)Sand CreekMill CreekBroad RiverLake Cunningham (S. Tyger River)Enoree RiverDuncan CreekEnoree RiverDuncan CreekBroad RiverNorth Pacolet RiverLake Blalock (Pacolet River)North Tyger RiverSouth Tyger RiverVaughn CreekVaughn CreekMiddle Tyger RiverNorth Tyger RiverLake Cooley (Jordan Creek)Lake Bowen/Reservoir #1 (SouthPacolet River)Broad River
Methodology for Unimpaired Flow Development – Broad River BasinJanuary 2016 (Final)Page 7Intake ID46WS002S01Facility NameCITY OF YORK WTPWithdrawal TributaryTurkey CreekAgricultural 26S0342IR026S0442IR026S05FISHER BROTHERS FARMSHYDER AUSTIN FARMS INCHYDER AUSTIN FARMS INCHYDER AUSTIN FARMS INCHYDER AUSTIN FARMS INCFISHERS ORCHARDLEWIS NURSERY & FARMGILBERTS NURSERY INCGILBERTS NURSERY INCGILBERTS NURSERY INCGILBERTS NURSERY INCGILBERTS NURSERY INCMiddle Tyger RiverSouth Pacolet RiverMiddle Tyger RiverSouth Pacolet RiverMiddle Tyger RiverEnoree RiverTyger RiverNorth Pacolet RiverNorth Pacolet RiverNorth Pacolet RiverNorth Pacolet RiverNorth Pacolet RiverTable 3-2. Formerly Permitted or Registered Water Users in the Broad BasinIntake 01Facility NameIndustrial and Mining UsersJPS AUTOMOTIVE TAYLORS PLANT 2W R GRACE & CO KEARNEY MILLW R GRACE & CO KEARNEY MILLCLINTON MILLS INCSJWD WATER DISTRICT WATER TREATMENT PLTSJWD WATER DISTRICT WATER TREATMENT PLTSJWD WATER DISTRICT WATER TREATMENT PLTMAYFAIR MILLS BAILY PLANTDRAKE EXTRUSION INCMILLIKEN & CO LOCKHART MILLDrinking Water UsersBLACKSBURG TOWN OFWINNSBORO TOWN OFWARE SHOALS TOWN OFJONESVILLE TOWN OFCONE MILLS CORPORATION/CARLISLE FINISHING PLANTWithdrawal TributaryEnoree RiverEnoree RiverEnoree RiverDuncan CreekMiddle Tyger RiverMiddle Tyger RiverMiddle Tyger RiverFairforest CreekFairforest CreekBroad RiverKings CreekSand CreekSouth Tyger RiverPacolet RiverBroad River
Methodology for Unimpaired Flow Development – Broad River BasinJanuary 2016 (Final)Page 8Table 3-3. Currently Permitted NPDES Discharges in the Broad Basin (Average Discharge 3 mg/m)Associated SurfaceNPDES Pipe IDFacility NameDischarge TributaryWater PermitSC0047244-001 UNION/TOSCH'S CREEK WWTPFairforest Creek44WS001SCG646042CITY OF UNION WTPBroad River44WS001SC0024988-001 JONESVILLE, TOWN OFPacolet River44WS001SC0001368-001 CONE MILLS CORP/CARLISLE PLANTBroad River44IN003SC0042668-001 SSSD/CLIFTON WWTPPacolet River42WS014/ 42WS004SC0045624-001 SSSD/COWPENS-PACOLET RIVERPacolet River42WS014/ 42WS004SC0044717-001 SSSD/PACOLET MILLS WWTPPacolet River42WS014/ 42WS004SC0020435-001 SSSD/FAIRFOREST PLANTFairforest Creek42WS014SC0020435-002 SSSD/FAIRFOREST PLANTPacolet River42WS014SCG646049SIMMS WTPPacolet River42WS014SC0048143-001 SSSD/LOWER N TYGER RIVER WWTPNorth Tyger River42WS014/ 42WS012SC0026875-001 SSSD/PAGE CREEK WWTPNorth Pacolet River42WS008SCG64500SWS LANDRUM WTPVaughn Creek42WS008SC0045802-001 WOODRUFF/ENOREE RIVEREnoree River42WS005AURIGA POLYMERSSC0002798-002 INC./SPARTANBURGPacolet River42WS004SC0021601-001 INMAN, CITY OFLawsons Fork Creek42WS001SC0003581-001 MILLIKEN/DEWEY PLANTLawsons Fork Creek42WS001VULCAN MATERIALS - PACOLETSCG730293QuarryPacolet River42MI001SC0049174-002 REFLECTIVE RECYCLING OF SC LLCPacolet River42IN075SC0022390-001 WHITMIRE, TOWN OFDuncan Creek36WS003SC0046345-001 GREER/MAPLE CREEK PLANTSouth Tyger River23WS004/ 42WS012SC0047732-001 SSSD/S. TYGER RV REGIONAL WWTPSouth Tyger River42WS012SCG646023SJWD WTPMiddle Tyger River42WS012SC0021300-001 LYMAN, CITY OFMiddle Tyger River42WS012SC0026565-001 UNITED UTILS/N GREENVILLE COLLSouth Tyger River23WS004SC0030856-001 SCE&G/V C SUMMER NUCLEAR STAT Monticello Reservoir20PN001Parr Shoals ReservoirSC0030856-002 SCE&G/V C SUMMER NUCLEAR STAT (Broad River)20PN001SC0030856-007 SCE&G/V C SUMMER NUCLEAR STAT Monticello Reservoir20PN001SC0030856-008 SCE&G/V C SUMMER NUCLEAR STAT Monticello Reservoir20PN001SC0030856-014 SCE&G/V C SUMMER NUCLEAR STAT Monticello Reservoir20PN001SC0022756-001 CHEMTRADE PERF CHEMICALS/LEEDS Broad River12IN002SC0047457-001 BLACKSBURG/CANOE CREEK (NEW)Broad River11WS001SC0031551-001 GAFFNEY/CLARY WWTFThicketty Creek11WS001Ninety-Nine IslandsSC0047091-001 GAFFNEY/PEOPLES CRK-BROAD RVRRes. (Broad River)11WS001
Methodology for Unimpaired Flow Development – Broad River BasinJanuary 2016 (Final)Page 9NPDES Pipe 040525-001Facility NameWINNSBORO/JACKSON CREEK PLANTRIDGEWAY, TOWN OFCHESNEE WWTFGE/GAS TURBINE MFG OPERATIONLOCKHART TREATMENT FACILITYMIDLAND CAPITAL LLC/MOOREPLANTSC DEPT CORR/TYGER RIVER CORRECHESTER/SANDY RIVER WWTFReWa/DURBIN CREEKReWa/GILDER CREEKReWa/PELHAM WWTFRICHLAND CO/BROAD RIVER WWTFCHAPIN, TOWN OFReWa/PELHAM WWTFReWa/DURBIN CREEKReWa/GILDER CREEKDischarge TributaryJackson CreekTrib to Cedar CreekBuck CreekEnoree RiverBroad RiverAssociated SurfaceWater Permit20WS00120WS001none23IN058GnoneSouth Tyger RiverTyger RiverSandy RiverDurbin CreekEnoree RiverEnoree RiverBroad RiverBroad RiverEnoree RiverDurbin CreekEnoree 0223WS00223WS00223WS002Table 3-4. Formerly Permitted NPDES Discharges in the Broad Basin (Average Discharge 3 mg/m)NPDES Pipe IDFacility NameDischarge TributarySC0026042-001BLACKSBURG/CANOE CREEKBroad RiverSC0040703-001CHEVRON USA/CAMP CROFTLawsons Fork CreekSC0024414-001CITY OF INMAN/LAWSONS FORK CREEKLawsons Fork CreekSC0035947-001COKER WAREHOUSE GAFFNEYBroad RiverSC0021008-001DUNCAN WWTFSouth Tyger RiverSC0020478-001GAFFNEY/PEOPLES CREEKBroad RiverSC0020508-001GAFFNEY/PROVIDENCE CREEKCherokee CreekSC0020761-001GREER/MAPLE CREEK PLANTMaple CreekSC0020770-001GREER/S. TYGER RIVER PLANTSouth Tyger RiverSC0001791-001HOECHST CELANESE/GREEREnoree RiverSC0048178-001I-85 DISTRIBUTION CENTER SITEFairforest CreekSC0002411-002ISG PACOLET FACILITYPacolet RiverSC0002411-003ISG PACOLET FACILITYPacolet RiverSC0002411-02AISG PACOLET FACILITYPacolet RiverSC0003182-001MILLIKEN/MAGNOLIA FINISHING PLANTBroad RiverSC0023540-001MILLIKEN/NEW PROSPECT MILLNorth Pacolet RiverSC0035157-001ONEITA INDUSTRIES/FINGERVILLENorth Pacolet RiverSC0036102-001R R DONNELLEY AND SONS COPacolet RiverSC0030856-002SCE&G/V C SUMMER NUCLEAR STATBroad River
Methodology for Unimpaired Flow Development – Broad River BasinJanuary 2016 (Final)Page 10NPDES Pipe 1172-001SC0024309-001Facility NameSPARTAN MILLS/BEAUMONT PLANTSPARTAN MILLS/SPARTAN PLANTSPARTAN MILLS/STARTEX MILLSPARTAN MILLS/STARTEX MILLSSSD/HILLBROOK FOREST SDSSSD/LAWSON FORK PLANTSSSD/N TYGER RIVER WWTPSSSD/PAGE CREEK WWTPTIMKEN COMPANY/GAFFNEY BEARINGUNION/BELTLINE PLANTUNION/MENG CREEK (NEW)UNION/TOSCHS CREEK PLANTWCRSA/TAYLORS AREA PLANTDischarge TributaryLawsons Fork CreekFairforest CreekMiddle Tyger RiverMiddle Tyger RiverPacolet RiverLawsons Fork CreekNorth Tyger RiverNorth Pacolet RiverThicketty CreekTyger CreekBroad RiverFairforest CreekEnoree River4.0 UIF Methodology4.1 UIF Process DiagramFigure 4-1 illustrates the general UIF development process as a guiding approach. The processinvolves adding and subtracting known historical management practices from measuredstreamflow records, and extending records of flow and flow management over periods for whichdata are not available. In doing so, the impacts of human intervention on the flow in the river can beremoved from the historical flow estimates. Water is added to existing streamflow estimates toaccount for historic withdrawals and subtracted out to account for historic discharges, and thetiming of flows is adjusted to account for impoundment of rivers.The overarching process can be described in four steps:Step 1: UIFs for USGS Gages for their Individual Periods of Record: This step“naturalizes” measured daily flow values at each USGS gage in the basin for its individualperiod of record only, by adding and subtracting known or estimated withdrawals,discharges, and effects of impoundment. See Section 4.5.1 for details. It includes syntheticextension of operational records (withdrawals, discharges, and reservoir operations) wheredata records are not available.Step 2: Extension of UIFs for the USGS Gages Throughout the Basin Period of Record:This step applies statistical techniques to extend or fill unimpaired flow estimates over auniform period throughout the entire basin, defined by the USGS gage that extends furthestback in time. (See Section 4.5.2 for details)
MAYFAIR MILLS BAILY PLANTINMAN CAMPOBELLO N SPARTANBURG PROJECT #1GAFFNEY WTP!!""))"))") "")!SJWD WATER DISTRICTWATER TREATMENT PLT")!MILLIKEN - MAGNOLIA PLANTGAFFNEY WTPBLACKSBURG TOWN OF!SPARTANBURG CPWDRAKE EXTRUSION INC!! "S!")")!!")JPS AUTOMOTIVETAYLORS PLANT 2"!")S"S")!GREER CPW - WATERTREATMENT PLANT!")S""SCITY OF YORK WTP!!""))JONESVILLE TOWN OF"SSJWD MIDDLE TYGER WTPMILLIKEN & CO LOCKHART MILL"S!")")!!")!")!")")WINNSBORO TOWN OF")"SCITY OF UNION WTPTOWN OF WHITMIRE WTP")Industrial")Mining")Drinking Water"SFormer Industrial"SFormer Drinking Water!!TOWN OF WINNSBORO WTP!"SSurface Water Permits")")!REFLECTIVE RECYCLING LLCVULCAN CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS LPCITY OF CLINTON WTPCLINTON MILLS INC)")"")S!!WOODRUFF-ROEBUCK WTPW R GRACE & CO KEARNEY MILLLegendCHEMTRADECARLISLE FINISHING LLCCARLISLE FINISHING!"S"SMajor Rivers!")BroadMajor Branch01020TOWN OF WINNSBORO WTPCITY OF COLUMBIA - CANAL WATER PLANT40MilesPrimary!")SecondaryBroad River BasinEsri, DeLorme, GEBCO, NOAA NGDC, and other contributorsFigure 3-1: Current and Former Municipal, Industrial, and Mining Surface Water Users
Spartanburg Municipal Reservoir #1Lake H. TaylorBlalockLake William C. BowenSIMMS HYDROGaston Shoals LakeDUKE ENERGY GASTON SHOALS PEAKING HYDROLake Whelchel! ! !!Lake John A. Robinson!!!Ninety-Nine Islands Lake!DUKE ENERGY NINETY-NINE ISLANDS PEAKING HYDRO!Lyman Lake !!!!P a coleLake CunninghamLOCKHART POWER CO PACOLET HYDRO (UPPER)LOCKHART POWER CO PACOLET HYDRO (LOWER)!!tR ive rLOCKHART POWER CO(MINIMUM FLOW UNIT)LOCKHART POWER COLOCKHART HYDRO !!Lake Cooleyi ver!e e RivSCE&G NEAL SHOALS HYDRO!EnorNeal Shoal Reservoir RTy gererMonticello Recreation Lake!Little!!102040MilesMonticello ReservoirerParr ShoalsivRiverRSCE&G FAIRFIELD PUMP STORAGELegendSurface Water Permits! ")")! B road0 ")Nuclear HydroelectricMajor RiversBroadMajor BranchPrimarySCE&G PARRSecondaryBroad River BasinEsri, DeLorme, GEBCO, NOAA NGDC, and other contributorsFigure 3-2: Current Nuclear and Hydroelectric Power Surface Water Users
HYDER AUSTIN FARMS INC!LINKS O'TRYON&!&HYDER AUSTIN!!"!&)&FARMS INC!!!!!FISHER BROTHERSFARMS GILBERTS NURSERY INC&&-&!!cole!")R ive r")!")!Ty geri verRFOX RUN COUNTRY CLUBTHE COUNTRY CLUB OF SPARTANBURGCAROLINA COUNTRY CLUB") Enoree River&!"!)!HOLLY TREE COUNTY CLUBWILLOW CREEK GOLF CLUB!PEBBLE CREEKGOLF CLUBFISHER BROTHER FARMSPa")&t! !")")!")Legend&Registered AgricultureSurface Water PermitsMUSGROVE MILL GOLF CLUBivRivererMID CAROLINA GOLF CLUBroadR!")LittleBLEWIS NURSERY & FARM")Golf CourseMajor RiversBroadMajor BranchPrimarySecondary0102040MilesBroad River BasinEsri, DeLorme, GEBCO, NOAA NGDC, and other contributorsFigure 3-3: Current Agriculture and Golf Course Surface Water Users
CREEK WWTPSSSD/PAGE CREEK WWTP SSSD/PAGEMILLIKEN/NEW PROSPECT MILLSWS LANDRUM WTPONEITA INDUSTRIES/FINGERVILLESPARTAN MILLS/BEAUMONT PLANTCHESNEE WWTFSIMMSSPARTAN MILLS/SPARTAN PLANTGAFFNEY/CLARYWTPMILLIKEN/DEWEY PLANTWWTF#7 #77#INMAN, CITY OF#7#7CITY OF INMAN/LAWSONS#77#7##7FORK CREEK7#7##7#7UNITED UTILS/N#7 #7#7#7GREENVILLE COLL#7##77I-85 DISTRIBUTION#7#7CENTER SITE#7#7# ##77 #GREER/S. TYGER RIVER PLANT7#77 #7#LYMAN, CITY OF7#7#7#7 #77#7##7#7Pa cole v7#7#SJWD WTP#7Ri e rWCRSA/TAYLORS AREA PLANT#7tCOKER WAREHOUSE GAFFNEYBLACKSBURG/CANOE CREEK (NEW)MILLIKEN/MAGNOLIA FINISHING PLANTGAFFNEY/PROVIDENCE CREEKBLACKSBURG/CANOE CREEKGAFFNEY/PEOPLES CREEKGAFFNEY/PEOPLES CRK-BROAD RVRTIMKEN COMPANY/GAFFNEY BEARINGAURIGA POLYMERS INC./SPARTANBURGR R DONNELLEY AND SONS COSSSD/COWPENS-PACOLET RIVERSSSD/CLIFTON WWTPSSSD/HILLBROOK FOREST SDSSSD/LAWSON FORK PLANTCHEVRON USA/CAMP CROFTSSSD/PACOLET MILLS WWTPVULCAN CONST MAT/PACOLET QUARRREFLECTIVE RECYCLINGJONESVILLE, TOWN OFLOCKHART TREATMENT FACILITYUNION/MENG CREEK (NEW)#7CITY OF UNION WTPCHESTER/SANDY RIVER WWTFUNION/TOSCHS CREEK PLANTUNION/BELTLINE PLANTCHEMTRADEPERF CHEMICALS/LEEDSCONE MILLSCORP/CARLISLE PLANTDischargerHOECHST CELANESE/GREERGREER/MAPLE CREEK PLANTGE/GAS TURBINE MFG OPERATIONGREER/MAPLE CREEK PLANT#7#7#7#7#7 #7#7#7#7#7 Ty ger#7# #77i ve#7r#7REnor#7#7e e RiverLegend#7#7#7B#7NCW&SA/CANNONS CREEK WWTPSCE&G/V C SUMMER NUCLEAR STATSCE&G/V C SUMMER NUCLEAR STATCHAPIN, TOWN OFRICHLAND CO/BROAD RIVER WWTF0102040MilesroadWINNSBORO/JACKSON CREEKPLANT#7iveRiv#7 errWHITMIRE, TOWN OF#7RLittleWCRSA/PELHAM WWTFDUNCAN WWTFSPARTAN MILLS/STARTEX MILLWCRSA/GILDER CREEKWCRSA/DURBIN CREEKSSSD/S. TYGER RV REGIONAL WWTPWOODRUFF/ENOREE RIVERSSSD/N TYGER RIVER WWTPMIDLAND CAPITAL LLC/MOORE PLANTSSSD/LOWER N TYGER RIVER WWTPSSSD/FAIRFOREST PLANTSC DEPT CORR/TYGER RIVER CORREISG PACOLET FACILITYUNION/TOSCH'S CREEK WWTP#7#7#7#7Included in UIFYes, ActiveYes, InactiveMajor RiversBroadMajor BranchPrimarySecondaryRIDGEWAY, TOWN OFBroad River BasinEsri, DeLorme, GEBCO, NOAA NGDC, and other contributorsFigure 3-4: Current and Former NPDES Discharges
Figure 4-1. Stepwise Procedure for UIF Calculation – Broad BasinStep 1: UIFs for USGS Gages for their Individual Periods of RecordPerform these steps for incremental reaches and add UIFs from upstreamYUIFWork Upstreamto DownstreamUpstream?Gather data: Flow,historic use,precip, evapFill gaps in storage for the longestdownstream gage POR usingprioritized techniques in guidancedocument.Fill gaps in withdrawals anddischarges based on longestdownstream gage POR usingtechniques in guidance doc.NPerform these steps for the entire upstream areaStep 2: Extension of UIFs for USGS Gages throughout the LONGEST Period of RecordGather watershedcharacteristics: Area,Slope, Land UseExtend / Gap Fill usingarea ratios, MOVE.1,climate regression, etc.Gather watershedcharacteristics for all basinsupstream of RED nodes(ungagged headwater UIFs)Identify appropriatereference basins fromUSGS gage locationsReference gages for UIFdevelopment as model inputIdentify appropriatereference basins fromUSGS gage locationsReference gages for UIFdevelopment for model calibrationDetermine longestperiod of recordUIFs for USGS gages over auniform basinwide PORStep 3: Correlation between Ungaged Basins and Gaged BasinsGather watershedcharacteristics for all basinsupstream of BLACK nodes(as needed for calibration)Step 4: UIFs for Ungaged BasinsEstimate UIFs for each REDand BLACK node using arearatios, regression, etc.UIFs for ungagged basins asmodel inputAdditional UIFs at confluencenodes for calibrationCompute priorrunoff fromsubmerged areasCompute UIFsfor USGS gages(VOLUME)UIFs for USGS gagesfor their POR
Methodology for Unimpaired Flow Development – Broad River BasinJanuary 2016 (Final)Page 16Step 3: Correlation Between Ungaged and Gaged Basins: This step establishes theframework for estimating unimpaired flow in subbasins without USGS gages. Referencebasins with USGS gages and similar hydrologic characteristics as those without USGS basinsare identified for use in Step 4. (See Section 4.5.3 for details)Step 4: UIFs for Ungaged Basins: This step uses the reference basins in Step 3 to estimateunimpaired flow in ungaged subbasins for the period of record in the basin. (See Section4.5.4 for details)It is important to recognize an adaptation of the UIF process from its original conceptualization.The distinction between “Unregulated Flow” and “Unimpaired Flow” can sometimes be helpful inunderstanding the different ways in which water management affects streamflow. Unregulatedflows represent flow in which the effects of timing due to impoundment are removed. These flowsbecome, effectively, a subset of Unimpaired Flows, and can be particularly useful in hydropowermodeling, since other impairments beyond the purview of dam operators can affect expected inflowand the issues are focused more on the impacts of impoundment. Equation 1 in Section 1 includesthe effects of streamflow regulation (impoundment) in the UIF calculation. The remainingimpairments in Equation 1 represent water management that affects the volume of water, but notthe timing of its passage downstream. Together, the impacts on timing due to impoundment andthe impacts on flow volume due to withdrawals and discharges (and reservoir surface fluxes suchas evaporation) combine to impair flows, and all of these impacts are removed in the calculation ofunimpaired flows.Originally, the proposed process for computing UIFs in South Carolina included a sub-step thatcomputed only the unregulated flows. It was determined that for these models, it was notnecessary to separate the effects of impoundment from the effects of withdrawals and discharges.The Saluda Basin Pilot Study confirmed that a more practical approach was to compute the UIFs inone computational step rather than two, as unregulated flows on their own would not be used asinput or as calibration targets. The revised procedure accounts for both timing impacts due toimpoundments and volume impacts due to withdrawals, discharges, and reservoir surface fluxes.This is reflected in Equation 1, the basis of UIF computation in the Broad River. In summary, theUIFs account for flow regulation due to impoundment and flow increases or decreases due to othermanagement activities, but the data sets do not include a subset of flows that have only had theimpacts of impoundments removed.One other issue on the timing of flows involves hydraulic time lags. There is an importantdifference between the alteration to flow timing associated with impounding a river, and the timingof flow due to its traverse through the river channel (hydraulic time lags). Currently, it is notexpected that hydraulic time lags (also referred to as “travel time”) will be necessary for these UIFdata sets for the following reasons: (a) at a monthly timestep, the time lags would beinconsequential, and (b) at a daily timestep, for long-term simulation, the key metric is frequency ofvarious flow levels and water availability, which would be preserved over time even if shifted byseveral days.
Methodology for Unimpaired Flow Development – Broad River BasinJanuary 2016 (Final)Page 17If special circumstances warrant rough estimation of hydraulic time lags, flow-based lag equationsfrom USGS could be considered. Note that time lags associated specifically with return flows, e.g. viagroundwater, are able to be simulated in SWAM.A subsequent report will be issued with the completed UIF datasets to help explain how they werecomputed, and what assumptions were made. This report will include:Data sourcesSpecific gap filling measures and where they were applied (and why)Examples of each step in the process of computing different types of UIFs, including directcomputations from data, operational gap filling, and hydrologic record extension/fillingtechniques.4.2 Locations of UIFsUIFs will be computed at two types of locations throughout the basin:Most sites where a USGS gage stati
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