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Game: Young Author Matchmaker*Many famous authors began creating works at a very young age. Can youmatch the famous authors below with their first works?painted first self-portraitBeethovenat the age of 19.sold first drawingsFrida Kahloat the age of 7.published first musical worksMary Shelleyat the age of 12.began writing first novelMozartat the age of 18.wrote first musical compositionPicasso DisneyEnterprises, Inc.Walt Disneyat the age of 5.completed first recognized paintingat the age of 8.* See page 58 for answers11

How do authors create?Creating a work of art requires much more than simple inspiration andcreativity. Most authors study and practice long hours before theyproduce a finalized work. Though different authors use differenttechniques when creating, there are at least four steps that most ofthem go through:1.Make a draft copy of the work. This could be a rough image of apicture, an outline of a story, or a selection of the main words of apoem or song.2.Develop the draft by giving it more shape and content.3.Refine the draft by adding details and deleting unnecessary4.elements.Produce a final copy of the work.During this process, authors often find inspiration in other works of art.A painting, for example, may provide an idea for a story, or listening tomusic may inspire the brush strokes of a painter. Studying other worksalso improves an author’s skills. This is one of the reasons most authorsenjoy listening to, reading and seeing the works of other authors.12

Think about it:Use the space below to createan original work by expressing somethingthat you experienced yesterday. It could besomething you did, said, heard, saw, or even ate. Youcan express it with a drawing, a story, a song, or anyother art form that you prefer. Use the steps on page 12 toguide you in the creation process.13

How do authors make a living from their works?Not all authors can earn money from their works. Making quality works ofart that others are willing to buy requires creativity, talent, money, andtime. In order to create, authors need money to buy their supplies and topay for training to improve their skills. Also, if they dedicate most oftheir time to creating works, they will usually not have time to work atanother job. Therefore, authors need to receive payment for their worksin order to pay their bills.In the past, talented authors usually found the time and money toconcentrate on their art with the help of patrons. These sponsors wererich and powerful people, such as kings and religious leaders, who askedauthors to create works of art for them. While thesponsorship of these wealthy people allowed talentedauthors to continue creating, most people did not haveaccess to their works. In those days, works wereoften unique, with only one copy available for theenjoyment of the patron who paid for its creation.Whether theydecorated tombs forpharaohs or composedsymphonies foremperors, authorsneeded to find apatron to sponsor thecreation of their works.14

With time, technology has drastically changed the situation of authors bymaking it easier for others to make copies of their works. In 1454, theinvention of Gutenberg’s printing press made it possible to print many copiesof written works at low prices. This allowed written works to becomeavailable not only to the rich and powerful but also to all people who couldread. Since then, new technologies have continued to make works moreaccessible to all people. Modern media such as photography,radio, television, CDs, DVDs, computers and the Internetmake it easier and cheaper to copy and distribute all kindsof works now, than at any other time in history.The modern printing press was the first technology toaffect the way in which authors control the reproductionand distribution of their works.Now that works are more easily available to everyone in all corners of theworld, authors no longer rely on wealthy sponsors for whom they createunique copies of works. To make a living now, authors need to have somecontrol over how the different copies of their works are used. Withoutthis control they would not be able to earn enough money to live fromtheir art, and would need to find other jobs to pay their bills. This wouldleave them less time to create new works and all of us would suffer byhaving fewer works to enjoy.In order to encourage and enable talented authors to continue creating,most countries today give them special rights to control their works.These rights are known as copyright.15

COPYRIGHTWhat is Copyright?A man paints with his brains and not with his hands. – MichelangeloIntellectual Property refers to all creations of the human mind.Intellectual Property is divided into Copyright and Related Rights,on the one hand, and Industrial Property on the other.Intellectual PropertyCopyright:protects original works.Creations of the humanmind are protected byintellectual property laws.Related Rights:protect the performances,original recordings andbroadcasts of works.Think about it:Industrial Property:Patents protect inventions.Industrial Designs protectthe designs of products.Trademarks protectdistinctive signs.Sometimes more than one typeof intellectual property can apply to a single product.Think, for example, of a refrigerator. A trademark can protectthe name and logo of the refrigerator’s manufacturer. The parts andprocesses of the refrigerator that keep food cold may be patented inventions.The design of the refrigerator (the style and appearance of its drawers, shelves,handles, etc.) can be protected by industrial designs. Even therefrigerator’s operating manual, an original written text, isprotected by copyright.Can you think of any other productsthat can be protected by more than one typeof intellectual property?16

What does copyright protect?Copyright protects a wide range of works, which may include:Written works – books, speeches, magazine and newspaperarticles, novels, stories, poems, essays, plays, text books, webpages, advertisements, and dance notations.Musical works – musical compositions, lyrics, songs and ring tones,in all types of formats (sheet music, CDs, MP3 files, etc).Artistic works – drawings, paintings, photographs, comics,sculptures, architectural works, and maps.Dramatic and choreographic works – plays, operas and dance.Films and multimedia products – movies, video games, TVprograms, and cartoons.Computer programs – human (source code) and machine (objectcode) computer programming language.Copyright does NOT protect ideas or mere facts.Copyright protects the way in which ideas are expressed. This expressionis the unique way in which words, musical notes, colors, shapes, etc. arechosen and arranged. It is the expression that makes a work original. Thismeans that there can be many different works about the same idea and allof them will be protected by copyright, as long as they express this ideain an original way.17

For example, your teacher may ask you and your classmates to draw a pictureof a dog playing with a ball. Even though the idea (dog playing with a ball)is the same, all of you will choose different colors and shapes to express(draw) the dog and the ball. Though the drawings are expressions of thesame idea, they will all be original and therefore protected by copyright.An idea (such as a dog playing with a ball) can be expressed in many different ways. Copyright onlyprotects the expression of the idea, not the idea itself.Think about it:Can you think of an idea that isexpressed in different ways by three originalworks? Here’s one to get you started.Idea:A dog’s adventure.Original works expressing that idea:The Call of the Wild novel by Jack London.Beethoven movie by Universal Studios.Dog’s Life PlayStation 2 game by Frontier Developments.18

Young Author: Christopher PaoliniChristopher enjoys reading fantasy adventures so much that at the age of15 he decided to write his own story. Inspired by the idea of a boy whosees a dragon hatch from an egg (from Bruce Coville’s book JeremyThatcher, Dragon Hatcher), the young author plotted a fantastical trilogyabout a boy, his dragon friend and their dangerous journey to save theworld from evil. Christopher also drew inspiration for his story fromother fantasy and science fiction works, including the Lord of the Ringsseries by J.R.R. Tolkien, the Dragonriders of Pern series by AnneMcCaffrey, and George Lucas’ Star Wars movies. Though clearly inspiredby ideas used in other works, Christopher’s expression of these ideas (thestory line, descriptions, characters and dialogue) is original and thereforeEragon, had become a success, selling millions ofcopies worldwide and earning a place in the New YorkTimes bestseller list.Christopher’s story, which drew on ideas from previous novels, has nowinspired the creation of other original works: book translations intomore than 30 languages, a movie, and a video game.Courtesy: Random House, Inc.protected by copyright. By the time Christopher was 19, his first book,What are the conditions for copyright?In most cases, originality is the only condition that a work must meet inorder to be protected by copyright. This means that a work cannot simplybe a copy of another work.Copyright protectsoriginal works, regardlessof their quality.19

A work does not have to be useful, pretty, or even valuable to beprotected by copyright. In fact, works are protected by copyrightregardless of their quality. A child’s finger-painting has as much copyrightprotection as a famous painter’s masterpiece. The tune in a commercial isas protected by copyright as the latest song of your favorite band. Theoriginal writings in your diary also have as much copyright protection asthe novels of a Nobel Prize winner. The Government of Hong Kong, China. All rights reserved.Special thanks to Hong Kong Intellectual Property Department, Mr. LEE Min-chi, and Jade Dynasty GroupSome countries also require that a work be fixed in a tangible formbefore it is protected. A work can be fixed in many different ways, it canbe written on paper, painted on canvas, recorded (sound and/or video),etc. For example, in countries that require fixation of a work, a dancechoreography is only protected once its movements are written down indance notation, recorded on video, or fixed in any other form.How is copyright obtained?Copyright protection is automatic. The instant you draw a picture or writea poem your works are protected by copyright.The symbol is often used as a reminder that a work is protected bycopyright. This symbol is often followed by the name of the owner of thecopyright and the year in which the work was created. For example, “ WIPO, 2007” would be used for a publication produced by WIPO in theyear 2007.20

In websites more than one year may follow the symbol, for example “ WIPO 1999-2007”. This type of citation is used for works that areconstantly updated. The first year is the year of the first publication ofthe work (the year the WIPO website was launched) while the secondyear is either the current year or the year of the last update.Since the symbol is only a reminder, it is not necessary to include it inworks for them to be protected. Even if a work does not contain the symbol, it may still be protected by copyright.Think about it:Go back to the work that you created on page 13.Insert a copyright notice with the symbol, your name and the yearin which you completed your work.Who owns the copyright?The copyright of a specific work is owned by the personwho created that work. As we saw before, the creator isoften called the author of the work. For example, youcreated your journal, your art project and the photos fromyour last vacation. You are the author who owns thecopyright to all of these works.Sometimes works are created by more than oneperson. In these cases, all of the people whocontributed to the creation of the work areconsidered its co-authors and they share thecopyright of the collective work.21

In some cases, authors wish to remain anonymous or use a pseudonym inorder to hide their true identity from the public. In these cases, theauthor still owns the copyright to his works, though his rights are usuallymanaged by the company distributing the works (for example, hispublisher) so as to keep his true identity a mystery.Think about it:In 1967, sixteen-year old SusanEloise Hinton wrote The Outsiders, a novel abouttwo rival groups of rebellious teenagers. The story waswritten from a boy’s perspective and Susan’s publisher worried thatreaders would not take the book seriously if they knew that the authorwas a girl. The book hid part of the author’s identity by using her initials,S.E., instead of her full first names.Can you think of other reasons why authors sometimes wish to hide all orpart of their identities by remaining anonymous or using pseudonyms?Can you think of any works by other authors whoremained anonymous or used pseudonyms?In some countries, when a person creates a new work aspart of his employment contract, the company or institutionthat employs him may own the copyright to the work.22

BewareOwning a physical or electronic copy of a work does not makeyou the owner of its copyrighted contents. For example, you mayown a book but this does not make you the owner of the copyright tothe text and images contained in that book. Likewise, buying a CD does notmean that you have also bought the copyright to the music, text, and imagescontained in that CD.Since you do not own the copyright of the contents in the books and CDsthat you have, there are clear limits as to what you can and cannot dowith these products. Read on to find out what rights are limited to theowners of copyright.Is copyright the same worldwide?The specific rights given to authors through copyright depend on nationallaws. Because of this, the rights of authors in one country may not beexactly the same as the rights of authors in another country. This canmake the use of works confusing, especially in a world where works can beeasily accessed in different countries (for example, via the Internet).In order to reduce this confusion, many governments have signedinternational agreements that try to reduce the differences in theircopyright laws and make the worldwide use of works easier.The first international agreement to try toreduce differences in the rights granted toauthors in different countries was the BerneAuthor Victor Hugo wasinvolved in the creationof the Berne Convention.Convention. Victor Hugo, famous French author of Les Misérables,was involved in the creation of this Convention. He and other authorswanted to make sure that their rights were respected in other countriesas well as in their own.23

Since the adoption of the Berne Convention in 1886, authors have enjoyeda set of common rights in the more than 160 countries that have signedthe Convention (its Member States).Each Member State of the Berne Convention must offer the sameprotection to works by authors from other Member States as it offers toworks by its national authors. An exception to this is the rule of theshorter term. According to this rule, a Member State is not obliged toprovide protection to works by a foreign author for longer than the timeof protection given to those works in the author’s country of origin.In addition, according to the Berne Convention, works do not need to beregistered in order to be protected by copyright. Copyright protection isautomatic from the moment the work is created.Think about it:Is your country aMember State (contracting party) of the BerneConvention? Find out at http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/ip/berne/If so, your works are automatically protected by a minimum set of rights inboth your country and all of the other countries that are alsoMember States of the Berne Convention.The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)works with government officials of different countries todevelop and update international agreements on copyright.From its headquarters in Geneva,Switzerland, WIPO helps protectthe rights of authors.24

What rights does copyright provide?Copyright provides authors with a set of exclusive rights over theirworks. Exclusive means that there are certain things that only authorscan do to their works. In some cases authors receive a right ofremuneration instead of an exclusive right. In these cases, the author canreceive payment for the use of his work, but cannot prevent the useitself. Both exclusive and remuneration rights are meant to rewardauthors for their creativity, investment and labor, and to encourage themto keep producing new works.According to the Berne Convention, there are two types of rights undercopyright:(1) Economic rights – Authors have the exclusive right to:a)reproduce the work. This includes any form of copying such asphotocopying, downloading, uploading, printing, recording,photographing, scanning, etc.b)translate the work into other languages.c)adapt the work. This alteration or transformation usually changesthe type of work. For example, making a novel into a movie, oranimating a drawing into a cartoon. Character merchandising (usingthe name or image of a fictional character to sell products such astoys, t-shirts, etc.) may also involve a form of adaptation.d)exhibit / perform the work in public. For example, displaying photosin an art gallery, performing a play in front of an audience, or playinga CD in a store or restaurant.25

e)distribute the work by selling copies to the public.f)broadcast the work. For example, by playing a song over the radio org)showing a film on TV.communicate the work to the public. For example, by uploading a workonto the Internet.In summary, no copyrighted work can be reproduced, translated, adapted,exhibited or performed in public, distributed, broadcast or communicatedto the public without the permission of its author. This is what is meantby the phrase all rights reserved found in many works.BewareThere is a limit on the author’s right of distribution, calledthe first-sale doctrine. The specific details of this rule dependon national laws and may therefore vary from country to country. Ingeneral, however, this rule means that the right of distribution for eachcopy of a work ends with that copy’s fir

through writing through multimedia Creative expressions in the arts are called works. Examples of works are: paintings, photos, songs, novels, poems, plays, choreography, sculptures, buildings, movies, and computer games. Young Author: Alexandra Nechita Romanian-born Alexandra began drawing and painting when she was just two years old.