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NIH Guide f o r Grants and C o n t r a c t sV o l 7, No. 18, November 27, 1978.Page ThreeN I A I D POLICY REGARDING PROGRAM PROJECTSAN DCENTER GRANT APPLICATIONSI n t h e J u n e 9 , 1978, i s s u e of t h e NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, Vol. 7 ,No. 8, p. 1, t h e N I A I D announced t h a t i t w i l l a c c e p t C e n t e r g r a n t a p p l i c a t i o n s o n l y i n r e s p o n s e t o p u b l i s h e d r e q u e s t s f o r a p p l i c a t i o n s (RFAs).TheI n s t i t u t e a l s o announced t h a t t h e r e would b e RFAs for program p r o j e c t s anda d v i s e d p r i n c i p a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s t o c o n t a c t program s t a f f i f t h e y werec o n s i d e r i n g t h e s u b m i s s i o n of a program p r o j e c t which w a s u n s o l i c i t e d , t h a ti s , n o t i n r e s p o n s e t o a n RFA.T h i s announcement i s t o e x p l a i n more f u l l y I n s t i t u t e p o l i c i e s adopted byt h e N I A I D i n t h e l a s t y e a r w i t h t h e c o n c u r r e n c e of i t s Advisory C o u n c i l .C e n t e r s a r e r e g a r d e d as i n s t r u m e n t s t o e x p l o i t r e s e a r c h advances and t o b efunded o n l y i n p u r s u i t of w e l l d e f i n e d I n s t i t u t e programmatic o b j e c t i v e s .Some m i x t u r e of fundamental r e s e a r c h , a p p l i e d or c l i n i c a l r e s e a r c h , andtechnology t r a n s f e r c h a r a c t e r i z e s N I A I D C e n t e r s .Program p r o j e c t s are m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h e f f o r t s c a r r i e d o u t byc o l l a b o r a t i n g teams o f i n v e s t i g a t o r s and may o r may n o t i n c l u d e c l i n i c a lr e s e a r c h and technology t r a n s f e r . These c o n s i s t o f s e v e r a l i n d i v i d u a lg r a n t p r o p o s a l s which c o u l d have been i n d i v i d u a l l y s u b m i t t e d and s u p p o r t e d ,b u t i n which t h e r e i s a d e f i n a b l e a d v a n t a g e t o t h e i n s t i t u t i o n o r t o t h eN I A I D by combining t h e s e i n t o a s i n g l e o v e r a l l p r o p o s a l . The N I A I DRFA w i l l d e f i n e t h e e x p e c t e d b e n e f i t t u t h e I n s t i t u t e .N I A I D p o l i c y d e r i v e s from a d e s i r e t o g i v e payment p r i o r i t y t o l a r g e ,m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y p r o j e c t s which r e l a t e t o w e l l d e f i n e d programmatico b j e c t i v e s . The program o b j e c t i v e s d e s c r i b e d i n W A S are reviewed andendorsed by t h e N I A I D Advisory Council i n i t i a l l y and a t p e r i o d i c i n t e r v a l st h e r e a f t e r . For t h i s r e a s o n u n s o l i c i t e d program p r o j e c t s which cannot b er e l a t e d t o s u c h o b j e c t i v e s may b e a t a c o m p e t i t i v e d i s a d v a n t a g e f o r f u n d i n g .However, t h e I n s t i t u t e r e c o g n i z e s t h a t good i d e a s f o r m u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r yr e s e a r c h a p p r o a c h e s r e l e v a n t t o t h e I n s t i t u t e ' s m i s s i o n can a r i s e i n t h es c i e n t i f i c community and b e u s e f u l i n areas where t h e r e a r e no announcedprogram n e e d s . While i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t t h e r e g u l a r g r a n t s mechanismshould b e used f o r most of t h e s e , a t t i m e s t h e s i z e and scope of t h ep r o j e c t w i l l r e q u i r e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n as a program p r o j e c t . I f an i n v e s t i g a t o r d e s i r e s t o p r e p a r e and submit a n u n s o l i c i t e d a p p l i c a t i o n f o r suchm u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r y r e s e a r c h , t h e f o l l o w i n g a d v i c e s h o u l d be heeded t oimprove t h e chance of s u c c e s s :A.The i n v e s t i g a t o r , b e f o r e p r e p a r i n g and s u b m i t t i n g a programp r o j e c t a p p l i c a t i o n , s h o u l d send t o t h e D i r e c t o r of t h eI n s t i t u t e or D i r e c t o r of t h e Extramural A c t i v i t i e s Program,N I A I D , a letter of i n t e n t c o n t a i n i n g i n f o r m a t i o n as t o t h ec o n t e n t o f t h e proposed a p p l i c a t i o n , i t s s i z e , s t a f f , r e s e a r c h

Page Foura p p r o a c h , and t h e a p p r o x i m a t e d a t e f o r s u b m i s s i o n and s u b s e q u e n tf u n d i n g , i f approved. T h e r e s h o u l d b e a c l e a r s t a t e m e n t ast o why t h e program p r o j e c t , r a t h e r t h a n one o r more r e g u l a rr e s e a r c h g r a n t s i s t h e p r e f e r r e d method of work.This letterw i l l b e reviewed by t h e D i r e c t o r w i t h program s t a f f i n termso f r e l e v a n c e t o t h e programs and t h e p r o b a b l e a v a i l a b i l i t yof f u n d s . A f t e r r e v i e w , t h e i n v e s t i g a t o r w i l l r e c e i v e a d v i c eas t o t h e most a p p r o p r i a t e c o u r s e of a c t i o n :1.Submit as a program p r o j e c t a p p l i c a t i o n .2.Submit one o r more r e g u l a r r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t g r a n ta p p l i c a t i o n s , i n l i e u of a program p r o j e c t r e q u e s t .3.R e d i r e c t t h e p r o j e c t toward problems o f N I A I D programpriority.4.Contact o t h e r N I H I n s t i t u t e s o r o t h e r Federal agencieswhich may b e more a p p r o p r i a t e t o r e c e i v e t h e a p p l i c a t i o n .BPThe i n v e s t i g a t o r i s , of c o u r s e , f r e e t o a c c e p t o r reject t h eadvice.B.Review of program p r o j e c t and center a p p l i c a t i o n s w i l l b econducted i n i t i a l l y by a n N I A I D i n i t i a l r e v i e w group. F i n a lr e v i e w w i l l b e by t h e N I A I D N a t i o n a l Advisory C o u n c i l .WU n s o l i c i t e d a p p l i c a t i o n s w i l l be i n competition f o r fundsw i t h o t h e r program p r o j e c t s s u b m i t t e d i n r e s p o n s e t o t h eI n s t i t u t e Request f o r A p p l i c a t i o n s (RFA) and n o t w i t hi n d i v i d u a l r e s e a r c h g r a n t (RO1) a p p l i c a t i o n s .

NIH Guide f o r Grants and ContractsVol . 7 , No. 18, November 27, 1978REQUEST FOR RESEARCH GRANT A P P L I C A T I O N S :TITLE:Page FiveRFATHE IWLICATIONS OF SUSTAINED LOW FERTILITYI//////////,,'AWNOUNCEMENT ,,,/,/,The P o p u l a t i o n and Reproduction G r a n t s Branch (PRGB) of t h e Center f o rP o p u l a t i o n Research a t t h e N a t i o n a l I n s t i t u t e of C h i l d H e a l t h and HumanDevelopment (CPR/NICHD) i s i n v i t i n g r e s e a r c h g r a n t a p p l i c a t i o n s f o ri n v e s t i g a t i o n s o f "The I m p l i c a t i o n s o f S u s t a i n e d Low F e r t i l i t y."The CPR s u p p o r t s r e s e a r c h i n t h e p o p u l a t i o n s c i e n c e s w i t h a v a r i e t y offunding mechanisms. T h i s t y p e of announcement ( t h e RFA) i s used whenCPR wishes t o stimulate i n v e s t i g a t o r i n t e r e s t i n a p a r t i c u l a r area t h a tis important t o i t s mission.The RFA i d e n t i f i e s t h e s c o p e of t h e C e n t e r ' si n t e r e s t b u t does n o t r e q u i r e t h a t p r o p o s a l s conform t o n a r r o w l y s p e c i f i e dr e s e a r c h r e q u i r e m e n t s . A p p l i c a t i o n s s u b m i t t e d i n r e s p o n s e t o a n RFA ares u p p o r t e d t h r o u g h t h e customary N I H r e s e a r c h g r a n t p r o j e c t mechanism b u td i f f e r from o t h e r r e s e a r c h g r a n t s i n t h a t t h e y a r e s p e c i f i c a l l y problemo r i e n t e d . Ongoing e v a l u a t i o n , i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e u s u a l review of formalp r o g r e s s , may i n c l u d e p e r i o d i c v i s i t s .T h i s program announcement i s f o r a s i n g l e c o m p e t i t i o n w i t h a s v e c i f i e dd e a d l i n e ( J u l y 1, 1979) f o r receipt of a p p l i c a t i o n s . A p p l i c a t i o n s i nr e s p o n s e t o t h i s RFA w i l l compete f o r f u n d i n g i n t h e g e n e r a l , ongoingr e s e a r c h program o f NICHD and w i l l b e reviewed by a s p e c i a l r e v i e w groupo r groups i n t h e D i v i s i o n of Research G r a n t s , N I H .The N a t i o n a l AdvisoryChild H e a l t h and Human Development C o u n c i l w i l l review t h e a p p l i c a t i o n si n February of 1980, and t h e e a r l i e s t r e q u e s t e d s t a r t d a t e f o r g r a n t swould b e A p r i l 1, 1980. A p p l i c a t i o n s s h o u l d be p r e p a r e d i n a c c o r d a n c ew i t h t h e aims and r e q u i r e m e n t s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s .I.PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONSA.B.11.The PRGB ProgramRFA Program O b j e c t i v e sMETHOD OF APPLYINGA.B.A p p l i c a t i o n FormatApplication ProcedureI f you have q u e s t i o n s r e l a t i n g t o t h i s announcement, you may c o n t a c tD r . V. J e f f e r y Evans, RFA O f f i c e r , PRGB, CPR, NICHD a t (301) 496-6515.I.PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONSA./P o p u l a t i o n and Reproduction G r a n t s Branch Program The P o p u l a t i o nand Reproduction G r a n L s 3 r a n c h s u p p o r t s r e s e a r c h on b i o m e d i c a ia s p e c t s of r e p r o d u c t i o n and on t h e b e h a v i o r a l and s o c i a l a s p e c t sof t h e a n t e c e d e n t s and consequences of p o p u l a t i o n change. T h i sannouncement i s i n t e n d e d t o encourage s c i e n t i s t s t o submit r e s e a r c hg r a n t a p p l i c a t i o n s on t h e t o p i c of "The I m p l i c a t i o n s of S u s t a i n e dLow F e r t i l i t y . " The c o m p e t i t i o n i s open t o anyone a f f i l i a t e d w i t ha nonprofit organization.

Page S i xB.Program O b j e c t i v e s S i n c e t h e l a t e 1 9 5 0 s U.S. f e r t i l i t y h a s beenf a l l i n g and i s now a t a l e v e l which, i f c o n t i n u e d , w i l l mean t h a to u r p o p u l a t i o n w i l l grow a t a d e c r e a s i n g r a t e u n t i l t h e y e a r2020 and s t a b i l i z e o r d e c l i n e a t t h a t t i m e . A c c o r d i n g l y , CPRw i s h e s t o improve o u r u n d e r s t a n . d i n g o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p betweenp o p u l a t i o n change and s o c i a l w e l l - b e i n g .I n t h e S p r i n g of 1 9 7 7 ,CPR s p o n s o r e d two c o n f e r e n c e s on t h i s t o p i c . The f i r s t wase n t i t l e d "The S o c i a l , Economic and H e a l t h A s p e c t s of Low F e r t i l i t y , "which w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d i n 1 9 7 8 by t h e U.S. Government P r i n t i n gO f f i c e . The second f o c u s e d on a n area of s p e c i a l c o n c e r n and w a se n t i t l e d "The Economic Consequences of Slowing P o p u l a t i o n Growth."These p a p e r s w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d by Academic P r e s s i n l a t e 1 9 7 8 i n avolume o f t h e same name e d i t e d by Thomas Espenshade and W i l l i a mSerow.4.The p r o p o s i t i o n w a s d e r i v e d from t h e s e c o n f e r e n c e s t h a t a r e d u c t i o ni n t h e r a t e of p o p u l a t i o n growth i s b o t h i n e v i t a b l e and d e s i r a b l eb u t t h a t z e r o o r n e g a t i v e p o p u l a t i o n growth w i l l r e q u i r e s o c i e t a la d j u s t m e n t s i n o r d e r t o a v o i d a m i s a l l o c a t i o n of o u r h e a l t h , s o c i a l ,and economic r e s o u r c e s .I t w a s recommended t h a t more knowledgea b o u t t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between f e r t i l i t y and o u r h e a l t h , s o c i a l ,and economic subsystems i s needed t o u n d e r s t a n d how s o c i e t y canmake t h e b e s t u s e o f i t s r e s o u r c e s under c o n d i t i o n s o f s l o w i n gp o p u l a t i o n growth.This s o l i c i t a t i o n is intended t o allow individual i n v e s t i g a t o r smaximum f l e x i b i l i t y i n d e s i g n i n g s t u d i e s o f t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o fs u s t a i n e d low f e r t i l i t y . I t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r ye f f o r t s and c r o s s - c u l t u r a l c o m p a r i s o n s w i t h and w i t h i n t h e UnitedS t a t e s may b e n e c e s s a r y .P r e s e n t e d below are a number of r e s e a r c h areas t h a t c o m p r i s e t h es c o p e of t h i s RFA. S i n c e a l l of t h e areas are i n t e r r e l a t e d ,investigators a r e f r e e t o design s t u d i e s t h a t c u t across several.I t i s n o t a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t any o n e a p p l i c a t i o n w i l l answer a l lt h e q u e s t i o n s posed h e r e i n .The r e s e a r c h areas are a s f o l l o w s :1.The R e l a t i o n s h i p of Slowing P o p u l a t i o n Growth t o t h e H e a l t hEnvironment An o b v i o u s e f f e c t o f s u s t a i n e d low f e r t i l i t y i s as h i f t i n t h e age s t r u c t u r e of t h e population with an increasingp r o p o r t i o n of two dependency g r o u p s - t h e dependent young andt h e d e p e n d e n t e l d e r l y . T h i s w i l l g e n e r a t e two d i s p a r a t eclasses o f h e a l t h problems, and s o c i e t y must b e i n a p o s i t i o nt o make informed c h o i c e s i n a l l o c a t i n g r e s o u r c e s . The RFAs p e c i f i c a l l y e n c o u r a g e s s t u d i e s t o examine how t h e changings t r u c t u r e of p o p u l a t i o n w i l l a f f e c t t h e i n c i d e n c e and t y p e o fh e a l t h problems and h e a l t h i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t h e U.S., p a r t i c u l a r l yas t h e y w i l l a f f e c t t h e dependent young.rr

NIH Guide f o r Grants a n d ContractsYol. 7 , No. 18, November 27, 1978Page SevenEven w i t h f e r t i l i t y remaining below t h e replacement l e v e l ,t h e U.S. p o p u l a t i o n w i l l c o n t i n u e t o grow f o r some t i m e . I ti s l i k e l y t h a t growth w i l l c o n t i n u e a t a d e c r e a s i n g r a t e f o rt h e n e x t two g e n e r a t i o n s producing a p o p u l a t i o n u l t i m a t e l y20% t o 40% l a r g e r t h a n t h e one now e x i s t i n g and t h e r e a f t e rt h e population w i l l s t a b i l i z e o r decline. I f t h e presentt r e n d s i n p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n c o n t i n u e , most o f t h i sp o p u l a t i o n w i l l l i v e i n o r n e a r urban areas. The r e l a t i o n s h i pbetween c o n g e s t t o n and t h e o v e r a l l h e a l t h environment isu n c e r t a i n , b u t t h e combination of d e t e r i o r a t i n g environmentalq u a l i t y a s s o c i a t e d w i t h u r b a n i z a t i o n and l e v e l s o f dependencyw i l l c e r t a i n l y c h a l l e n g e h e a l t h p o l i c y . T h i s RFA encouragesi n v e s t i g a t i o n s i n t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e s e f a c t o r sand t h e h e a l t h environment.2.*W'The S o c i a l I m p l i c a t i o n s o f S u s t a i n e d Low F e r t i l i t y Onec h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f a p o p u l a t i o n w i t h s u s t a i n e d low f e r t i l i t yi s t h a t f a m i l i e s - t e n d t o be smaller. Smaller f a m i l i e s area s s o c i a t e d w i t h changes i n t h e f u n c t i o n o f t h e f a m i l y , t h er o l e s of members of t h e f a m i l y , and t h e a l l o c a t i o n o f f a m i l yr e s o u r c e s f o r t h e c a r e o f dependents. The f u t u r e may v e r yw e l l w i t n e s s a growing number o f c h i l d l e s s f a m i l i e s and t h e s eu n i t s may f u n c t i o n q u i t e d i f f e r e n t l y from t h e t r a d i t i o n a lf a m i l y w i t h c h i l d r e n p r e s e n t . A growing number of wiveshave been e n t e r i n g t h e l a b o r f o r c e and t h e r e s u l t i n g e f f e c t son f e r t i l i t y have been documented i n r e c e n t y e a r s . However,i t i s u n c e r t a i n whether t h e magnitude o f e f f e c t s are changingo v e r time.Moreover, t h e above-mentioned changes may r e s u l t i n d i f f e r e n ta l l o c a t i o n s o f r e s o u r c e s f o r t h e care of dependents w i t h i nf a m i l i e s . Also, more p u b l i c r e s o u r c e s may be s u b s t i t u t e d f o rp r i v a t e r e s o u r c e s i n t h e care o f dependents. Research on t h er e l a t i o n s h i p between changes i n t h e f a m i l y and t h e a l l o c a t i o no f p u b l i c and p r i v a t e r e s o u r c e s f o r t h e care o f dependenta g e groups i s s p e c i f i c a l l y encouraged by t h i s RFA.Rates o f marital f o r m a t i o n and d i s s o l u t i o n have been v o l a t i l e i nr e c e n t y e a r s and may be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e uneven and r a p i d l ychanging a g e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e p o p u l a t i o n . Accordingly,s t u d i e s r e l a t i n g changes i n t h e s t r u c t u r e o f p o p u l a t i o n t ot h e r a t e s o f m a r i t a l formation and d i s s o l u t i o n are encouraged.Given t h e p r e s e n t high l e v e l s o f d i v o r c e t h e number of f a m i l i e sheaded by a s i n g l e p a r e n t is l i k e l y t o increase. T h i s RFAa l s o encourages r e s e a r c h on t h e demographic and s o c i e t a li m p l i c a t i o n s of t h e s e t r e n d s .A consequence o f smaller family s i z e s and f a m i l i e s w i t h fewerf u n c t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e c a r e of dependents, i s t h a t t h enumber o f households has i n c r e a s e d d r a m a t i c a l l y i n r e c e n ty e a r s . I n f a c t , w h i l e t h e p o p u l a t i o n h a s shown a diminishedr a t e o f growth, t h e number of households has undergone a markedi n c r e a s e . Research r e l a t i n g changes i n f a m i l y s i z e t o t h er a t e of household formation i s encouraged. Also, i t i simportant t o understand t h e consequences of changing r a t e so f household formation f o r s o c i e t y a t l a r g e .

Page E i g h t3.The H e a l t h and Economic I m p l i c a t i o n s o f S u s t a i n e d Low F e r t i l i t yT h i s RFA i s i n t e n d e d t o encourage r e s e a r c h on t h e h e a l t h andeconomic c o n s e q u e n c e s of s l o w i n g p o p u l a t i o n growth, r a t h e rt h a n t h e a n t e c e d e n t s . Many of t h e i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s i n v o l v e dc a n b e s t u d i e d w i t h growth models. However, i n most models,p o p u l a t i o n i s c o n s i d e r e d a s a n exogenous v a r i a b l e ( i . e . ,t h e v a l u e i s d e t e r m i n e d by f a c t o r s o u t s i d e o f t h e m o d e l ) ,whereas w e a r e a l s o i n t e r e s t e d i n new ways of b u i l d i n g modelst h a t e x p l i c i t l y a c c o u n t f o r p o p u l a t i o n a s a n endogenous v a r i a b l e( i . e . , t h a t t h e model b e c o n s t r u c t e d t o i n c l u d e t h e e s t i m a t i o nof population).We a l s o deem i t i m p o r t a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p betweenp o p u l a t i o n change and economic growth and development a t t h es u b - n a t i o n a l l e v e l , p a r t i c u l a r l y as t h e s e f a c t o r s a f f e c t h e a l t h .I n such s t u d i e s , migration is a c r i t i c a l element becauses h i f t i n g p o p u l a t i o n movement have and w i l l c o n t i n u e t o s h a p et h e p r o f i l e s o f v a r i o u s r e g i o n s w i t h i n t h e United S t a t e s .I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s among m i g r a t i o n ,p o p u l a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n and c o m p o s i t i o n , and economic growtha n d development i n an era o f g e n e r a l l y s l o w i n g p o p u l a t i o ngrowth.F i n a l l y , f u t u r e f e r t i l i t y t r e n d s a r e l i k e l y t o have a n impacto n income d i s t r i b u t i o n . The p r e s e n c e o f young c h i l d r e n i nt h e home f r e q u e n t l y i n h i b i t s l a b o r f o r c e p a r t i c i p a t i o n ofm o t h e r s a n d , moreover, when f e r t i l i t y d e c l i n e s i t f r e q u e n t l yd e c l i n e s by d i f f e r e n t amounts f o r d i f f e r e n t income g r o u p s .The p r e v a l e n c e of p o v e r t y i s a l s o a f f e c t e d by t h e number ofc h i l d r e n i n t h e f a m i l y . W e a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n how t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f income w i l l b e changed by z e r o o r n e g a t i v e rates ofp o p u l a t i o n growth and what e f f e c t t h i s change w i l l h a v e ont h e e x t e n t of p o v e r t y i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . Again, s p e c i a la t t e n t i o n s h o u l d b e g i v e n t o h e a l t h i s s u e s b e c a u s e incomeg r o u p s w i l l v a r y as t o t h e i n c i d e n c e and t y p e of h e a l t hproblems e x p e r i e n c e d .11.METHOD OF APPLYINGA.Format f o r A p p l i c a t i o n s A p p l i c a t i o n s s h o u l d b e s u b m i t t e d on formPHS 398, t h e a p p l i c a t i o n form f o r t h e t r a d i t i o n a l r e s e a r c h g r a n t .The c o

management, laboratory animal quality and health, institutional policies, and physical plant recommendations. The National Institutes of Health guidelines for the use of experimental animals are also contained in this new edition of the Guide. A single free copy of the 1978 revised Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals may be secured .