WIXLIB

EXPRESSING YOUR SEXUALITY 211Human Sexual Response 211Sexual Orientation 212Developing Sexual Relationships 213Sexual Expression: What Are Your Options? 213What Is Right for Me? 215Variant Sexual Behaviour 215DIFFICULTIES THAT CAN HINDER SEXUALFUNCTIONING 215S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 2 1 6Sexual Desire Disorders 216Sexual Arousal Disorders 216Orgasm Disorders 217Sexual Pain Disorders 217Drugs and Sex 217A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 2 1 88 Considering Your ReproductiveChoices 222MANAGING YOUR FERTILITY 223Reversible Contraception 223POINT OF VIEW 226S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 2 2 9Oral Contraceptives for Men? 232Fertility Awareness Methods (FAM) 232Permanent Contraception 234ABORTION 235Methods of Abortion 235PLANNING A PREGNANCY 236Emotional Health 236Maternal Health 236Paternal Health 237Financial Evaluation 237Contingency Planning 237Decision Making about Unplanned Pregnancy 238PREGNANCY 238Prenatal Care 238Alcohol and Drugs 239A Woman’s Reproductive Years 242Pregnancy Testing 242The Process of Pregnancy 242Prenatal Testing and Screening 244CHILDBIRTH 244Where to Have Your Baby 244Labour and Delivery 245Prenatal Education 246Drugs in the Delivery Room 246Breastfeeding and the Postpartum Period 246Complications 246INFERTILITY 249Causes in Women 249Causes in Men 249xTreatment 249Surrogate Motherhood 250A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 2 5 1FOCUS ON SEXUALLY TRANSMITTEDINFECTIONS (STI s ) 254A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 2 5 9PartIV LIMITING RISKS FROMPOTENTIALLY HARMFULHABITS 2619 Recognizing Use, Misuse, Abuse, andAddiction to Drugs and Behaviours 261DRUG USE, MISUSE, AND ABUSE 262Individual Response: Set and Setting 262DEFINING ADDICTION 263The Physiology of Addiction 264The Addictive Process 264Signs of Addiction 265ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOURS 265Gambling 265Shopping and Borrowing 266Exercise Addiction 267Technology Addictions 267MANAGING AN ADDICTION 267DRUG DYNAMICS 268TYPES OF DRUGS 269Routes of Administration of Drugs 270DRUG INTERACTIONS 271POINT OF VIEW 273PRESCRIPTION DRUGS 273Types of Prescription Drugs 273Use of Generic Drugs 274OVER-THE-COUNTER (OTC) DRUGS 275Types of OTC Drugs 275S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 2 7 7A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 2 7 810 Using Alcohol and Caffeine Responsiblyand Refraining from Tobacco Use 282ALCOHOL: AN OVERVIEW 283Alcohol and the Post-Secondary Student 284Rights versus Responsibilities 286S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 2 8 7THE PRODUCTION OF ALCOHOL 288CONTENTSA01 DONA2553 06 SE FM.indd 1016/01/14 1:11 AM

VPHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTSOF ALCOHOL 288PartBehavioural Effects 288Absorption and Metabolism 289Immediate Effects 290Long-Term Effects 292Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders 293Drinking and Driving 29412 Reducing Risk for Cardiovascular DiseaseALCOHOLISM 294How, Why, Whom? 295The Causes of Alcoholism 295Effects of Alcoholism on the Family 296Costs to Society 296Women and Alcoholism 297PREVENTING AND MANAGINGDISEASE 339and Cancer 339CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 340UNDERSTANDING YOUR CARDIOVASCULARSYSTEM 340TYPES OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 342Atherosclerosis 342Coronary Heart Disease 342Stroke 344RECOVERY 297S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 3 4 5The Family’s Role 297Treatment Programs 297Relapse 298Hypertension 345Arrhythmia, Congestive Heart Failure, and Congenitaland Rheumatic Heart Disease 346SMOKING 299CONTROLLING YOUR RISKS FORCARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES 346Tobacco and Its Effects 299Smoking—A Learned Behaviour 300Smokeless Tobacco 301Environmental Tobacco Smoke 301Risks You Can Control 347Obesity 349Risks You Cannot Control 350QUITTING 302WOMEN AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE 350Breaking the Nicotine Addiction 302Breaking the Habit 303Benefits of Quitting 303Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Women 350Recognizing Heart Disease in Women 350CAFFEINE 303Techniques of Diagnosing Heart Disease 351Angioplasty versus Bypass Surgery 351Thrombolysis 352Caffeine Addiction 304The Health Consequences of Long-TermCaffeine Use 305POINT OF VIEW 307CANCER INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY 352What Is Cancer? 354What Causes Cancer? 354Risks for Cancer 355A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 3 0 811 Understanding Illicit DrugsNEW WEAPONS AGAINST HEART DISEASE 351311ILLICIT DRUGS 312Cocaine 313Amphetamines 315Marijuana 316Opiates 318POINT OF VIEW 319S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 3 2 0Psychedelics 321Deliriants 323Designer Drugs 323Steroids 324SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEM 325Harm Reduction 326A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 3 2 6POINT OF VIEW 357TYPES OF CANCER 358Lung Cancer 358Breast Cancer 358Colorectal Cancers 360Prostate Cancer 361Skin Cancer 361Testicular Cancer 362Ovarian Cancer 363Uterine Cancer 363Leukemia 363Oral Cancer 364FACING CANCER 364Detecting Cancer 364New Hope in Cancer Treatments 365Life after Cancer 365A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 3 6 5FOCUS ON IMPROVING YOUR SLEEP 329A S S E S S YO U R S E L F338CONTENTSA01 DONA2553 06 SE FM.indd 11xi16/01/14 1:11 AM

13 Controlling Risk for InfectiousRisk Factors You Cannot Control 370Risk Factors You Can Control 371Diabetes 400Colitis and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) 401Diverticulosis 401Peptic Ulcers 401Gallbladder Disease 401THE PATHOGENS: ROUTES OF INVASION 371MUSCULOSKELETAL DISEASES 402and Noninfectious Conditions 369INFECTIOUS DISEASE RISK FACTORS 370Bacteria 371Viruses 373YOUR BODY’S DEFENCES: KEEPING YOUWELL 377Physical and Chemical Defences 377The Immune System: Your Body Fights Back 377Fever 378Pain 378Vaccines: Bolstering Your Immunity 378SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS 379POINT OF VIEW 381Possible Causes: Why Me? 382Modes of Transmission 382Chlamydia 383Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) 384Gonorrhea 384Syphilis 385Pubic Lice 386Venereal Warts 387S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 3 8 8Candidiasis (Moniliasis) 389Trichomoniasis 389General Urinary Tract Infections 389Herpes 389ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME(AIDS) 391How HIV Is Transmitted 391Reducing Your Risks for HIV 393Symptoms of the Disease 394Testing for HIV Antibodies 394Preventing HIV Infection 394NONINFECTIOUS DISEASES 394RESPIRATORY DISORDERS 395Allergy-Induced Problems 395Hay Fever 395Asthma 396Emphysema 396Chronic Bronchitis 397Arthritis 402Fibromyalgia 402Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) 403Low Back Pain (LBP) 403OTHER MALADIES 403Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) 403Job-Related Disorders 404A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 4 0 5FOCUS ON DIABETES 409A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 4 1 5PartVI FACING LIFE’SCHALLENGES41714 Choosing Healthy Living forthe Environment 417OVERPOPULATION 419AIR POLLUTION 420Sources of Air Pollution 420Smog 421Acid Rain 421Indoor Air Pollution 423Ozone Layer Depletion 424Global Warming 425POINT OF VIEW 426Reducing Air Pollution 426WATER POLLUTION 427Water Contamination 427Chemical Contaminants 428NOISE POLLUTION 429LAND POLLUTION 430Solid Waste 430Hazardous Waste 430NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS 397RADIATION 430Headaches 397Seizure Disorders 398S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 4 3 1Ionizing Radiation 431Nonionizing Radiation 432Nuclear Power Plants 432SEX-RELATED DISORDERS 399Fibrocystic Breast Disease 399Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) 399Endometriosis 399xiiDIGESTION-RELATED DISORDERS 400FOOD QUALITY 433A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 4 3 3CONTENTSA01 DONA2553 06 SE FM.indd 1216/01/14 1:11 AM

15 Preventing Violence, Abuse,and Injury 437VIOLENCE IN CANADA 438Homicide 439Suicide 440Youth Violence 441The Violence of Hate 441Violence against Women 442Domestic Violence 443Violence against Children 444S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 4 4 6Violence against Men 447Violence against Older Adults 447Detecting Fraud and Abuse in the System 473HEALTH SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS: A NEWMODEL OF HEALTH CARE 473POINT OF VIEW 474A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 4 7 517 Preparing for Aging, Dying, and DeathREDEFINING AGING 479WHAT IS NORMAL AGING? 479WHO ARE THE ELDERLY? 480THEORIES ON AGING 480SEXUAL VICTIMIZATION 448Biologic Theories 480Psychosocial Theories 481Sexual Assault 448CHANGES IN THE BODY AND MIND 482PREVENTING PERSONAL ASSAULTS 449Physical Changes 482Mental Changes 485Self-Defence against Sexual Assault 449Preventing Assaults in Your Home 452Preventing Assaults When You Are Awayfrom Home 452VIOLENCE AND HEALTH 453Injury Prevention 453Who Are the Victims of Unintentional Injury? 453POINT OF VIEW 454A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 4 5 516 Becoming a Wise Consumer of HealthServices 458MAKING INFORMED HEALTH-CARE CHOICES 460Evaluating Online Medical Resources 460Financing Health Care 460Accepting Responsibility for Your Health Care 460Why Some False Claims May Seem True 461SELF-HELP OR SELF-CARE 461When to Seek Help 462Being Proactive in Your Health Care 462S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 4 6 3Assessing Health Professionals 464CHOICES OF MEDICAL CARE 465Traditional (Allopathic) Medicine 466Allied Professionals 465Non-allopathic Medicine 466TYPES OF MEDICAL PRACTICES 469Hospitals and Clinics 472PROMISES AND PROBLEMS OF CANADA’SHEALTH-CARE SYSTEM 473Access 473Quality Assurance 473478HEALTH CHALLENGES OF OLDERCANADIANS 487Alcohol Use and Abuse 487Prescription Drug Use: Unique Problems for OlderCanadians 487Over-the-Counter Remedies 487Physical Activity 487S T U D E N T H E A LT H T O D AY 4 8 8Dietary Concerns 488Gender Issues: Caring for Older Canadians 488UNDERSTANDING DEATH AND DYING 489Defining Death 489Denying Death 490THE PROCESS OF DYING 491Coping Emotionally with Death 491Social Death 492Near-Death Experiences 492Coping with Loss 492What Is “Normal” Grief? 493Coping with Grief 494Worden’s Model of Grieving Tasks 494When an Infant or a Child Dies 494QUASI-DEATH EXPERIENCES 494LIFE-AND-DEATH DECISION MAKING 494POINT OF VIEW 495Palliative Care 496A S S E S S YO U R S E L F 4 9 7FOCUS ON FINANCIAL HEALTH 500References 505Index 527CONTENTSA01 DONA2553 06 SE FM.indd 13xiii16/01/14 1:11 AM

A01 DONA2553 06 SE FM.indd 1416/01/14 1:11 AM

P r e faceA Letter to ReadersDear Readers,I am pleased to present you with the Sixth Canadian Edition of Health: The Basics. This is my third opportunity to change and update this outstanding textbook; please know that I revise with you in mind—you, the postsecondary student.Some of the health challenges you face today are different than when I entered university almost 30 years ago.However, some are the same too—managing stress, eating well, being physically active, protecting yourself fromsexually transmitted infections, using the health-care system wisely, to name a few similarities.Although we likely know more about what it takes to live healthily today, we also seem to face more trials indoing so. We know we should be physically active and we are well aware of the importance of eating at least 7 to10 servings of vegetables and fruits each day, and yet, many of us cannot manage to do either. Some of us chooseto drive short distances when walking or cycling would be a healthier—and the more environmentally friendly—option. Many believe that we must ‘work out’ to benefit from physical activity. Food choices can be challenging,especially given the abundance and availability of fast and convenience foods; media and advertising messagesconvince us that such foods will save us time.Many of us also have an ‘all or none’ way of thinking. In other words, we may not recognize that each lifestylechoice—whether physical or mental—is important and contributes to our overall health and wellness. Further,our health results from a culmination of many different parameters and influences with each playing its role.Sometimes we think of and manage only the components related to our physical health, neglecting our social,emotional, intellectual, and spiritual dimensions.You may be in Human Kinetics or Kinesiology, Physical Education, Nursing, Health Sciences, Business, orGeneral Arts or Science. Regardless of your program of study, I invite you to engage with this textbook, yourclassmates, and your professor. Please read and think about how each opening scenario, introductory section, anddetailed presentation of various Canadian statistics is relevant to you. How does each topic apply to you? Do youinvest time thinking about a particular topic? Why or why not?I challenge you to question the choices you make and the attitudes you have regarding your health and wellness.Are they the best for you, for right now? How can you make better decisions? When will you make better choices?I also encourage you to question contemporary thinking about many health issues. For example, binge drinking. Why is it socially acceptable and expected to drink heavily in your college and university years? You mightalso query the societal and media pressures regarding body image. Why do we expect men and women to look acertain way? Why do we judge people based upon how they look? Question contemporary thinking about manyissues, not just those I bring up here.I encourage you to read and to reflect deeply. Learning can only happen with reflection. Further, I urge you toask questions, questions that will help you to better understand yourself, questions that will help you to betterunderstand health and wellness, questions that will encourage you to choose more wisely now while you are astudent and later when you are not.Finally, I suggest you approach this textbook with a sense of optimism and hopefulness, as well as an opportunity to be selfish. Reading this textbook, participating in class, and completing your assignments provides youwith the chance to think about you and what is best for you and your health. As you read through this book, youwill understand why I suggest you have a sense of optimism and hopefulness—that is a choice we all make.Sunshine and smiles,AngiexvA01 DONA2553 06 SE FM.indd 1516/01/14 1:11 AM

In revising the sixth Canadian edition, we listened to the comments and concerns of Canadian personal healtheducators and learned that we share the following goals for a personal health text: To prepare students to lead healthy lives, now and in the future, by providing knowledge, tools, and strategies to make responsible and appropriate decisions regarding their health.To include “high-interest” topics not always included in health texts, such as multicultural and sex-specificperspectives on health.To include current Canadian research, material, and statistics.To recognize that students learn in many ways and require strong pedagogical elements to help them synthesize information and build healthy attitudes and behaviours.To include practical, real-life applications to encourage students to think critically about their health and toapply the material to their own lives.To encourage self-awareness, integrity, respect, self-responsibility, and gratitude in the reader.Inside the Book Decision making through critical thinking is the cornerstone of every chapter, beginning with the introduc tion of the DECIDE model for decision making, Prochaska and DiClemente’s Stages of Change model, andvarious behaviour change techniques in Chapter 1.Personal reflection, a hallmark feature woven throughout, includes Consider This . . . scenarios and reflectivequestions, Student Health and Point of View boxed features, and Taking Charge sections with the opportunityto Assess Yourself at the end of each chapter. An overriding philosophy of self-responsibility, including a better understanding and self-awareness behind the reasons why we do what we do (or do not do) in regards to our health and wellness, appears throughouteach section of this book.Each part of the textbook concludes with Focus On, a three- to five-page feature that provides additional information on an engaging topic relevant to university and college students and their health.Coverage of sex issues in health is integrated throughout the text. Topics include sex bias in mental healthtreatment, women and heart disease, and how sex and gender roles may affect stress, stress management, anda person’s ultimate health status.Updated references in APA format help the reader connect more easily to the research and to the thinking thatleads to making better choices regarding his or her health.Each chapter applies a pedagogical framework that stresses building health skills consistently. Students canpersonalize each chapter through the Student Health and Point of View textboxes within each chapter, as wellas through the Assess Yourself and Taking Charge boxes at the end of each chapter.New to the Sixth Canadian EditionAn extensive and thorough revision, the sixth Canadianedition of Health: The Basics reflects and exemplifiesself-awareness, integrity, respect, self-responsibility, andgratitude. New pedagogical features emphasizing selfassessment and taking personal responsibility for healthrelated issues embody this perspective: Focus On: After the last chapter of each part,these three- to five-page features present in-depthinformation relevant to the topic(s) of the section,including spiritual health, body image, STIs, sleep,diabetes, and financial health.focus onImprovingYour SleepJosh knew he was not ready for tomorrow’s physicsexam, but he went to his roommate’s varsity basketballgame anyway. By the time it was over and he started tostudy, it was past 11:00 . . To keep himself awake, hedrank a can of Mountain Dew, an energy drink, andthen a cup of instant coffee as he plowed through thetext, his notes, and the online study guide. Just before4:00 . . , he fell into bed exhausted. Instead of drifting quickly to sleep, his mind kept racing. Dynamics,inertia, action, and reaction tumbled around withdisjointed memories of all the stressful situations hehad been through in the past few days—losing hiscell phone, his girlfriend dumping him, the argumenthe had with his dad. He glanced at the clock; it said5:30 . . The exam was in 3 hours.Sound familiar? If you have ever tackled an examor written a paper on too little sleep, you can probablypredict what happened to Josh. He flunked.In a recent survey, nearly 42 percent of studentsreported that they had only gotten enough sleep to feelrested in the morning less than

v PART I FINDING RHYTHM 1 1 Discovering Your Personal Rhythm for Healthy Living 1 2 Promoting and Preserving Your Psychosocial Health 26 3 Understanding and Coping with Life's Stressors 53 FOCUS ON SPIRITUAL HEALTH 76 PART II CHOOSING HEALTHY LIFESTYLES 85 4 Engaging in Physical Activity for Health, Fitness, and Performance 85 5 Eating for Optimal Health and Performance 117