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Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, PlayersContentsPage1.EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS11.1.Traction motor forecasts of numbers11.2.Global value market for vehicle traction motors61.3.Definition and background91.4.Shape of motors91.5.Location of motors91.6.Unique major new survey101.7.Blunt motor talk at EV Japan January 2012281.8.Switched reluctance motors a disruptive traction motor technology?281.9.Three ways that traction motor makers race to escape rare earths341.9.1.Synchronous motors with no magnets – switched reluctance341.9.2.Synchronous motors with new magnets341.9.3.Asynchronous motors351.9.4.More to come361.10.Integration of motor and other parts361.11.Industry consolidation371.12.Industry collaboration 2013371.12.1.1.12.2.Visedo: Axco Motors: Semikron: WIMA: Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences:Power Conversion B.V37Yasa Motors: Sevcon: Westfield Sportcars: Potenza Technology392.INTRODUCTION412.1.History of electric traction motors412.2.Types of motor favoured in electric vehicles462.2.1.Types of traction motor in summary462.2.2.Asynchronous traction motors472.2.3.Size and number of motors482.2.4.Shapes of motor492.2.5.Synchronous PM traction motors502.2.6.Dealing with magnet cost512.2.7.Main choices of EV motors in future532.2.8.Axial flux vs radial flux motors572.3.Sophisticated motors bridging gaps in performance582.3.1.Advanced asynchronous motor variant – Chorus Motors582.3.2.Advanced synchronous PM motor – Protean Electric612.3.3.Motor position622.3.4.The relative merits of the motor positions in electric bicycles and e-bikes632.3.5.Fraunhofer IFAM67
Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, Players2.4.Remaining challenges682.4.1.In-wheel hybrids682.4.2.Electric corner modules (ECMs)692.4.3.Many in- and near-wheel motors: very few production wins702.4.4.SIM Drive in wheel traction732.4.5.In wheel motors for aircraft742.4.6.Move to high voltage752.4.7.Environmental challenges752.4.8.Many options and many needs792.4.9.Lack of standards812.5.2.5.1.Electric outboard motorsRegen Nautic Inc USA3.ANALYSIS OF 125 TRACTION MOTOR o: Axco Motors: Semikron: WIMA: Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences:Power Conversion B.V1374.212 ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND THEIR MOTORS1395.INTERVIEWS AND NEWLY REPORTED OPINION ON MOTOR TRENDS2035.1.Asynchronous vs Synchronous2035.2.Axial vs radial flux2065.3.Who will succeed with electric microcars2075.4.Extending the market2076.MARKET FORECASTS2116.1.Traction motor forecasts of numbers2116.2.Global value market for vehicle traction motors2156.3.Definition and background2186.4.Shape of motors2196.5.Location of motors2196.6.Unique major new survey219APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY241 IDTechEx Ltd
Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, PlayersTablesPageTable 1.1Number of traction motors in electric vehicles worldwide 2012-2023 in thousands2Table 1.2Vehicle numbers (thousand) 2012-20233Table 1.3Number of traction motors in multi-motor vehicles 2012-2023 (millions) and percentage ofall vehicle traction motors rounded3Table 1.4Proportion of electric vehicles with more than one motor 2012-20234Table 1.5Number of electric vehicles with more than one electric motor 2012-2023 in thousands andpercentage of all electric vehicles rounded4Table 1.6Average number of motors per multi-motor vehicle 2012-20235Table 1.7Proportion of electric vehicles with one motor 2012-20235Table 1.8Number of electric vehicles with one electric motor ie number of motors in single-motorvehicles in thousands6Table 1.9Price of traction motor(s) to vehicle manufacturer in K per vehicle6Table 1.10Motor market value million paid by vehicle manufacturer 2012-20237Table 1.11Summary of preferences of traction motor technology for vehiclesTable 1.12Advantages vs disadvantages of brushed vs brushless vehicle traction motors for today’s11vehicles13Table 1.13Most likely winners and losers in the next decade13Table 1.14Supplier numbers listed by continent14Table 1.15Traction motor supplier numbers listed by country in alphabetical order15Table 1.16Applications targeted by our sample of motor suppliers vs market split, listed in order of2012 market sizeTable 1.17Suppliers of vehicle traction motors – split between number offering asynchronous,synchronous and both, where identifiedTable 1.181618Suppliers offering brushed, brushless and both types of synchronous motors, whereidentified19Table 1.19Distribution of vehicle sample by applicational sector19Table 1.20Vehicles with asynchronous, synchronous or both options by category in number andpercentage of category, listed in order of declining asynchronous percentageTable 1.2120212 electric vehicle models analysed by category for % asynchronous, power and torque oftheir electric traction motors and where intensive or rough use is most typically encountered.The rated power and traction data are enhanced by figures taken from our survey of 117vehicle traction motor manufacturersTable 1.22Percentage of old and abandoned models in the survey that use asynchronous orsynchronous motorsTable 1.232122Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using brushed DC synchronous motors,by type of vehicle22Table 1.24Other motor features declared by vehicle manufacturers24Table 1.25Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors24Table 1.26Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, byapplicational sector, rounded26
Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, PlayersTable 1.27Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicationalsector, rounded27Table 2.12000 year history of electric traction motors and allied technologies41Table 2.2The main choices of electric vehicle traction motor technology over the next decade.53Table 2.3A comparison of potential and actual electric traction motor technologies55Table 2.4Comparison of outer‐rotor and inner‐rotor motors57Table 2.5Relative merits of the motor positions in electric bicycles and e-bikes63Table 2.6Extracts from some Azure Dynamics traction motor specifications82Table 2.7Extracts from some ABB traction motor specifications in imperial units82Table 3.1125 vehicle traction motor manufacturers by name, country, asynchronous/synchronous,targeted vehicle types, claims and images93Table 3.2Supplier numbers listed by continent135Table 3.3Supplier numbers listed by country135Table 3.4Targeted applications vs market split.136Table 3.5Suppliers of vehicle traction motors – split between number offering asynchronous,synchronous and both, where identifiedTable 3.6136Suppliers offering brushed, brushless and both types of synchronous motors, whereidentified136Table 3.7Examples of train traction motor suppliers137Table 4.1212 electric vehicle manufacturers, vehicle examples, asynchronous or synchronous motorused, motor details where given, motor manufacturer and number of motors per vehicle.140Table 4.2Market value split over the next decade between different vehicle categories195Table 4.3Vehicles with asynchronous, synchronous or both options by category in number andpercentage of category, listed in order of declining asynchronous percentage.196Table 4.4212 electric vehicle models analysed by category197Table 4.5Percentage of old and abandoned models in the survey that use asynchronous orsynchronous motorsTable 4.6198Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using DC synchronous motors, by type ofvehicle198Table 4.7Other motor features declared by vehicle manufacturers.199Table 4.8Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors199Table 4.9Summary of preferences of traction motor technology for vehicles.200Table 4.10Most mentioned motor suppliers201Table 6.1Number of traction motors in electric vehicles worldwide 2012-2023 in thousands212Table 6.2Vehicle numbers (thousand) 2012-2023213Table 6.3Number of traction motors in multi-motor vehicles 2012-2023 and percentage of all vehicletraction motors rounded213Table 6.4Proportion of electric vehicles with more than one motor 2012-2023214Table 6.5Number of electric vehicles with more than one electric motor 2012-2023 in thousands and IDTechEx Ltdpercentage of all electric vehicles rounded214Table 6.6Average number of motors per multi-motor vehicle 2012-2023214Table 6.7Proportion of electric vehicles with one motor 2012-2023215
Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, PlayersTable 6.8Number of electric vehicles with one electric motor ie number of motors in single-motorvehicles in thousands215Table 6.9Price of traction motor(s) to vehicle manufacturer in K per vehicle216Table 6.10Motor market value million paid by vehicle manufacturer 2012-2023216Table 6.11Summary of preferences of traction motor technology for vehicles220Table 6.12Advantages vs disadvantages of brushed vs brushless vehicle traction motors for today’svehicles222Table 6.13Most likely winners and losers in the next decade223Table 6.14Supplier numbers listed by continent223Table 6.15Traction motor supplier numbers listed by country in alphabetical order224Table 6.16Applications targeted by our sample of motor suppliers vs market split, listed in order of2012 market sizeTable 6.17Suppliers of vehicle traction motors – split between number offering asynchronous,synchronous and both, where identifiedTable 6.18226228Suppliers offering brushed, brushless and both types of synchronous motors, whereidentified229Table 6.19Distribution of vehicle sample by applicational sector229Table 6.20Vehicles with asynchronous, synchronous or both options by category in number andpercentage of category, listed in order of declining asynchronous percentageTable 6.21230212 electric vehicle models analysed by category for % asynchronous, power and torque oftheir electric traction motors and where intensive or rough use is most typically encountered.The rated power and traction data are enhanced by figures taken from our survey of 117vehicle traction motor manufacturers.Table 6.22Percentage of old and abandoned models in the survey that use asynchronous orsynchronous motorsTable 6.23231232Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using brushed DC synchronous motors,by type of vehicle232Table 6.24Other motor features declared by vehicle manufacturers234Table 6.25Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors234Table 6.26Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, byapplicational sector, roundedTable 6.27236Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicationalsector, rounded237 IDTechEx Ltd
Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, PlayersFiguresPageFig. 1.1Number of traction motors in electric vehicles worldwide 2012-2023 in thousands2Fig. 1.2Motor market value million paid by vehicle manufacturer 2012-20237Fig. 1.3Location of motors sold in 2022 in vehicles in which they are fitted, in millions of motors andpercent of all motors with all figures rounded10Fig. 1.4Supplier numbers listed by continent14Fig. 1.5Traction motor supplier numbers listed by country15Fig. 1.6Targeted applications on top vs market value split in 2012 centre and 2022 on bottom17Fig. 1.7Suppliers of vehicle traction motors – split between number offering asynchronous,synchronous and both, where identifiedFig. 1.818Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using brushed DC synchronous motors, bytype of vehicle23Fig. 1.9Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors25Fig. 1.10Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, byapplicational sector, roundedFig. 1.1126Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector,rounded27Fig. 1.12Poster displays concerning switched reluctance traction motors32Fig. 2.1Cri Cri motors48Fig. 2.2Multiple electric motors on a NASA solar powered, unmanned aircraft for the upperatmosphere49Fig. 2.3Bicycle hub motor rotor left and stator right57Fig. 2.4Axial flux in-wheel motor driving a bicycle and a propeller58Fig. 2.560/15 kW Chorus Meshcon motor59Fig. 2.6Protean in-wheel motor for on-road vehicles62Fig. 2.7Innovative electric bicycle motor62Fig. 2.8A motorcycle with off-center motor near hub63Fig. 2.9Mitsubishi in-wheel applications64Fig. 2.10Construction of an in-wheel motor65Fig. 2.11Mitsubishi in-wheel motor65Fig. 2.12Lohner-Porsche electric vehicle of 189866Fig. 2.13Volvo ReCharge concept hybrid67Fig. 2.14Fraunhofer in-wheel motor on an Artega GT67Fig. 2.15Mine resistant ambush protected - All Terrain Vehicle MATV69Fig. 2.16MATV structure69Fig. 2.17Elaphe axial flux, permanent magnet synchronous traction motors of unusually high power-toweight and torque-to-weight ratio72Fig. 2.18SIM Drive in-wheel traction73Fig. 2.19EMRAX 222 Duplex Motor74
Electric Motors for Electric Vehicles 2013-2023: Forecasts, Technologies, PlayersFig. 2.20Traction battery pack nominal energy storage vs battery pack voltage for mild hybrids in red,plug in hybrids in blue and pure electric cars in green75Fig. 2.21Thruster for Deepflight personal submarine76Fig. 2.22Propulsion systems of a swimmer AUV76Fig. 2.23New Intermotor brushless permanent magnet marine traction motor77Fig. 2.24Brothers Willisits pure electric outboard motor78Fig. 2.25EMotor 75kW pure electric outboard motor with synchronous permanent magnet motor,asynchronous optional. The exposed motor is shown left.79Fig. 2.26CERV80Fig. 2.27CERV motor integration81Fig. 2.28Trolling electric outboard motors83Fig. 2.29Torqeedo advanced design of small electric outboard motor84Fig. 2.30Aquawatt electric outboard motor85Fig. 2.31Aquawatt electric outboard motor in action86Fig. 2.32The 180 hp outboard developed for Campion Marine of Canada87Fig. 2.33Unit and value sales of outboard motors in the European Union, the USA and the rest of theworld and trade flows89Fig. 2.34ReGen Nautic hybrid powertrain90Fig. 5.1Barefoot motor ATV motor in place208Fig. 6.1Number of traction motors in electric vehicles worldwide 2012-2023 in thousands212Fig. 6.2Motor market value million paid by vehicle manufacturer 2012-2023217Fig. 6.3Location of motors sold in 2022 in vehicles in which they are fitted, in millions of motors andpercent of all motors with all figures rounded. Figures in red refer to high priced motors andfigures in green refer to low priced motors219Fig. 6.4Supplier numbers listed by continent224Fig. 6.5Traction motor supplier numbers listed by country225Fig. 6.6Targeted applications on top vs market value split in 2012 centre and 2022 on bottom227Fig. 6.7Suppliers of vehicle traction motors – split between number offering asynchronous,synchronous and both, where identifiedFig. 6.8228Number of vehicles surveyed that have a mention of using brushed DC synchronous motors, bytype of vehicle233Fig. 6.9Number of cars sampled that had one, two, three or four traction electric motors235Fig. 6.10Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, byapplicational sector, roundedFig. 6.11236Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2023, by applicational sector,rounded237 IDTechEx Ltd
Table 2.1 2000 year history of electric traction motors and allied technologies 41 Table 2.2 The main choices of electric vehicle traction motor technology over the next decade. 53 Table 2.3 A comparison of potential and actual electric traction motor technologies 55 Table 2.4 Comparison of outer‐rotor and inner‐rotor motors 57
