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THE SEARCH FOR LIFE(M) Teacher Resource. The Search for Life NRC Framework for Science Education Alignment (1 of 3)Science and EngineeringPractices Benchmarkby Grade 8ESS1.C: The History of Planet EarthThe geological time scale interpreted from rockstrata provides a way to organize Earth’s history.Major historical events include the formation ofmountain chains and ocean basins, the evolutionand extinction of particular living organisms,volcanic eruptions, periods of massive glaciation,and development of watersheds and riversthrough glaciation and water erosion. Analyses ofrock strata and the fossil record provide onlyrelative dates, not an absolute scale.Disciplinary Core IdeaGrade Band EndpointsTeacher GuideInfluence of Science,Engineering, and Technologyon Society and the NaturalInterdependence of Science,Engineering, and TechnologyEngineering advances have led toimportant discoveries in virtuallyevery field of science, andscientific discoveries have led tothe development of entireindustries and engineeredsystems. In order to design bettertechnologies, new science mayneed to be explored (e.g.,materials research prompted bydesire for better batteries or solarcells, biological questions raisedby medical problems).Technologies in turn extend themeasurement, exploration,modeling, and computationalcapacity of scientificinvestigations.Crosscutting ConceptsYou will know the level to which your students have achieved the Learning Outcomes, and thus the InstructionalObjective(s), by using the suggested Rubrics below.InstructionalObjectiveEngaging in Argument fromEvidenceStudents can draw on a widerrange of reasons or evidence, sothat their arguments become moresophisticated. In addition, theyshould be expected to discernwhat aspects of the evidence arepotentially significant forsupporting or refuting a particularargument.NRC Framework for K-12 Science EducationIO1:Construct anargument aboutthe constraintsand limitationsregarding thesearch for life inthe universeusing evidencefrom Earth’s rockrecord.LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestry andDiversityFossils are mineral replacements, preservedremains, or traces of organisms that lived in thepast. Thousands of layers of sedimentary rock notonly provide evidence of the history of Earth itselfbut also of changes in organisms whose fossilremains have been found in those layers. Thecollection of fossils and their placement inchronological order (e.g., through the location ofthe sedimentary layers in which they are found orthrough radioactive dating) is known as the fossilrecord. It documents the existence, diversity,This material is based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement No. NNX16AD79A. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This lesson was prepared by Arizona StateUniversity’s Education Through eXploration (ETX) Center. Lesson formatting was adopted and adapted from Arizona State University’s Mars Education Program. The lesson and its’associated materials may be photocopied and distributed freely for non-commercial purposes. Copyright 2016-2021. Last edited: November 1, 2018

National Aeronautics and Space Administrationextinction, and change of many life formsthroughout the history of life on Earth. Because ofthe conditions necessary for their preservation,not all types of organisms that existed in the pasthave left fossils that can be retrieved. Anatomicalsimilarities and differences between variousorganisms living today and between them andorganisms in the fossil record enable thereconstruction of evolutionary history and theinference of lines of evolutionary descent.ETS1.A: Defining and Delimiting EngineeringProblemsThe more precisely a design task’s criteria andconstraints can be defined, the more likely it isthat the designed solution will be successful.Specification of constraints includes considerationof scientific principles and other relevantknowledge that are likely to limit possible solutions(e.g., familiarity with the local climate may rule outcertain plants for the school garden).WorldThe uses of technologies and anylimitations on their use are drivenby individual or societal needs,desires, and values; by thefindings of scientific research; andby differences in such factors asclimate, natural resources, andeconomic conditions.This material is based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement No. NNX16AD79A. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This lesson was prepared by Arizona StateUniversity’s Education Through eXploration (ETX) Center. Lesson formatting was adopted and adapted from Arizona State University’s Mars Education Program. The lesson and its’associated materials may be photocopied and distributed freely for non-commercial purposes. Copyright 2016-2021.Last edited: November 1, 2018

National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationTHE SEARCH FOR LIFEScience and EngineeringPractices Benchmark by Grade 8Disciplinary Core IdeaGrade Band EndpointsTeacher GuideCrosscutting ConceptsSchool Progression)Stability and ChangeRecognize that much of sciencedeals with constructing historicalexplanations of how things evolvedto be the way they are today, whichinvolves modeling rates of changeand conditions under which thesystem is stable or changesgradually, as well as explanations ofany sudden change. (Crosscutting High(M) Teacher Resource. The Search for Life NRC Framework for Science Education Alignment (2 of 3)Constructing Explanations andDesigning SolutionsConstruct their own explanations ofphenomena using their knowledge ofaccepted scientific theory and linkingit to models and evidence.NRC Framework for K-12 Science EducationLearning OutcomesLO1a:Explain howscientists piecetogether the storyof life from thefossil record.Offer causal explanationsappropriate to their level of scientificknowledge.ESS1.C: The History of Planet EarthThe geological time scale interpreted fromrock strata provides a way to organizeEarth’s history. Major historical eventsinclude the formation of mountain chains andocean basins, the evolution and extinction ofparticular living organisms, volcaniceruptions, periods of massive glaciation, anddevelopment of watersheds and riversthrough glaciation and water erosion.Analyses of rock strata and the fossil recordprovide only relative dates, not an absolutescale.LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestryand DiversityFossils are mineral replacements, preservedremains, or traces of organisms that lived inthe past. Thousands of layers of sedimentaryrock not only provide evidence of the historyof Earth itself but also of changes inorganisms whose fossil remains have beenfound in those layers. The collection offossils and their placement in chronologicalorder (e.g., through the location of theThis material is based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement No. NNX16AD79A. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This lesson was prepared by Arizona StateUniversity’s Education Through eXploration (ETX) Center. Lesson formatting was adopted and adapted from Arizona State University’s Mars Education Program. The lesson and its’associated materials may be photocopied and distributed freely for non-commercial purposes. Copyright 2016-2021.Last edited: November 1, 2018

Engaging in Argument fromEvidenceStudents can draw on a wider rangeof reasons or evidence, so that theirarguments become moresophisticated. In addition, theyshould be expected to discern whataspects of the evidence arepotentially significant for supportingor refuting a particular argument.National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationLO1b:Construct anargument thatexplains thesignificance of theK-Pg boundary andthe evidencecontained in HellCreek thatdemonstratesthesignificanceof this boundary.sedimentary layers in which they are foundor through radioactive dating) is known asthe fossil record. It documents the existence,diversity, extinction, and change of many lifeforms throughout the history of life on Earth.Because of the conditions necessary for theirpreservation, not all types of organisms thatexisted in the past have left fossils that canbe retrieved. Anatomical similarities anddifferences between various organisms livingtoday and between them and organisms inthe fossil record enable the reconstruction ofevolutionary history and the inference of linesof evolutionary descent. Comparison of theembryological development of differentspecies also reveals similarities that showrelationships not evident in the fully formedanatomy.ESS1.C: The History of Planet EarthThe geological time scale interpreted fromrock strata provides a way to organizeEarth’s history. Major historical eventsinclude the formation of mountain chains andocean basins, the evolution and extinction ofparticular living organisms, volcaniceruptions, periods of massive glaciation, anddevelopment of watersheds and riversthrough glaciation and water erosion.Analyses of rock strata and the fossil recordprovide only relative dates, not an absolutescale.LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestryand DiversityFossils are mineral replacements, preservedremains, or traces of organisms that lived inStability and ChangeExplain subtle or conditionalsituations and the need for feedbackto maintain stability.This material is based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement No. NNX16AD79A. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This lesson was prepared by Arizona StateUniversity’s Education Through eXploration (ETX) Center. Lesson formatting was adopted and adapted from Arizona State University’s Mars Education Program. The lesson and its’associated materials may be photocopied and distributed freely for non-commercial purposes. Copyright 2016-2021.Last edited: November 1, 2018

Offer causal explanationsappropriate to their level of scientificknowledge.Constructing Explanations andDesigning SolutionsConstruct their own explanations ofphenomena using their knowledge ofaccepted scientific theory and linkingit to models and evidence.National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationLO1c:Construct anexplanation forwhat evidencepoints to theexistence ofstromatolitesin North PoleDome, Australiaand how they aresignificant in thestory of life onEarth.the past. Thousands of layers of sedimentaryrock not only provide evidence of the historyof Earth itself, but also of changes inorganisms whose fossil remains have beenfound in those layers. The collection offossils and their placement in chronologicalorder (e.g., through the location of thesedimentary layers in which they are foundor through radioactive dating) is known asthe fossil record. It documents the existence,diversity, extinction, and change of many lifeforms throughout the history of life on Earth.Because of the conditions necessary for theirpreservation, not all types of organisms thatexisted in the past have left fossils that canbe retrieved. Anatomical similarities anddifferences between various organisms livingtoday and between them and organisms inthe fossil record enable the reconstruction ofevolutionary history and the inference of linesof evolutionary descent.ESS1.C: The History of Planet EarthThe geological time scale interpreted fromrock strata provides a way to organizeEarth’s history. Major historical eventsinclude the formation of mountain chains andocean basins, the evolution and extinction ofparticular living organisms, volcaniceruptions, periods of massive glaciation, anddevelopment of watersheds and riversthrough glaciation and water erosion.Analyses of rock strata and the fossil recordprovide only relative dates, not an absolutescale.PatternsRelate patterns to the nature ofmicroscopic and atomic-levelstructure.This material is based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement No. NNX16AD79A. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This lesson was prepared by Arizona StateUniversity’s Education Through eXploration (ETX) Center. Lesson formatting was adopted and adapted from Arizona State University’s Mars Education Program. The lesson and its’associated materials may be photocopied and distributed freely for non-commercial purposes. Copyright 2016-2021.Last edited: November 1, 2018

National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationRadioactive decay lifetimes and isotopiccontent in rocks provide a way of dating rockformations and thereby fixing the scale ofgeological time.LS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestryand DiversityFossils are mineral replacements, preservedremains, or traces of organisms that lived inthe past. Thousands of layers of sedimentaryrock not only provide evidence of the historyof Earth itself but also of changes inorganisms whose fossil remains have beenfound in those layers. The collection offossils and their placement in chronologicalorder (e.g., through the location of thesedimentary layers in which they are foundor through radioactive dating) is known asthe fossil record. It documents the existence,diversity, extinction, and change of many lifeforms throughout the history of life on Earth.Because of the conditions necessary for theirpreservation, not all types of organisms thatexisted in the past have left fossils that canbe retrieved. Anatomical similarities anddifferences between various organisms livingtoday and between them and organisms inthe fossil record enable the reconstruction ofevolutionary history and the inference of linesof evolutionary descent. Comparison of theembryological development of differentspecies also reveals similarities that showrelationships not evident in the fully formedanatomy.This material is based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement No. NNX16AD79A. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This lesson was prepared by Arizona StateUniversity’s Education Through eXploration (ETX) Center. Lesson formatting was adopted and adapted from Arizona State University’s Mars Education Program. The lesson and its’associated materials may be photocopied and distributed freely for non-commercial purposes. Copyright 2016-2021.Last edited: November 1, 2018

National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationTHE SEARCH FOR LIFEScience and EngineeringPractices Benchmark byGrade 8Constructing Explanationsand Designing SolutionsConstruct their ownexplanations of phenomenausing their knowledge ofaccepted scientific theory andlinking it to models andevidence.Offer causal explanationsappropriate to their level ofscientific knowledge.Teacher GuideDisciplinary Core IdeaGrade Band EndpointsStability and ChangeExplain subtle or conditionalsituations and the need forfeedback to maintain stability.Crosscutting ConceptsPatternsRelate patterns to the nature ofmicroscopic and atomic-levelstructure.ESS1.C: The History of Planet EarthThe geological time scale interpreted fromrock strata provides a way to organizeEarth’s history. Major historical eventsinclude the formation of mountain chains andocean basins, the evolution and extinction ofparticular living organisms, volcaniceruptions, periods of massive glaciation, anddevelopment of watersheds and riversthrough glaciation and water erosion.Analyses of rock strata and the fossil recordprovide only relative dates, not an absolutescale.(M) Teacher Resource. The Search for Life NRC Framework for Science Education Individual Activity Alignment (3 of 3)ExploreEngagePhases of5EInstructionalModelNRC Framework for Science EducationActivity(A) ComplexLife in theUniverseEarthExplorations:Stories in RockExtinctionStory in HellCreekStory ofComplexAnimals inNilpenaEarliest Storiesof Life inAustraliaLS4.A: Evidence of Common Ancestryand DiversityFossils are mineral replacements, preservedremains, or traces of organisms that lived inthe past. Thousands of layers of sedimentaryrock not only provide evidence of the historyof Earth itself but also of changes inThis material is based upon work supported by NASA under cooperative agreement No. NNX16AD79A. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in thismaterial are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This lesson was prepared by Arizona StateUniversity’s Education Through eXploration (ETX) Center. Lesson formatting was adopted and adapted from Arizona State University’s Mars Education Program. The lesson and its’associated materials may be photocopied and distributed freely for non-commercial purposes. Copyright 2016-2021.Last edited: November 1, 2018

ExplainOffer causal explanationsappropriate to their level ofscientific knowledge.Constructing Explanationsand Designing SolutionsConstruct their ownexplanations of phenomenausing their knowledge ofaccepted scientific theory andlinking it to models andevidence.National Aeronautics and Space Administration(B) Stories inRock(C) VisitingDeep Time(D) ExtinctionStory in HellCreek(E) ClassifyingOrganisms byPhylogenyorganisms whose fossil remains have beenfound in those layers. The collection offossils and their placement in chronologicalorder (e.g., through the location of thesedimentary layers in which they are foundor through radioactive dating) is known asthe fossil record. It documents the existence,diversity, extinction, and change of many lifeforms throughout the history of life on Earth.Because of the conditions necessary for theirpreservation, not all types of organisms thatexisted in the past have left fossils that canbe retrieved. Anatomical similarities anddifferences between various organisms livingtoday and between them and organisms inthe fossil record enable the reconstruction ofevolutionary history and the inference of linesof evolutionary descent. Comparison of theembryological development of differentspecies also reveals similarities that showrelationships not evident in the fully formedanatomy.ESS1.C: The History of Planet EarthThe geological time scale interpreted fromrock strata provides a way to organizeEarth’s history. Major historical eventsinclude the formation of mountain chains andocean basins, the evolution and extinction ofparticular living organisms, volcaniceruptions, periods of massive glaciation, anddevelopment of watersheds and riversthrough glaciation and water erosion.Analyses of rock strata and the fossil recordprovide only rel

National Research Council. (2012). A framework for K-12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas. Committee on a Conceptual Framework for New K-12 Science Education Standards. Board on Science Education, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washi