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United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Official Hearing ExhibitEntergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.In the Matter of:(Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3)ASLBP #: 07-858-03-LR-BD01Docket #: 05000247 05000286Exhibit #: NYS000008-00-BD01Identified: 10/15/2012Admitted: 008Submitted: December 12, ed byJames H. HarloweRe PRESS.·.·.wBoca Raron London New York Washingron, D.COAGI0001238 00001
Libraryor Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataElectric power lransformer engineering I ediled by Jame, H. Harlow.p. em. - (The ElecLric Power Engineering Series; 91lncludes bibliographical references and indeJ .ISBN 0-8493-1704-5 (alk. paper)I. Eleclric (ransformers. 1. Harlow. j'fmes H. n. titie. II!. Series.TK255 I.E65 2004621.3 J'4--dc212003046134This book cont ins infomlalion obluined from authenlic and highly regarded source . Reprinled malerial is quoted withpermission. and sources are indicaled. A wide variely of references are lisled. Rea oItab\e effon, have been made 10 publishreliable data and information. but the aulhor and Ihe publisher cannOI assume responsibility for the validily of all materialsor for Ihe· consequences of [heir use.Neilher this book nor any pan muy be reproduced or lransmi(led in any fonn or by any mean,. eieclromc or mechanical.including photocopying, microfilming. and recording, or by any infomlation storage or retrieval syslem. without priorpemlission in wriling from the publisher.All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for inlcrnal or personal use, or (he per50nal or internal use of specificclienls. may be granted by CRC Press LLc' provided that ].50 per page photocopied is paid d irectly 10 Copyright ClearanceCenter. 222 Ro ewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reponing Service is[SBN 0-8493-1704-5/04/ 0 .00 1.50. The fee i ,ubjec:l \0 change wilhout nolice. For organizations that have been granteda photocopy license by the CCC a separate system of payment has been arranged,The consenL of CRC Pres, LLC does nOl extend Lo copying for general distribution, for promot ion. for crealing new works.or for re,ale: Specitic permission must be obtained in wfl\ing from CRC Press LLC for sueh copying.Direc\ all inquiries10CRe Press LLC 2000 N. W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Ralon. Florida 33431.Trademllrk Notice! PrOdUCI or corporate namesm ybe trademark., or regislered trademarks, and reused only foridentificaflon and explanation. withoul intent to infringe.With regllrd to material reprinted from IEEE publications:The IEEE disclaims any responsibility or liability resulting from the placement and w;e in the describctl manner.Visit the CRe Press Web site at www.crcpress.como 2004by CRC Pre" LLCNo claim to original U.S. Goyernmenl work Standard Book Number 0-8493-1704-5Library or Congre,s Card Number 2003046134Pnn(cd in the United State, of Amer',ca I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0Prinled (In ucid-free paper[rHcrn lionaJOAGI0001238 00002
ContentsChapter 1Theory and Principles Dennis Allarl and Harold Moore .Chapter 2Equipment Types2.12.22.32.42.52.62. 72.82.9Chapter 3I-IPower Transformers H. lin Sirn and Scott H. Digby . . . . 2-2Distribution Transformers Dudley L. Galloway and Dan Mulkey . 2·23Phase-Shifting Transformers Gustav Preininger . . . . . . . . 2-63Rectifier Transformers Sheldon P. Kennedy . . . 2-81Dry-Type Transformers Paulette A. Payne . . . 2-102Instrument Transformers Randy Mullikin . . . . 2-107Step-Voltage Regulators Craig A. Colopy . . . . . 2-140Constant-Voltage Transformers Arindam Maitra, Anish Gaikwad,Ralph Ferra ro, Doug{as Dorr, and Arshad Mansoor . 2-160Reactors Richard F. Dudley, Michael Sharp, Antonio Castanheira,and Behdad Biglar . . . 2-184Ancillary .14Insulating Media Leo J. Savio and Ted Haupert . . . 3-2Electrical Bushings Loren B. Wagenaar . . . 3-7Load Tap Changers Dieter Dohllal . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29Loading and Thermal Performance Robert F Tillman , Jr. . . . 3-49Transformer Connections Dan D. Perco . . . . . . . 3-59Transformer Testing Shirish P. Mehta and William R. Helming . . . . 3·68Load-Tap-Change Control and Transformer Parallelinglames H. Harlow . 3-94Power Transformer Protection Armando Guzmdn, Hector J. AltJ/ve,and Gabriel Benrnouyal . . 3-109Causes and Effects of Transformer Sound Levels Jeewan Puri . 3-137Tran.sient-Voltage Response Robert C. DegelTeff . 3-149Transformer Installation and Maintenance Alan Oswalt . . 3-174Problem and Failure Investigation Wallace Binderand Harold Moore . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-182On-Line Mon itoring of Liquid-Immersed Transformers Andre Lux . 3-194U.S. Power Transformer Equipment Standards and ProcessesPhilip J. Hopkinson . . . . 3-215Index . . . . . . . I-1xiOAGI0001238 00003
Equipment Types2.1H. Jin SimScott H. Digby,Vnukesha leone Systems2.2GalJowllY Twns[ormer TechnologyacDan MulkeyPIlCJfic Gos !U Electnc CompanyCunwilunl2.3Twnsformer CorporatIOnPaulette A. Payne2.4Randy MullikinKllhlnwl! Eleclric Corp.Craig A. ColopyCooper Puwer S;,I-!\tenH2.52.6Tr"nch LidDry-Type Transformers . 2·102Instrument Transformers . 2 - 107Overview Transformer Basics' VoltageTransfoflner' CurrentFerr(Jro. OIJV(;!r 0) ASSOCUilesRichard F. DudleyMichael SharpAntonio Castanhei.raBehdad BighrRectifier Transformers . . . " . " . " . 2-81Transformer Taps' Cooling Classes for Dry· Type Transformers Winding Insulation System' Application' Enclosures'Operating CO[1ditionS Limits of Temperature Rise'Accessories· Surge ProtectionEPRI PEAC CorPO{llllOORalph Ferraro2-63Background and Historical Perspective' New Terminology andDefinitions' Rectifier Circuits· Commutatjng Impedance·Secondary CO\lplin% Generation of Harmonics' l aflJ10nicSpectrum' Effects of Harmonic Currents on Transformers'Thermal Tests· Harmonic Cancellation' DC Current Content Transformers Energized from a Converter/lllverter Electrostatic Ground Shield' Load Conditio[1s InterphaseTransformersPEPCOArindam MaitraAnish GaikwadArshad MansoorDouglas DorrPhase-Shifting Transformers . .Introduct ion' Basic Principle of Application· Load Diagr lmof PST' Tmal Power Transfer' Types of Phase ·ShiftingTransformers' Details of Transformer Design' Details of On·Load Tap-Changer Application' Other AspectsSheldon P. Kennedy1\'lIlgi/fODistribution Transformers . 2-23Historical Background' Construction' General TransformerDesign' Transformer Connections' Operational Concerns'Transformer Locations' Underground DistributionTransformers' Pad -Mounted Distribution Transformers'Transformer Losses Tra,[1sformer Performance Model Transformer Loading' Transformer Testing·Transformer Protection' Economic ApplicationDudley L. GallowayGustav PreiningerPower Transformers . . 2-2Imroduction Rating and Class ifications' Short-Circuit Duty Efficiency, Losses, and Regulation' Construction' AccessoryEquipment· Inrush Current· Transformers ConnectedDirectly to Generators· Modern dnd Future DevelopmentsTr nsformer2.7Step-Voltage Regulators . . . . . 2-140Introduct ion' Power Systems Applications' Ratings· Theory Auw-Booster' Three·Phase Regllintors . Regul lOr Control·Unique Applications2.8Constant-Voltage Transformers . 2-160llackground Appliations Procurement Considerations Typical Service, Storage, and Shiplnent Conditions' NilmephteData and NomenclJture New Technology Advancements·AddendumOAGI0001238 00004
Electric Power Transformer Engineenng2-22.9Reactors . .2-IB4Background 'and Himlfical Perspective· Applications ofRe crors' Some Important Application Considerations' ShunlReactors Switching Transients' Current·Limiting Reacrors andSwitching Tran5ienl5 Rea([or Loss Evaluation' De·Q·ing Sound Level and Mitigation2.1 Power TransformersH. lin Sim and Scott H. Digby2.1.1IntroductionANSlIIEEE defines a transformer as a static electrical device, involving no continuously moving parts,used in dectric powt'r systems to transfer power between circuits through the use of electromagnelicinduction. The term power tral1;former is used 10 refer to those transformers used between the generatorand the distribution circuits, and these are usually rated t 500 kVA and ahOYt'o Power systt'ms typicallyconsist of a large number of generation locations, distribution points, and interconnections within thesystem or with nearby systems, such as a neighboring utility. The complexity of rhe system leads to avariety of transmission and distribution voltages. Power transformers must be used at each of these pointswhere there is a transition between voltage levels.Power transformers are selected based on the application, with the emphasis toward custom designbeing more apparent the larger the uniL Power tral1:sformcrs are available for step·up operation, primarilyused at rhe generator and referred to as generator step·up (GSU) transformers, and for step-downoperation, mainly used to feed distribution circuits. Power transformers are available as single-phase orthree-phase apparatus.The construction of a transformer depends upon the application. Transformers intended for indoorust' are primarily of the dry type bur can also be liquid immersed. For outdoor use, transformers areusually liquid immersed. This section focuses on the outdoor, liquid-immersed transformers, such asthose shown in Figure Z.U.fIGURE 2.1.120 MVA, l61:26.4 x )3.2 kV wl!h LTC, three phase trJosrormers.OAGI0001238 00005
Power transformers must be used at each of these points where there is a transition between voltage levels. Power transformers are selected based on the application, with the emphasis toward custom design being more apparent the larger the uniL Power tral
