Transcription
1AnalogyAnalogy basically means ‘‘resemblance of one object to another in certain aspects.’’The aim of analogy is to test the candidate's ability to discover the relationshipbetween the question pair and then to find the required pair of words which is mostsimilar to that relationship.Different types of questions covered in this chapter are as followsAnalogous Pair CompletionAnalogous Pair SelectionDirect or Simple AnalogyDouble AnalogySimilar Word SelectionAnalogy DetectionMultiple Word AnalogyLetter Based AnalogyNumber Based Analogy In this chapter, a question consists of words related to each other based on some logic and it isrequired to find a word/pair of words analogous to those given in the questionTo solve these questions, following two simple steps are to be followedStep I The candidate is required to identify the relationship between the pair of numbers/letters/words given.Step II Find out the other pair such that the relationship between the third and the fourthnumbers/letters/words is similar to the relationship that exists between the first andsecond numbers/letters/words.Now, it is clear that analogy is established, when the two pairs on both the sides of the sign (::) bearthe same relationship.This analogical relationship can be established in two ways as follows1. Basic Relation Basic relation is as follows1: 2 :: 3: 4Here, the relation of 3 to 4 or 4 to 3 is the same as the relation of 1 to 2 or 2 to 1.2. Advanced Relation Advanced relation is as follows1: 2 :: 3: 4
4Verbal ReasoningHere, the relation of 2 to 4 or 4 to 2 is the same as the relation of 1 to 3 or 3 to 1. To have more clearty about analogicalrelationship, let us consider the example given belowDoctor : Hospital : : Teacher : School(i)(ii)Now, just think over (i) and (ii). What relationship can you establish between these two?If you go for a deeper analysis, you will find the following(i) Doctor : HospitalA ‘doctor’ works in a ‘hospital’. It means ‘hospital’ is a working place for a ‘doctor’.Hence, Doctor : Hospital has worker and working place relationship.(ii) Teacher : SchoolA ‘teacher’ works in a ‘school’. It means ‘school’ is the working place for a ‘teacher’.Hence, Teacher : School has worker and working place relationship.Clearly, it is observed that in both the cases (i) and (ii), the relationship is similar, i.e., worker and working placerelationship. Therefore, we can say that these two are analogical pairs.Sometimes, these analogical relationships can be established as given belowDoctor : Teacher : : Hospital : SchoolHere, ‘Doctor’ is related to ‘Hospital’ in the same way as ‘Teacher’ is related to ‘School’(i) [Doctor : Hospital] and (ii) [Teacher : School] are actually different from each other but they are logically similar.These analogous relationships can be of several types depending upon the kind of relationship between the two objects ofa pair.Some most common types of analogous relationships are as followsSynonymous RelationshipAntonymous RelationshipThis type of relationship is established between the twowords, when they convey the same meaning.This type of relationship is established between the twowords, when they are opposite in meaning.e.g., Kind : Cruele.g.,Abandon : Leave‘Abandon’ means almost the same‘Abandon’ is a synonym of ‘Leave’.Some more examples are given normousSynthetic:ArtificialEncumberSubstitute pas ‘Leave’. anderDefectScarcityRepairCalm‘Kind’ means the opposite of ‘Cruel’. Hence, ‘Kind’ and ‘Cruel’have antonymous relationship.Some more examples are given RobustDeep:ShallowAdvance ndense
5AnalogyIndividual and Group RelationshipWorker and Tool RelationshipWhen one word of the pair is the collective group ofanother word of the pair, then it is called individual andgroup relationship.e.g., Cattle : HerdWhen one word of the pair represents the workingprofessionals and the other word of the pair is the tool usedfor their working, then it is called worker and toolrelationship.e.g., Chef : KnifeA group of ‘Cattle’ is called ‘Herd’.Some more examples are given eamBouquetCaravanLeagueCrowdIntensity RelationshipWhen one word of the pair is of higher intensity than theother word of the pair, then it is called intensityrelationship.e.g., Quarrel : War‘War’ is of higher intensity than ‘Quarrel’.Some more examples are given nhappy dShoutRageSadBlunderSin‘Knife’ is a tool used by ‘Chef’.Some more examples are given ksmith dcutterMason:Plumb lineCarpenterDoctor:Stethoscope ct and Raw Material RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the raw materialused for the formation of the product given in the otherword of the pair, then it is called product and raw materialrelationship.e.g., Furniture : Wood‘Furniture’ is made of ‘Wood’.Some more examples are given ickWoolSeedWorker and Product RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the workingprofessionals and the other word of the pair representstheir final product, then it is called worker and productrelationship.e.g., Author : BookPart and Whole RelationshipAn author writes a book. It means ‘Book’ is‘Author’.Some more examples are given belowPoet: PoemCobbler:Producer: FilmEditor:Choreographer : BalletTailor:Dramatist: PlayChef:Farmer: CropSculptor:Carpenter: FurnitureGoldsmith :Mason: WallArchitect:‘Hard Disk’ is a part of ‘Computer’.Some more examples are given ouse:RoomCarClock:NeedleBookAeroplane :Cockpitthe product ofShoesNewspaperClothesFoodBustOrnamentsDesignWhen one word of the pair represents a single part of thewhole object given in other word of the pair, then it iscalled part and whole relationship.e.g., Computer : Hard Disk:::::PedalNibStudentSteeringChapter
6Verbal ReasoningWorker and Working Place RelationshipStudy and Topic RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the workingprofessional and the other word of the pair their workingplace, then it is called worker and working placerelationship.e.g., Clerk : OfficeWhen one word of the pair gives the branch of study andthe other word gives the topic of study of that branch, thenit is called study and topic relationship.e.g., Pathology : DiseasesA ‘Clerk’ works in a ‘Office’.Some more examples are given belowWarrior:Battle fieldTeacherDoctor:HospitalBeauticianGambler :CasinoEngineerWorker:FactoryPainterMechanic :GarageFarmerChef:KitchenActorScientist ogy’ is the study of ‘Diseases’.Some more examples are given belowBotany: PlantsVirologyOology: EggsConcologyArchaeology : ArtifactsZoologyOnomatology : NamesPalaeographyAstrology: PlanetsCraniologyOrnithology: BirdsAnthropologyEntomology : InsectsSeismologyPalaeontology : FossilsCardiologyPedology: sSkullManEarthquakesHeartBodyAnimal and Movement RelationshipTool and Action RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the tool and theother word of the pair gives its function/action, then it iscalled tool and action relationship.e.g., Knife : CutA ‘Knife’ is used for ‘Cutting’.Some more examples are given belowGun:ShootSpoonAxe:GrindShovelMicroscope s:HoldSpannerLoudspeaker eViewGripGuardCarvePair RelationshipWhen the two words form a genuine pair, then it is called apair relationship.e.g., Lock : Key‘Lock’ and ‘Key’ make pair.Some more examples are given seSaucerTrousersWhen one word of the pair gives the animal name andother word of the pair represents its movement, then it iscalled animal and movement relationship.e.g., Donkey : Trot‘Trot’ is the name given to the movement of the ‘Donkey’.Some more examples are given lLamb:FriskBear:LumberCock:StrutElephant /Thing and Sound RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the sound producedby the animal/thing given in the other word of the pair,then it is called animal/thing and sound relationship.e.g., Elephant : TrumpetTrumpet’ is the sound produced by ‘elephant’.Some more examples are given belowLion:RoarDonkey :BrayRain:PatterSparrow stleFrog:Croak
7AnalogyIndividual/Thing and Class RelationshipGames and Playing Place RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the class of the otherword, then it is called individual/thing and classrelationship.e.g., Lizard : ReptileWhen one word of the pair represents the place for playingthe game given in the other word of the pair, then it iscalled games and playing place relationship.e.g., Cricket : Pitch‘Lizard’ belongs to the class of ‘Reptiles’.Some more examples are given :FurnitureButterfly :‘Cricket’ is played on the ‘Pitch’.Some more examples are given belowRace:TrackTennisExercise:Gymnasium HockeySkating:RinkBoxingBadminton e and Female RelationshipIndividual and Dwelling Place RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the dwelling place ofthe individuals given in the other word of the pair, then it iscalled individual and dwelling place relationship.e.g., Mouse : HoleA ‘Mouse’ lives in a ‘Hole’.Some more examples are given yMansionCaravanPalacePen/ByrePrisonWhen two words of the pair represents male and femalegender of each other, then it is called male and femalerelationship.e.g., Man : Woman‘Man’ is the male while ‘Woman’ is the female.Some more examples are given ountessGander:GooseBachelor Animal and Young One RelationshipAnimal/Things and Keeping Place RelationshipWhen one word of the pair is the keeping place of theanimal/thing given in other word of the pair, then it iscalled animal/thing and keeping place relationship.e.g., Grains : Granary‘Grains’ are kept in ‘Granary’.Some more examples are given ryWhen one word of the pair represents the name given tothe young ones of the animals given in other word of thepair, then it is called animal and young one relationship.e.g., Frog : Tadpole‘Tadpole’ is the young one of ‘Frog’.Some more examples are given gChildLarvaCubLambColt/Filly/FoalNymph
8Verbal ReasoningQuantity and Unit RelationshipState and Capital RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the unit used for therepresentation of the quantity given in other word of thepair, then it is called quantity and unit relationship.e.g., Force : NewtonWhen one word of the pair gives the capital of the stategiven in other word of the pair, then it is called state andcapital relationship.e.g., Bihar : Patna‘Newton’ is the unit of ‘Force’.Some more examples are given :LitreCurrentResistance re:PascalArea‘Patna’ is the capital of ‘Bihar’.Some more examples are given and:Meghalaya:Andhra Pradesh:Himachal Pradesh:Tamil adianJouleVoltHectareInstrument and Measurement RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the instrumentused for the measurement of other word, then it is calledinstrument and measurement relationship.e.g., Scale : Length‘Scale’ is an instrument used to measure ‘Length’.Some more examples are given peedAnemometer:WindScrew kesTaseometer:StrainsSphygmomanometer:Blood PressureCountry and Capital RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the capital of the countrygiven in other word of the pair, then it is called country andcapital relationship.e.g., India : Delhi‘Delhi’ is the capital of ‘India’.Some more examples are given belowJapan:TokyoUKUSA:Washington DC a:NairobiDenmarkAfghanistan : gtokGandhi laChennaiBengaluruBhubaneshwarCountry and Currency RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the currency of thecountry given in other word of the pair, then it is calledcountry and currency relationship.e.g., India : Rupee‘Rupee’ is the currency of ‘India’.Some more examples are given h Korea arCountry and Continent RomeBeijingMoscowCopenhagenBangkokHavanaWhen one word of the pair represents a continent and theother word gives the name of a country which is a part ofthe given continent, then it is called country and continentrelationship.e.g., India : Asia‘India’ is the part of ‘Asia’.Some more examples are given belowFrance:EuropeCanadaPakistan :AsiaGhanaBrazil:South AmericaZimbabwe:::North AmericaAfricaAfrica
9AnalogyCountry and Parliament RelationshipSign and Symbol RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of theparliament of the country given in other word of the pair,then it is called country and parliament relationship.e.g., Japan : DietWhen one word of the pair represents the sign of thesymbol given in the other word of the pair, then it is calledsign and symbol relationship.e.g., Black Flag : Protest‘Diet’ is the name of parliament of ‘Japan’.Some more examples are given below‘Black Flag’ is the sign of ‘Protest’.Some more examples are given belowDove: PeaceWheelWhite Flag : TruceRedRed Flag: Danger/Revolution Green LightRed Light : StopStarRed Triangle : Family PlanningBlackRed Cross : ark:Iran:Israel:Mongolia en:USA:Afghanistan :Federal ParliamentParliamentTshogduHouse of commous and Assembly tes GeneralesDumaDewan Rakyat and Dewan NegaraMajlisRiksdagCongressShoraCountry and National Emblem RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the national emblemof the country given in the other word of the pair, then it iscalled country and national emblem relationship.e.g., Australia : Kangaroo‘Kangaroo’ is the national emblem of ‘Australia’.Some more examples are given belowNorway:LionPakistan :CrescentFrance:LilyGermany :Corn FlowerSri Lanka :Sword and LionIndia:Lion CapitalJapan:Chrysanthemum Ireland:ShamrockUSA:Golden RodDenmark :BeachSpain:EagleUK:RoseItaly:White LilyCanada:White LilyCountry and Official Book RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the officialbook of the country given in other word of the pair, then itis called country and official book relationship.e.g., Blue Book : Britain‘Blue Book’ is the official report of the ‘British Government’.Some more examples are given belowGreen Book : ItalyWhite Book : ChinaYellow Book : FranceGray Book : Japan/BelgiumOrange Book : uneCountries and National Monuments RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the national monument ofthe country given in the other word of the pair, then it iscalled country and national monument relationship.e.g., Emperical Palace : Japan‘Emperical Palace’ is the national monument of ‘Japan’.Some more examples are given belowEiffel Tower : FranceKermlinPyramid: EgyptOpera HouseTajmahal: IndiaKinder Disk:::MoscowAustraliaDenmarkî City and monuments/important places relationship also exists in thesame manner.Countries and Newspaper RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of thenewspaper of the country given in the other word of thepair, then it is called country and newspaper relationship.e.g., India : Times of India‘Times of India’ is an ‘Indian’ newspaper.Some more examples are given belowPakistan:DawnUSA:Britain:Daily MirrorChina:India:The HinduDaily NewsPeople’s DailyCountries and News Agencies RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the newsagency of the country given in the other word of the pairthen it is called country and news agency relationship.e.g., India : PTI‘PTI’ is an ‘Indian’ news agency.Some more examples are given ReutersXin-huaKhaamaAntara
10Verbal ReasoningCountry and National Game RelationshipCountry and Intelligence Agencies RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the nationalgame of the country given in the other word of the pair,then it is called country and national game relationship.e.g., India : HockeyWhen one word of the pair gives the name of theintelligence agency of the country given in other word ofthe pair, then it is called country and intelligence agencyrelationship.e.g., India : CBI‘Hockey’ is the national game of ‘India’.Some more examples are given belowBritain:CricketJapan:Pakistan :HockeyUSA:Spain:Bull FightingChina:JudoBaseballTable TennisCountry and National Flower RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the national flowerof the country given in the other word of the pair, then it iscalled country and national flower relationship.e.g., India : Lotus‘Lotus’ is the national flower of ‘India’.Some more examples are given :Golden Wattle CanadaHongkong :OrchidPortugal::::IrisShamrockMaple LeafLavenderCountry and National Animal RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the national animalof the country given in other word of the pair, then it iscalled country and national animal relationship.e.g., India : Tiger‘Tiger’ is the national animal of ‘India’.Some more examples are given belowAustralia : KangarooJapanUK: Robin RedbrestCanada::IbisWeaverCountry and River RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the river which flowsthrough the country given in the other word of the pair,then it is called country and river relationship.e.g., India : Ganga‘Ganga’ is a river that flows in ‘India’.Some more examples are given belowChinaItalyBritainAustriaIndia:::::Hwang HoTiberThamesDanubeGomti‘CBI’ is the intelligence agency of ‘India’.Some more examples are given istanUSA:::MukhabaratISICIACountry and Tribes RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of tribe living inthe country given in other word of the pair, then it is calledcountry and tribes relationship.e.g., India : Bheel‘Bheel’ is a tribe of ‘India’.Some more examples are given belowCanadaUSA::EskimoRed IndiansNew Zealand :Malaysia:MaoriSemangRelationship Based on City’s Location on the RiverBanksWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the citysituated on the bank of the river given in other word of thepair, then it is called relationship based on city’s locationon the river banks.e.g., London : Thames‘London’ is located on the bank of river ‘Thames’.Some more examples are given aNew York:HudsonCountry and Ports RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of port locatedin the country given in other word of the pair, then it iscalled country and port relationship.e.g., India : Mumbai‘Mumbai’ is a port located in ‘India’.Some more examples are given gongShanghaiYokohama
11AnalogyState and High Court RelationshipDynasty and Founder RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the city, wherethe high court of the state given in the other word of thepair is located, then it is called state and high courtrelationship.e.g., Bihar : PatnaWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the founderof the dynasty given in other word of the pair, then it iscalled dynasty and founder relationship.e.g., Mughal Dynasty : BabarHigh Court of ‘Bihar’ is located in ‘Patna’.Some more examples are given belowUP: AllahabadUttarakhand:Rajasthan : JodhpurMadhya Pradesh :NainitalJabalpurInventors and Inventions RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the inventorof the invention given in the other word of the pair, then itis called inventor and invention relationship.e.g., Television : John Baird‘John Baird’ is the inventor of ‘Television’.Some more examples are given belowTelephone : Graham BellTelescope:Bicycle: Mac MillianFountain Pen :GalilioWatermanReligion and Worship Place RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the worship place of thereligion given in other word of the pair, then it is calledreligion and worship place relationship.e.g., Hindu : Temple‘Temple’ is the worship place for ‘Hindus’.Some more examples are given belowSikhs:GurudwaraChristians:Muslims : MosqueJews:ChurchSynagogueReligion and Religious Book RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of religiousbook of the religion given in other word of the pair, then itis called religion and religious book relationship.e.g., Hindu : Ramayana‘Ramayana’ is the religious book of ‘Hindus’.Some more examples are given belowMuslims :QuranChristians : BibleJews:TorahParsi: Gathas of ZarathushtraCity and Founder RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the founderof the city given in other word of the pair, then it is calledcity and founder relationship.e.g., Srinagar : Ashoka‘Ashoka’ was the founder of ‘Srinagar’.Some more examples are given belowJaipur: Savai Man SinghAgra: Sikander LodiAmritsar : Guru RamdasFirozabad : Firoz Shah Tughlaq‘Mughal Dynasty’ was founded by ‘Babar’.Some more examples are given belowGupta Dynasty:Chandraga gupt ISur Dynasty:ShershahMaurya Dynasty:Chandragupta MauryaSlave Dynasty:Qutub-ud-din AibakSports and Players RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the playerassociated with the sport given in other word of the pair,then it is called sport player relationship.e.g., Cricket : Virat Kohli‘Virat Kohli’ plays the game of ‘Cricket’.Some more examples are given belowTennis:Sania MirzaBadminton:Sania NehwalCricket:Mithali RajHockey:Sandeep SinghSports and Sports Terms RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the sports term which isassociated with the sport given in other word of the pair,then it is called sports and sports term relationship.e.g., LBW : Cricket‘LBW’ is the term used in the game of ‘Cricket’.Some more examples are given belowSmash:Badminton/TennisPenalty Corner:HockeyDiamond:BaseballDeuce:TennisPersons and Specialised Field RelationshipWhen two words of the pair give the name of the personand the field with which that person is associated, then it iscalled person and specialised field relationship.e.g., Amitabh Bachchan : Films‘Amitabh Bachchan’ is a film actor and hence he is associatedwith ‘Films’.Some more examples are given belowUma Sharma:DanceRajdeep Sardesai:MediaAnil Ambani:BusinessSachin Tendulkar:CricketSushma Swaraj:Politics
12Verbal ReasoningFamous Personalities and Country RelationshipCountry and Place RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of a famouspersonality associated with the country given in the otherword of the pair, then it is called famous personality andcountry relationship.e.g., Anna Hazare : IndiaWhen one word of the pair gives the name of a placesituated in the country given in other word of the pair, thenit is called country and place relationship.e.g., UK : Buckingham Palace‘Anna Hazare’ is a famous social activist of ‘India’.Some more examples are given belowImran Khan: PakistanBill Clinton : USAChetan Bhagat : IndiaMaradona : ArgentinaSports and Cups/Trophies RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of thecup/trophy associated with the sport given in the otherword of the pair, then it is called sports and cups/trophisrelationship.e.g., Golf : Ryder Cup‘Buckingham Palace’ is a place situated in United Kingdom(UK).Some more examples are given belowUSA:White HouseAustralia:Opera HouseItaly:Saint Peter’s ChurchRussia:Red SquareCity and Industries RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of industry forwhich the country given in other word of the pair isfamous, then it is called city and industry relationship.‘Ryder Cup’ is an award or cup which is given to the winner in‘Golf’.Some more examples are given belowCricket:Duleep TrophyFootball:Durand CupHockey:Dhyan Chand TrophyBadminton:Uber Cupe.g., Detroit : AutomobilesAwards and Field RelationshipIndia and National Symbol RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the awardassociated with the field given in other word of the pair,then it is called award and field relationship.e.g., Booker Award : LiteratureWhen one word of the pair gives the name of national itemof India given in other word of the pair, then it is calledIndia and national symbol relationship.e.g., Sport : HockeyIn the given relationship, first is award and the second is fieldi.e., ‘Booker Award’ is given in the field of ‘Literature’.Some more examples are given belowGramy Award:MusicOscar Award:FilmDada Sahab Phalke Award:FilmGlobal Award:EnvironmentCountry and National Sign RelationshipWhen one word of the pair represents the national sign ofthe country given in other word of the pair, then it is calledcountry and national sign relationship.e.g., India : Ashoka Chakra‘Ashoka Chakra’ is the national sign of ‘India’.Some more examples are given en Wattle‘Detroit’ is famous city for ‘Automobiles’ Industry.Some more examples are given belowHollywood:Film makingManchester:Cotton ClothesJohannes Burg:Gold MiningPitts Burgh:Steel‘Hockey’ is the national ‘Sport of India’.Some more examples are given usTigerPeacockMonuments and Place RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the name of the place,where the monument given in other word of the pair issituated, then it is called monument and placerelationship.e.g., Taj Mahal : Agra‘Taj Mahal’ is a monument of India which is situated in Agra.Some more examples are given belowHawa Mahal:Jahaz Mahal:Man Mahal:Victoria Mahal:JaipurMehrauliGwaliorKolkata
13AnalogyFlag and Meaning RelationshipWhen one word of the pair gives the type of flag and the other word of the pair gives what the flag symbolises, then it iscalled flag and meaning relationship.e.g., Yellow Flag : Ambulance (Ambulance carrying a person suffering from infection)Here, first is the symbol used to denote the second.Some more examples are given belowBlack Flag:AgainstWhite Flag:SurrenderRed FlagBrown Flag::RevolutionNational SorrowStudents must keep in mind that basis of word relationships are taken fromHistoryPoliticsEconomicsScience and TechnologyArt and CultureSportsAwardsSocial FactsllllllllllGeographyCurrent AffairsProblems based on analogy are asked in different formats in various competitive exams where the candidate is required toeither find out the similar analogous pair or to complete the given analogous pair. Sometimes, the candidate is required tofind out the type of analogy shared by the given words. Based on this, we have classified analogy based into followingtypes.Type 1 Analogous Pair CompletionIn such type of analogical problems, two pairs of words are given and the words in the first pair are related to each otherin a particular way. The candidate is required to find out the relationship between the first two words and pick the wordfrom the given options which bears exactly the same relationship to the third word, as the first two bear. Sometimes,fourth word is given and third word has to be selected from the given alternatives.The solved examples given below will give you clear cut idea about such type of problemsDirections (Example Nos. 1-10) Find out the relationship bet
Here, the relation of 2 to 4 or 4 to 2 is the same as the relation of 1 to 3 or 3 to 1. To have more
