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Aircraft Electrical Systems

What is Electricity?Electromagnetic Induction was ElectromagneticInduction movement ofelectrons throughwires (or conductors)to create electriccurrent. Magnets passedacross a closed-loopof wire at right-anglescreate anelectromotive force(ELF)ELF – VOLTS – occurrwhen electrons movein the wire Vice Versa: Electricityproduces magnetismVice Versa: Electricityproduces magnetism

Aircraft Electrical SystemPower Sources

Battery Provides Electrical Power whenAlternator or Generator is notavailable Several types of Batteries– Most Common – Lead-Acid Battery Lead and Acid produce electrical charge

Electrical battery Small, light, not a lot ofpower Simple and effectivebuilt to last Recharges during flightfrom Alternator orGenerator

Aircraft Electrical SystemPower SourcesAlternatorConverts Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) For electrical system uses DC is easier to use, Lower volts, Safer Also, provides Current to Batteryto maintain battery power at maxlevels

Aircraft Electrical SystemPower SourcesGeneratorProduces Direct Current (DC) For electrical system uses DC is easier to use, Lower volts, Safer Like Alternator- provides Currentto Battery to maintain batterypower at max levels when Batteryis “off –line”

Aircraft Electrical SystemControls

Aircraft Electrical SystemControlsMaster SwitchControls ALL aircraft electricalpower from Source to Use Points Left Side Switch controlsAlternator Power Source Right Side Switch controlsBattery Power Source

Aircraft Electrical SystemControlsCircuit Breaker & Fuses Protect individual electrical UserSystems from Electrical Overload(too much power) Breakers and Fuses do Same Job Difference: Replace a Fuse Reset a Circuit breakers Technology Improvement Fuses- Older Technology Circuit Breakers – NewerTechnology

Airplane Electrical SystemsAmmeter Monitors electrical systemperformanceTwo types To/from battery Alternator load

Aircraft Electrical SystemControlsVoltage Regulator Volt is a measure of ElectricalPower Voltage regulatorautomatically maintainsconstant voltage level

Master Switch

Master Solenoid

Starter SolenoidElectrical Switch starter solenoid relays a largeelectrical current fromorigination source (Battery orAuxiliary Power Unit – APU)to rotate Starter Motor

Starter Switch

Starter Electric Motorconnected by specialgearing to EngineCrankshaft Rotates at very highspeeds to rotate EngineCrankshaft Engine Crankshaftrotation Aircraft EngineMagnetos

Magneto Magneto is a Field Generator– Rotating Magnet surrounded byloops of conducting wires Rotating magnets generateelectrical current flow throughwires Aircraft engines have TWOMagnetos for Redundancy– Safety feature – two sparksources are better than one

Magneto Systems

AND, TWO Spark Plugs Two plugs firesimultaneously in EachCylinder from Each SparkSource Efficiency––––More even sparkMore even, steady burningMore complete burningSpark improves burning in allareas of cylinder– Plug fouling – A problem

Airplane Electrical SystemsBattery Stores Electricity Powers Engine Short-term Power

Magneto and Electrical SystemBy Cory and Amanda

Electrical System- 727 Simplified

Magneto and electrical systemJonathan HordMagnetoes are self-sufficientAir, fuel and spark starts engine

Glass Cockpits Electrical power isessential for Glass PanelCockpits Magneto Powered Enginecan run without Batterypower Glass Panels Can’t

Glass Cockpit Power - Critical Backup Battery – 30Minutes?

Aircraft Electrical SystemsThe End – Fly Safe!

Basic Electrical/Magneto Aircraft System

A cylinder is a central working part of an engine. The space in which apiston travels. Multiple cylinders are arranged side by side by the engineblock. The distance the piston travels in a cylinder is called the stroke. Inthe cylinder is where combustion occurs.

A busbar in electrical power in distributing refers to thickstrips of copper and aluminum and conducts electricity withina switchboard, distributing board, or other electricalapparatus.

ELECTRICAL& MAGNETOBrian Bates, Baron Gould,& Richard LynchSYSTEMS FOR SMALL AIRCRAFT

The Magnetos A magneto operates on theprinciple of electromagneticinduction, is self-contained andengine driven A magneto provides theelectrical power for the ignitionsystem to keep the enginerunning once the engine hasbeen started. A magneto is a combination ofa low voltage alternatingcurrent generator and a highvoltage coil and distributor. The distributor in the magnetopicks up the high voltagecurrent from the coil anddelivers it through the coil tothe spark plugs. Timing of magnetos isdetermined in thedevelopment phase. It isimportant to prevent preignition and/or detonation. Small, general aviation aircraftare usually equipped with twomagnetos for efficiency,smoother operation of theengine, and redundancy, toprevent the loss of the systemif one magneto were to fail (L &R)

Alternator or Generator? Most small aircraft are equippedwith a 28-volt direct current(DC) electrical system, becausean alternator produces moreoutput for less weight comparedto a generator and can producea specific amount of power at amuch lower rotational speed. An alternator drives theelectrical devices and storesenergy in the battery. The battery provides the powerto crank the starter.OR

Electrical System,(in a nutshell) The second electrical systemconnects the electrical busesand the devices to the batterythrough a switch, the masterswitch. The battery provides the powerto crank the starter which willstart the engine. Now, since theengine is running, the enginewill supply power to thealternator and recharge thebattery. The magnetos continually workto create spark, ignite fuel andcrank the engine. Inside the cockpit, you will findan ammeter Some instruments requireelectricity to function

Know Your Systems Read the pilot’s operatingmanual (POH) and aircraft flightmanual (AFM) to learn how toidentify and possibly handle anyelectrical problem in flight. In the event of a power failure,you should know whether or notan emergency landing isnecessary. Evaluate Conditions VFR or IFR Nav equipment? Retractable Gear extended? Flaps retracted or extended? Transponder/Comms avail? ER Procedures 101 Aviate Best Landing Site Communicate

References Glenn Research Center, .html, 1-11-2008 Glenn Research Center, html, 1-11-2008 Pilot Friend, http://pilotfriend.com/training/flight training/tech/elec.htm, 1-11-2008 aft%20Magneto%20systems.html, 1-11-2008

Electrical&Magneto SystemsMark KinderNathan WilliamsonRichard DouglasAVIA 112

Outline Electrical Systems Alternator Battery Ammeter Master Switch Circuit Breakers & Fuses Magnetos

Airplane Electrical SystemsBattery Stores Electricity Powers Engine Short-term Power

Magnetos Supplies current to plugs Changes mechanicalenergy to electrical Each A/C has 2 magnetos Provides redundancy Improves combustion Magneto is engine-driven

Summary Electrical Systems Alternator Battery Ammeter Master Switch Circuit Breakers & Fuses Magnetos

Electrical System

Magneto Systems

Typical Ignition System

aircraft electrical systems generate, regulate anddistribute electrical power throughout theaircraft.Many aircraft flight instrument systems useelectricity Aircraft electrical components operate onmany different voltages both AC and DC Most aircraft systems use : 115 Volt Alternating Current (AC) @ 400 Hz 28 Volt Direct Current (DC)Most aircraft engines provide power to generateAC generator (alternator) power.

Electrical Systems The function of the aircraft electrical system is togenerate, regulate and distribute electrical powerthroughout the aircraft. It is essential for the flight instrument systems. Aircraft electrical components operate on manydifferent voltages both AC and DC However, most of the systems use:– 115 VAC @ 400 Hz– 28 VDC Each of the engines on an aircraftdrives an AC generator (alternator).

Electrical Power System Components AC Generator or Alternator Constant Speed Drive: in this case would be the beltdriven by the engine. Today's modern small aircraft contain all of this insidethe alternator:– Integrated Drive Generator– Transformer Rectifier Unit– Generator Control Unit

Basic Functions The basic functions of the electrical system’s componentsare to:– Generate Power– Control Electrical Power– Protect the Electrical System– Distribute Electrical PowerThroughout the Aircraft

Magneto

How they WoRk! The ignition magneto combinesthe functions of a dynamo,contact breaker points,"condenser", and ignition coil. The engine spins a magnet insidea coil, and also operates acontact breaker, interrupting thecurrent and causing the voltageto be increased sufficiently tojump a small gap. The sparkplugs are connected directlyfrom the magneto output.

All pilots are

Aircraft Electrical and MagnetoSystemsCorey HjalsethAli SpirggsFernando Rodriguez

Aircraft Magneto Systems A magneto is a combination of low and highvoltage current generator and distributor. The magnetos ignition coil transforms lowvoltage to high voltage. The distributor picks up the high voltage fromthe coils and delivers it to the spark plugs forignition.

Magneto Diagram

Aircraft Electrical Systems The purpose of an aircraft electrical system isto generate, regulate, and distribute electricalpower through the entire aircraft. It consists of a battery, an alternator, andregulators for these devices. The alternator charges the battery just like in acar.

Electrical System Run Through The master switch turns on the battery. The battery turns on all of your aircraft lights. The Alternator is activated along with theradio and instrument lighting. The alternator continues to work and rechargethe battery and thus light the aircraft.

Aircraft Electrical System Diagram

General Aviation Aircraft Electrical andMagneto SystemsBy: Silvia Fresnedo, Mark Tison and Karen Fisher

Electrical System The airplanes electrical system consistsof a battery and a generator or alternatorwith associated voltage regulators,current limiters, or other protectivedevices.The primary function of the battery is toprovide power to the starter motor.After the engine starts, the magnetosprovide ignition,– generator or alternator takes on the tasksof powering: Radios Instruments lights Electrical landing gear Flaps Recharging the batteryIndividual circuits are protected bycircuit breakers or fuses.

Electrical System

Magneto SystemMagneto-equipped aircraft enginesare typically dual-plugged, thatis, each cylinder has two sparkplugs, with each plug havingits own separate magneto; Thisarrangement provides:– redundancy in the event of afailure of one of the magnetos.– more complete and efficientburn of the fuel mixture, and– if placed far apart in thecombustion chamber,decreases burn time, allowinghigher engine speeds.For this reason, doubleplugging is also used inhigh performanceautomobiles andmotorcycles.

Magneto SystemMagneto ComponentsMagneto Internals

Questions?

Electrical and MagnetoSystemsMark, Godfrey, Shane

12996835MAGNETO GENERATOR P12W1509968211 MAGNETO FLYWHEEL P12W150 1From serial# 4084219 & above996820MAGNETO FLYWHEEL 1 Up to serial#4084218996849COIL KIT P12W150 1 2-5 996-840STATOR PLATE ASSY.

How the Electrical system works

Aircraft Electrical SystemPower SourcesAlternatorConverts Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current (DC) For electrical system uses DC is easier to use, Lower volts, Safer Also, provides Current to Batteryto maintain battery power at maxlevels

The function of the aircraft electrical system is to generate, regulate and distribute electrical power throughout the aircraft. It is essential for the flight instrument systems. Aircraft electrical components operate on many different voltages both AC and DC However, most of the systems use: -115 VAC @ 400 Hz -28 VDC