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International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009Volume-6, Issue-4, Oct.-2018, http://iraj.inIOT BASED WEATHER MONITORING SYSTEM USING MQTT1GAURAV A. BEDGE, 2VIJAY M. PUROHIT1,2E.X.T.C., Vidylankar Institute of Technology, Mumbai, IndiaE-mail: 1gauravbedge@gmail.com, 2vijay.purohit@vit.edu.inAbstract - Today’s weather is changing drastically with observed variation in weather pattern within the area. Life cycle onearth is effected due this random change in our environment. This change include increase in temperature of earth, decreasein oxygen level and increase in level of toxic gases, excessive rainfall or very less rainfall from standard level, decrease inoverall air quality. All this have leaded to an unhealthy life and inversely affecting all living beings on earth. To take controlover this entire situation we need to study it first, at the same time we should be able to track it for immediate action.Monitoring weather includes various parameter like the most important and common parameter which is temperature andhumidity likewise rainfall, wind speed, and the trending parameters which are pollutants .There are many harmful pollutantsemitted by industries, car exhausts etc. Mainly carbon monoxide, smoke, butane, LPG etc. need to be monitored. The mainaim of this project is a low cost weather monitoring system supported by internet of things (IOT) platform. System usesMQTT data protocol of IOT. MQTT data protocol uses publisher-broker-subscriber, in this system sensor node whichcontains weather parameter sensor as well as pollutants sensor which are connected to a microcontroller processes the datafrom sensors and send it to MQTT broker over internet. A web application is made to subscribe to that broker, hence all thedata from sensor node is routed to web application through MQTT broker.Keywords - IOT, MQTT, ESP8266, Low Cost Approach.information of climate from the site is a majorchallenge. In order to satisfy the requirement thisweather station is design in such a way that it willmeasure different atmospheric conditions as well asforecast the weather information like temperature,humidity, thunderstorm, atmospheric pressure,rainfall, current day, date and time. The emergingconcept of Internet of things (IOT) is a criticalfoundation on which the vision for a smarter planet[2].Hierarchical deployment of a wireless sensornetwork is shown in below fig:1.I. INTRODUCTIONIOT is a world of interconnected things which arecapable of sensing, actuating and communicatingamong themselves and with the environment (i.e.,smart things or smart objects) while providing theability to share information and act in partsautonomously to real/physical world events and bytriggering processes and creating services with orwithout direct human intervention.[1] IOT is the newrevolution of today’s internet world which monitorslive streaming of the entire world’s status liketemperature, humidity, thunderstorm, earthquake,floods etc. that can stagger an alarm to human life.Weather forecasting is a prediction of what theweather will be like in the near future. In the onlineworld, weather forecasting is important for a numberof reasons like it save lives and it helps when thingslike natural disaster occur such as floods, tornadoes,hurricanes etc. Weather forecasting can predict whenthose natural disasters are imminent. The morewarning people have the better they can prepare forthe upcoming disasters. The weather can affect ourdaily lives, if we didn’t know about weather in righttime, we would be in serious trouble. It can affect insports, outside activities, farming, navigation,transportation etc. The weather is important tofarmers also to plant the seeds in the right type ofclimate. From the seedlings to take the grains to homeit is very important for farmers to observe theclimatic conditions throughout. Well actually,predicting the weather is majorly important forsailors, pilots and the people who are in business oftransportation. They should know the weatherconditions prior to their fly, sail, or ride in any otherway. Weather monitoring has become an essentialaspect in a variety of field. To fetch the accurateFigure: 1 Hierarchical deployment of a wireless sensor network.II. BACKGROUNDIn [3] author has proposed a system which can bequoted as IOT based weather monitoring system. Thepaper describes a design of an Embedded SystemIoT based Weather Monitoring System using MQTT172
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009Volume-6, Issue-4, Oct.-2018, http://iraj.ininterfaced with an integrated temperature andhumidity sensor to Acquire, Process, Archive andPublish data from weather sensors. The Arduinodevelopment board is connected to an Ethernet Shieldwhich allows the communication through LAN andhence can publish the data on a webpage throughinternet. The Arduino is also interfaced with a TTL232 convertor board which allows the communicationof the system to a PC available at short distancethrough serial communication over RS232. Theembedded system of the weather monitoring stationuses an AVR microcontroller Atmega2560 to accessthe data from the integrated temperature and humiditysensor and process them into engineering data. But inthis project node is connected to Ethernet shield whichtotally makes it wired IOT connection.Figure: 2 The architecture of MQTTEach message consists of a fixed header -- 2 bytes -an optional variable header, a message payload that islimited to 256 MB of information and a quality ofservice (QoS) level. The three different quality ofservice levels determine how the content is managedby the MQTT protocol. Although higher levels ofQoS are more reliable, they have more latency andbandwidth requirements, so subscribing clients canspecify the highest QoS level they would like toreceive [5].In [4] states that Internet of Things (IOT) is anetworking paradigm, which connects People, Pets,Plants, Things and smart objects over the internet. Theaim of the proposed system is to minimize theoverhead caused by repeated data in IOT. Preciselyenvironmental monitoring is coined as IntelligentEnvironmental Monitoring (IEM). Since IEM is acollection of different sensors, which generate highvolume of data and managing this data is a tedioustask. A framework of publishing data from client toserver running on raspberry pi module using MQTTprotocol where Node MCU ESP8266 microcontrolleracts as MQTT Client and Raspberry Pi on whichserver is running But in this proposed system majorproblem to noted is that it only senses temperature andhumidity which is not adequate for weathermonitoring system. Second major drawback is thatnode needs to remain in the WiFi range of brokerwhich is raspberry pi in this case.IV. CONCEPTIII. MQTTMQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) islightweight, publish-subscribe based protocol formessaging with ISO standards which can be used ontop of TCP/IP protocol. The main intention in thedesign of MQTT protocol is to make connectionswhere bandwidth of the network is restricted. Thisprotocol messaging requires a message broker forsharing all the data published by clients to the otherinterested clients whoever subscribes the brokerregarding the message topics. MQTT protocol ismainly designed for supporting wireless networkswith highly differing latency levels caused due toirregular bandwidth limitations and inconstantconnections. The MQTT architecture is explained infig.2. Eclipse Mosquitto is open source MQTTprotocol supported message broker. The light weightfeature of MQTT protocol makes it perfectly suitablefor all Internet of Things (IOT) applications whichinvolves messaging between low power sensors,microcontrollers, Mobile phones and variouscomputing devices.Figure: 3 Concept of weather monitoring using MQTTThe above model can be mainly divided into threeparts which are firstly 1) Sensor node 2) MQTTbroker 3) NODE –RED 4) website with databaseconnectivity. The below sections will explore in detailabout these sectionsA. SENSOR NODESensor node consist of different blocks like sensors,microcontroller, WiFi module, analog extender. Theseall blocks are connected to each other which form asensor node which transmits sensor data to MQTTbroker simultaneously. Again more blocks are formedin sensor node which are elaborated in below sectionsIoT based Weather Monitoring System using MQTT173
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009Volume-6, Issue-4, Oct.-2018, http://iraj.inDioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrodeand heater are fixed into a crust made by plastic andstainless steel net. The heater provides necessary workconditions for work of sensitive components. Theenveloped MQ-7 has 6 pin, 4 of them are used to fetchsignals, and other 2 are used for providing heatingcurrent. suitable for sensing CO concentrations in theair. The MQ-7 can detect CO-gas concentrationsanywhere from 20 to 2000ppm.1) DHT SensorFigure: 4 DHT Sensor4) MQ-135DHT22 output calibrated digital signal. It utilizesexclusive digital-signal-collecting-technique andhumidity sensing technology, assuring its reliabilityand stability. Its sensing elements are connected with8-bit single-chip computer. Every sensor of this modelis temperature compensated and calibrated in accuratecalibration chamber and the calibration-coefficient issaved in type of programme in OTP memory, whenthe sensor is detecting, it will cite coefficient frommemory. Small size & low consumption & longtransmission distance (20m) enable DHT22 to besuited in all kinds of harsh application occasions.Single-row packaged with four pins, making theconnection very convenient.Figure: 7 MQ-135 SensorThe MQ-135 gas sensor is used to measure air quality.The MQ-135 alcohol sensor consists of a tin dioxide(SnO2), a perspective layer inside aluminium oxidemicro tubes (measuring electrodes) and a heatingelement inside a tubular casing. The end face of thesensor is enclosed by a stainless steel net and the backside holds the connection terminals. The MQ135 gassensor has high sensitivity to Ammonia, Sulphide andBenzene steam, also sensitive to smoke and otherharmful gases. It is with low cost and suitable fordifferent applications such as harmful gases/smokedetection. They are used in air quality controlequipment for buildings/offices, are suitable fordetecting of NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke,CO2, etc.2) MQ-2Figure: 5 MQ-2 SensorSensitive material of MQ-2 gas sensor is SnO2, whichwith lower conductivity in clean air. When the targetcombustible gas exist, The sensor’s conductivity ismore higher along with the gas concentration rising.Uses simple electro circuit, Converts change ofconductivity to correspond output signal of gasconcentration. MQ-2 gas sensor has high sensitivity toLPG, Propane and Hydrogen, also could be used toMethane and other combustible steam, it is with lowcost and suitable for different application.5) WINDSPEEDWind meter consists of two parts first is the movingmechanism and secondly the infrared sensor. Thissensor outputs pwm signal depending upon the speedof wind. The moving mechanism consists of decoderwheel which is fitted on the other end of the movingplate assembly. When the wheel moves at differentspeed, ir sensor is triggered at different timingproducing a pwm signal at the output. This pwmsignal can be mapped into calibration by knowing therespective wind speed and pwm signal. This windspeed meter is arduino compatible. Hence it can beused with any development board available witharduino boards3) MQ-76) Rain meterIdeal rainfall meter is placed in open environment orarea where rainfall measurement is to be done. Thefunnel on the top collects the rain water and stores itin calibrated tube which reads rainfall in millimetre.This is purely manual process because as the tubefills up it needs to be made empty . Hence to solveFigure: 6 MQ-7 SensorStructure of MQ-7 gas sensor is shown as Fig. 6,sensor composed by micro AL2O3 ceramic tube, TinIoT based Weather Monitoring System using MQTT174
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009Volume-6, Issue-4, Oct.-2018, http://iraj.inthis problem in this project same working principle isused , funduino a water level sensor module is used tosense the water level collected in the tube whichgives digital data. As soon as the tube gets filled up ormaximum reading are obtained a small 3volts waterpump is made on and all the water collected in thattube is drained out. Hence allowing the system tomake next readings without manually draining thewater.V. CLOUD MQTT BROKERCloudMQTT are managed Mosquitto servers in thecloud. Mosquitto implements the MQ TelemetryTransport protocol, MQTT, which provideslightweight methods of carrying out messaging usinga publish/subscribe message queuing model.CloudMQTT focus on the application instead ofspending time on scaling the broker or patching theplatform.fig.9 shows the data received on cloudMQTT webscoket UI.[6]7) NODEMCU MICROCONTROLLERNode MCU contains firmware which is compatibleand runs on ESP8266 Wi-Fi System on Chip(SoC),and the hardware depends on ESP 12E Module. ESP8266 has integrated WiFi module, low cost and hasultra low power technology. It is coordinated with 32bit Ten Silica L 106 Microcontroller which isresponsible for the extra low power consumptionfeature. The brief specifications of Node MCUESP8266 Microcontroller are provided Table 1.SpecificationsValuesMCU32 bitTenSilica L 106RAM36KbClock Speed80MHz/160MHzOperating Voltage3.0V 3.6VOperating Current80mA(Average)Available GPIO Pins10Fig. 9: Received data on CLOUDMQTTVI. NODE-REDNode-RED is an open source flow-baseddevelopment tool for the integration of IOT hardwaredevices, APIs (Application Programming Interfaces)and online services developed by IBM EmergingTechnology. Node-RED has three basic components:1. Node Panel, 2. Flow Panel, 3. Info and DebugPanel. Node-RED is a flexible and powerful tool thatis used to create prototypes. This system allowsquick creation ofapplications, especiallyapplications that trigger on an event such as IOTapplications. The essence of this tool is to enableengineers and technicians to simply create andconfigure real- time applications on end-devices.[7]TABLE I: NodeMCU ESP8266 SpecificationsFig. 8: Node MCU MicrocontrollerIt has self contained wifi network where it can host anapplication if there is no application processor presentin the device. The WiFi module of ESP 8266 uses802.11 b/g/n protocol and also featured with WiFidirect (P2P), which enables different devicesmanufactured by different companies to connect andcommunicate with each other without the requirementof Wireless access point. The integration ofNodeMCU ESP8266 Microcontroller is shown in Fig3. Moreover the ESP 8266 has lot many applicationsin Internet of Things implementations, Homeautomation systems because of its easy compatibilityto the application specific devices and sensorsFig. 10: NODE-RED FLOWSNode red flows used in this project are shown infig.10.here each mqtt topic is subscribed at cloudmqttby adding server and port details to node-red mqttblock. After that respective topics are provided torespective block in node-red mqtt subflows. Maintask of Node- red in this work is to simple route theIoT based Weather Monitoring System using MQTT175
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009Volume-6, Issue-4, Oct.-2018, http://iraj.indata from cloud mqtt broker to our custom websitewhich has database connected to it. This makes easyto store data and monitoring of the same.haveboth simplified and complicated theengineering and management of websites. This trendapplies to systems and user documentation as well asto service management and operational plans,policies, and procedures here in this project000webhost is used to host website for free of cost.working of website[8] can be divided in three parts.1) saving the data in respective database 2) readingthe data from database 3)display of respective data onwebsiteVII. WEBSITEThe increase in use of the World Wide Web for everytype of communication, and the acceleratingdevelopment of new technical protocols, products,and services, for website development and hosting,Fig. 11: DATA ON WEBSITEData of nodes are displayed in tabular format on website which reads data from database is shown in fig.11.Atthe same time the data is saved in a database which is shown in fig.12 each different parameter are saved indifferent database slots.Fig. 12: DATA BASEIoT based Weather Monitoring System using MQTT176
International Journal of Advances in Science Engineering and Technology, ISSN(p): 2321 –8991, ISSN(e): 2321 –9009Volume-6, Issue-4, Oct.-2018, http://iraj.inThis node is made to work as mqtt client byprogramming node mcu with mqtt libraries ofarduino.All sensor readings are transmitted tocloudmqtt broker over a ip network by node mcuwhich has on board wifi chip enbles it to connect toany wifi network available . Node-red is then made tosubscribe cloudmqtt with specific topics predefinedby user in cloudmqtt initial setup.Node-red thentransfers the data using HTTP GET REQUEST towebsite.Here the received data is saved in a databasewhich is carried out by a php code.Again the latestentry is readed and displayed on front table ofwebsite using php code. The whole website frame isbuit with help of html and css and the same is hostedon 000webhost which is a free website hosting site.VIII. CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATIONFig. 13: CIRCUIT IMPLEMENTATIONCONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPEFig.13 shows the circuit implementation here themain disadvantage is only one analog pin available innode mcu,Hence a 16 channel analog extender is usedto send analog data from sensors to microcontroller.Node mcu is connected to analog extender throughselect lines and analog out pin,where change inswitching of select pins collects data fromsensors.Fig.14 shows the sample data collected fromthe analog pins of the sensors.DHT22 has digitalsignal output so it is directly connected to nodemcu.rain fall sensor consist of analog output levelsensor and a water pump which is directly connectedto node mcu.microcontroller monitors the water levelfrom rainfall sensor if it reaches to maximum levelwater pump is made ON to drain out the watercollected in the jar.We have designed a low cost, ultralow powerconsumption and highly efficient weather monitoringsystem which can be used in major smart cities toagriculture development areas. This project node canalso be implemented in remote areas where lesspower is available. MQTT in this system helped thesystem to grow fasted with easy to add a new node tothe system. The database used in this system islimited to space as it is free version, but in advancepaid version database will of enough size to store datasamples of years. A mobile application will beremarkable add-on to this project.REFERENCES[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]Fig. 14: Sensor Data SampleInternet of Things A to Z: Technologies and Applications,First Edition. Edited by Qusay F. Hassan 2018 by TheInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.Published 2018 by John Wiley & Sons, IncRavi Kishore Kodali,Archana Sahu”An IoT based WeatherInformation Prototype Using WeMos” 978-1-5090-52561/16/ 31.00 c 2016 IEEESourabh Halder, G Sivakumar” Embedded based RemoteMonitoring Station for Live Streaming of Temperature andHumidity” 978-1-5386-2361-9/17/ 31.00 2017 IEEE.Narasimha Swamy S, Sowmyarani C N” Repeated DataManagement Framework for IoT: A Case Study on /18/ 31.00 2018 / IoT based Weather Monitoring System using MQTT177
IoT based Weather Monitoring System using MQTT 173 interfaced with an integrated temperature and humidity sensor to Acquire, Process, Archive and Publish data from weather sensors. The Arduino development board is connected to an Ethernet Shield which allows the communication through LAN and
