Transcription
STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCESSECOND EDITIONNORMAN H. NIEDepartment of Political ScienceandNational Opinion Research CenterUniversity Of ChicagoC. HADLAI HULLComputation CenterUniversity of ChicagoJEAN G. JENKINSMcGRAW-HILLBOOK COMPANYNew YorkSt. LouisSan FranciscoAucklandDiisseldorf» JohannesburgKuala LumpurLondonMexicoMontrealNew DelhiPanamaParisSao PauloSingaporeSydneyTokyoTorontoNational Opinion Research CenterUniversity of ChicagoKARIN STEINBRENNERNational Opinion Research CenterUniversity of ChicagoDALE H. BENTFaculty of Business AdministrationandComputing ServicesThe University of Alberta
CONTENTSPREFACExxi1AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING WITH SPSS1.11.21.3e1.41COMPUTERS AND THE PROCESS OF INDUCTIVE SOCIAL RESEARCH21.1.13Statistical Analysis on Computers: Use and AbuseUSING THE STATISTICAL CAPABILITIES OF SPSS41.2.11.2.246A Note on Levels of MeasurementStatistical Procedures in SPSSAN OVERVIEW O T T H E OPERATION OF 91.3.101.3.111112161717171818181919Sequencing CalculationsEntering and Processing DataSubfilesMissing DataRecoding DataVariable TransformationsSampling, Selecting, and Weighting DataAggregating DataFile Modification and ManagementRetrieval of Data from the SystemOutput of Results from the SystemSUGGESTIONS FOR THE USE OF THIS TEXT. 20
viCONTENTS2ORGANIZATION AND CODING OF DATA FOR INPUTINTO THE SPSS SYSTEM2.1 THE CASE AS THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS2.2 CODING CONVENTIONS FOR DATA2.2.12.2.22.2.32.32.42.5Variables and Variable TypesCoding Missing ValuesOrganizing Data for Input2121222223SUBFILES: THEIR FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE252.3.12.3.22626Using SubfilesSubfile StructureRECORDING DATA ON MACHINE-READABLE MEDIALIMITATIONS ON INPUT DATA3SPSS CONTROL CARDS3.121262729CONTROL-CARD PREPARATION: GENERAL FORMAT ANDCONVENTIONS293.1.13.1.23.1.3Control FieldSpecification FieldSummary of General Rules for Control-Card Preparation303032NOTATION USED IN PRESENTING CONTROL-CARD FORMATS334DEFINING AN SPSS FILE: THE DATA-DEFINITION CARDS353.24.1 FILE NAME CARD4.2 VARIABLE LIST CARD4.3 SUBFILE LIST CARD4.4 INPUT MEDIUM CARD4.5 N OF CASES CARD4.6 INPUT FORMAT mn, Free-Field, or Binary FormatFormat List for Data in Fixed-Column FormatFormat ElementsVARIABLE LIST and Format ListINPUT FORMAT Card for Data in Binary FormatINPUT FORMAT Card for Data in FREEFIELD Format363638394041414242464747DATA LIST CARD: AN ALTERNATE TO THE VARIABLE LIST ANDINPUT FORMAT CARDS494.7.1DATA LIST for Data in Fixed-Column BCD Format504.7.2DATA LIST for Data in Binary Format55MISSING VALUES CARD4.8.1 Entering Lists of Variables: General Conventions4.8.2 Specifying the Missing Values .4.9 VALUE LABELS CARD4.10 PRINT FORMATS CARD4.11 VAR LABELS CARD575859596162
CONTENTS4.12 REFERENCING ALL VARIABLES SIMULTANEOUSLY:THE KEYWORD ALL4.13 RULES GOVERNING THE ORDER OF DATA-DEFINITION CARDS63635CONTROLLING THE CALCULATIONS.THE TASK-DEFINITION E CARDSOPTIONS CARDSTATISTICS CARDREAD INPUT DATA CARDRUN SUBFILES CARDRAW OUTPUT UNIT CARDSUMMARY OF TASK-DEFINITION CARDS6THE RUN CARDSi6.16.26.36.46.56.66.76.8RUN NAME CARDTASK NAME CARDFINISH CARDPAGESIZE CARDPRINT BACK CARDCOMMENT CARDDOCUMENT CARDNUMBERED CARD72,72737374747576767GENERATING AND PROCESSING SPSS FILES:CARD ORDER AND DECK SETUP7.17.27.3PROCESSING FROM A RAW-INPUT-DATA FILE ON CARDS,TAPE, OR DISK: CARD ORDER AND DECK SETUPGENERATING AND RETAINING SPSS SYSTEM FILES: THE SAVEFILE CARDPROCESSING DATA FROM SPSS SYSTEM FILES7.3.17.3.27.3.3GET FILE CardDeck Setup and Card Order for Processing Data from SPSSSystem FilesModifying or Adding to Data-Definition Information DuringProcessing Runs from SPSS System Files8RECODING AND VARIABLE TRANSFORMATION:THE DATA-MODIFICATION CARDS8.1t7878818385858689RECODING VARIABLES: THE RECODE CARD908.1.18.1.2908.1.38.1.4RECODE Specification ListAids in Recoding: The Keywords LOWEST, HIGHEST, andELSEDifferentiating Between Blanks and Zeros: The KeywordBLANKConverting Variables from Alphanumeric to Numeric919292vii
viiiCONTENTS8.1.58.1.68.1.78.2COMPUTING VARIABLES BY MEANS OF ARITHMETICEXPRESSIONS: THE COMPUTE CARD8.2.18.2.28.2.38.38.3.28.68.78.8Abbreviating the IF Statement: Implied Operands and Relational OperatorsTemporary Variable Transformations: The *IF Card949496969799101101105LIMITATIONS ON COMPUTE AND IF CARDSCREATING ADDITIVE INDICES WITH THE COUNT CARD1071078.5.18.5.28.5.38.5.4108108109110COUNT Value ListGeneral Format of the COUNT CardTemporary Counts: The *COUNT CardLimitations on the COUNT CardSTARRED [*] AND NONSTARRED VERSIONS OF RECODE,COMPUTE, IF, AND COUNT CARDS: TEMPORARYVERSUS PERMANENT DATA MODIFICATIONALLOCATING CORE STORAGE SPACE FOR DATAMODIFICATIONS: THE ALLOCATE CARD1118.7.18.7.2111113Calculating the Amount of TRANSPACE RequiredPreparation and Use of the ALLOCATE CardMISSING-DATA SPECIFICATIONS ANDOTHER DATA-DEFINITION INFORMATIONFOR TRANSFORMED VARIABLES8.8.18.8.28.8.38.8.48.9Constructing Arithmetic Expressions on the COMPUTECardExample Usages of the COMPUTE CardTemporary Variable Computations: The *COMPUTE CardVARIABLE TRANSFORMATIONS WITH CONDITIONALASSIGNMENTS: THE IF CARD8.3.18.48.5Temporary versus Permanent Recoding: the *RECODECardExample Usages and Deck Setup for RECODE and*RECODE CardsLimitations on the RECODE cardTreatment of Missing Data in Variable Transformations:The ASSIGN MISSING CardAn Alternative Treatment of Missing Data in VariableTransformations: The MISSING VALUES CardInitializing Variables Created with IF StatementsInserting Other Data-Definition Information for Transformed VariablesREDUCING CONTROL-CARD PREPARATION WITH THE REPEATFACILITY: DO REPEAT AND END REPEAT CARDS8.9.1110115115119120121121Valid Control Cards Between DO REPEAT and END REPEATLimitations on the REPEAT Facility1231248.10 DECK SETUP AND CARD ORDER FOR DATA-MODIFICATIONCARDS1268.9.2
CONTENTS9DATA-SELECTION CARDS9.19.29.39.4GENERATING A RANDOM SAMPLE FROM A FILE: SAMPLE AND*SAMPLE CARDSSELECTING CASES FROM A FILE: SELECT IF AND *SELECT IFCARDSWEIGHTING CASES IN A FILE: WEIGHT AND *WEIGHT CARDSDECK SETUP AND CARD ORDER FOR DATA-SELECTION CARDS10RETRIEVING DATA AND DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATIONFROM SPSS SYSTEM FILES:THE FILE RETRIEVAL (LIST AND WRITE) CARDS10.110.210.310.4127127128128131133LIST FILEINFO CARDLIST CASES CARDPRODUCING RAW-OUTPUT-DATA FILES: THE WRITE CASESCARD13413710.3.1 Variable List for the WRITE CASES Card10.3.2 Format Specification for the WRITE CASES Card10.3.3 A Note on Writing Cases from Weighted Files10.3.4 Listwise Deletion of Missing Data: WRITE CASESOption 110.3.5 Example Deck Setup and Card Order for the WRITECASES Procedure140140143WRITE FILEINFO CARD10.4.1 Variable List and Data-Definition Keywords for the WRITEFILEINFO Card10.4.2 Output Option Keywords for the WRITE FILEINFO Card10.4.3 Using WRITE FILEINFO Cards to Regenerate a SystemFile10.4.4 Producing a VARIABLE LIST with the WRITE FILEINFOCard for Use on EDIT Runs11ADDING TO, DELETING FROM, AND REARRANGINGDATA IN SPSS SYSTEM FILES:THE FILE-MODIFICATION CARDSDELETING AND RETAINING VARIABLES: DELETE VARS ANDKEEP VARS CARDS"11.2 ADDING VARIABLES TO AN EXISTING SPSS SYSTEM FILE: ADDVARIABLES AND ADD DATA LIST ding Variables with an ADD VARIABLES CardAdding Variables with an ADD DATA LIST Card11.3 MERGING SPSS SYSTEM FILES: THE MERGE FILES CARD11.4 ADDING CASES AND SUBFILES TO EXISTING SPSS SYSTEMFILES: ADD CASES AND ADD SUBFILES CARDS11.4.1ADD CASES Card149151151153155157157ix
xCONTENTS11.4.211.4.3ADD SUBFILES CardSetting Up Runs Which Add Cases or Subfiles11.511.611.7DELETING SUBFILES WITH THE DELETE SUBFILES CARDDELETING CASES: ANOTHER USE OF THE SELECT IF CARDREORDERING THE SEQUENCE OF VARIABLES IN AN SPSSSYSTEM FILE: THE REORDER VARS CARD11.8 CHANGING THE SEQUENCE OF CASES IN AN SPSS SYSTEMFILE: THE SORT CASES CARD11.8.111.8.211.8.311.8.411.8.5Handling Missing Values While Sorting CasesSorting Alphanumeric Variables: Don'tDetermining the Number of Cases When Sorting for NewSubfilesDeck Location of the SORT CASES Control CardSpecial Operating System Control Statements for Usewith SORT CASESCREATING OR REPLACING THE SUBFILE STRUCTURE WITH THESUBFILE LIST CARD11.10 SUMMARY OF FILE-MODIFICATION CARDS AND THEIR 12CREATING, RETRIEVING, AND MANIPULATING FILESWITH MORE THAN 500 VARIABLES:GET ARCHIVE, SAVE ARCHIVE,AND LIST ARCHINFO CARDS12.1 ACCESSING INPUT FILES WITH THE GET ARCHIVE CARD12.2 PERMANENTLY SAVING AN ARCHIVE FILE WITH THE SAVEARCHIVE CARD12.3 USING THE ARCHIVE FACILITY: EXAMPLESCreating an Archive File Which Includes New VariablesProduced by Data Transformations12.3.2 Creating an Archive File by Merging Several Input Files12.3.3 Creating an Archive File Which Includes New Variables-Input Via the ADD VARIABLES VING THE ACTIVE VARIABLES ON A STANDARD SPSSSYSTEM FILE: THE SAVE FILE CARDUSING ARCHIVE FILES FOR ROUTINE STATISTICALPROCESSINGRETRIEVING DESCRIPTIVE INFORMATION FROMARCHIVE INPUT FILES: THE LIST ARCHINFO CARDLIMITATIONS FOR THE ARCHIVE FACILITY13EDITING SPSS CONTROL-CARD DECKS:THE EDIT FACILITY13.113.213.313.413.5EDITING DECKS WHICH ACCESS A RAW-INPUT-DATA FILEEDITING DECKS WHICH ACCESS AN SPSS SYSTEM FILECORE STORAGE SPACE REQUIRED FOR EDIT RUNSPRINTED OUTPUT FROM EDIT RUNSCONTROL-CARD DECK ERRORS THAT THE EDIT FACILITY WILLNOT DETECT171171172172173173174176177177177178178
CONTENTS13.6EXAMPLE OUTPUT FROM EDIT RUNS14DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS ANDONE-WAY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS14.1 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS14.2 SUBPROGRAM CONDESCRIPTIVE: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSFOR CONTINUOUS 82185CONDESCRIPTIVE Procedure CardProcessing Options for Subprogram CONDESCRIPTIVEStatistics Available for Subprogram CONDESCRIPTIVEProgram Limitations for Subprogram CONDESCRIPTIVEExamples of the Use of Subprogram CONDESCRIPTIVE186189189190191SUBPROGRAM FREQUENCIES: ONE-WAY FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS WITH DESCRIPTIVE 94195197200201201Selecting Between General and Integer Operating ModesFREQUENCIES Procedure CardPrinted Output from the FREQUENCIES ProcedureOptions Available for Subprogram FREQUENCIESStatistics Available for Subprogram FREQUENCIESLimitations for Subprogram FREQUENCIES15PRODUCING DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICSFOR AGGREGATED DATA FILES:SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATE20315.1 SPECIFYING AGGREGATION GROUPS20515.1.1Required Structure of the Input FileOBTAINING THE OUTPUT FILE OF AGGREGATED DESCRIPTIVESTATISTICS15.3 AGGREGATE PROCEDURE CARD20515.215.3.1 GROUPVARS Variable List15.3.2 VARIABLES List15.3.3 AGGSTATS Keyword List.15.3.4 Providing for Missing Values with the RMISS value/15.3.5 Repetitions of the VARIABLES , AGGSTATS , andRMISS Specifications15.3.6 Outputtirtg the Actual Values of the Grouping Variableswith Option ONTENT AND FORMAT OF AGGREGATED OUTPUT DATAFILES21115.4.115.4.2212212Types of Aggregated Output Data FilesContents of Each Case on an Aggregated Output FilePRINTED OUTPUT FROM SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATEOPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATESTATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATEPROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM AGGREGATEEXAMPLE DECK SETUP AND OUTPUT FOR SUBPROGRAMAGGREGATE213213214215215xi
xiiCONTENTS16CONTINGENCY TABLES AND RELATEDMEASURES OF ASSOCIATION:SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS16.1 AN INTRODUCTION TO tion TablesSummary Statistics for Crosstabulations218218219222SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS: TWO-WAY TO A/-WAY CROSSTABULATION TABLES AND RELATED STATISTICS23016.2.116.2.216.2.3231231234Components of the CROSSTABS Procedure CardTABLES ListVARIABLES List for Integer ModeFORMAT OF THE CROSSTABS PROCEDURE CARDPRINTED OUTPUT FROM SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS23623716.4.116.4.2239240A Note on Value Labels for CROSSTABSIncluding Missing Values Only in Tables16.5OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS: THEOPTIONS CARD16.6 STATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS: THESTATISTICS CARD16.7 PROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS16.7.116.7.216.8Program Limitations for Subprogram CROSSTABS, General ModeProgram Limitations for Subprogram CROSSTABS, Integer ModeEXAMPLE DECK SETUPS FOR SUBPROGRAM CROSSTABS24124224324324424517DESCRIPTION OF SUBPOPULATIONSAND MEAN DIFFERENCE TESTING:SUBPROGRAMS BREAKDOWN AND T-TEST24917.1 SUBPROGRAM WN Operating Modes: Integer and GeneralTABLES ListVARIABLES List for Integer ModeFormat of the BREAKDOWN Procedure CardOptions Available for Subprogram BREAKDOWN: TheOPTIONS Card17.1.6 Statistics for Subprogram BREAKDOWN: One-WayAnalysis of Variance and Test of Linearity17.1.7 Program Limitations for Subprogram BREAKDOWN17.1.8 Example Deck Setup for Subprogram BREAKDOWN17.1.9 BREAKDOWN Tables Printed in Crosstabular Form: TheCROSSBREAK Facility17.2250252254255257257261262264SUBPROGRAM T-TEST: COMPARISON OF SAMPLE MEANS26717.2.1 Introduction to the T-TEST of Significance17.2.2 The T-TEST Procedure Card17.2.3 Options and Statistics for Subprogram T-TEST17.2.4 Program Limitations for Subprogram T-TEST267271273273
CONTENTS17.2.5Example Deck Setups and Output forT-TESTSubprogram18BIVARIATE CORRELATION ANALYSIS:PEARSON CORRELATION, RANK-ORDER CORRELATION,AND SCATTER DIAGRAMS18.118.218.3274276INTRODUCTION TO CORRELATION ANALYSISSUBPROGRAM PEARSON CORR: PEARSONPRODUCT-MOMENT CORRELATION 3285285PEARSON CORR Procedure CardOptions Available for Subprogram PEARSON CORRStatistics Available for Subprogram PEARSON CORRProgram Limitations for Subprogram PEARSON CORRSample Deck Setup and Output for Subprogram PEARSON CORRSUBPROGRAM NONPAR CORR: SPEARMAN AND/ORKENDALL RANK-ORDER CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS18.3.118.3.218.3.318.3.418.3.5NONPAR CORR Procedure CardOptions Available for Subprogram NONPAR CORRStatistics Available for Subprogram NONPAR CORRProgram Limitations for Subprogram NONPAR CORRSample Deck Setup and Output for SubprogramNONPAR CORR18.4 SUBPROGRAM SCATTERGRAM: SCATTER DIAGRAM OF DATAPOINTS AND SIMPLE M Procedure CardOptions Available for Subprogram SCATTERGRAMStatistics Available for Subprogram SCATTERGRAMProgram Limitations for Subprogram SCATTERGRAMSample Deck Setup and Output for Subprogram 29819PARTIAL CORRELATION:SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORR30119.1 INTRODUCTION TO PARTIAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS19.2 PARTIAL CORR PROCEDURE CARD30230519.2.119.2.219.2.3Correlation ListControl ListOrder Value(s)19.3 SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX INPUT FORSUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORRRequirements on the Form and Format for CorrelationMatrices19.3.2 Methods for Specifying the Order of Variables on InputMatrices19.3.3 Specifying the Order of Variables on Input Matrices bythe Partials List: The Default Method19.3.4 Specifying the Order of Variables on Input Matrices bythe Variable List Card: Option 630630630730819.3.1308309309310xiii
xivCONTENTS19.3.519.419.519.619.7SPSS Control Cards Required for Matrix Input311OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORRSTATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORRPROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORREXAMPLE DECK SETUPS FOR SUBPROGRAM PARTIAL CORR31231531531620MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS:SUBPROGRAM REGRESSION20.120.2INTRODUCTION TO MULTIPLE REGRESSION32120.1.1Simple Bivariate Regression32320.1.2Extension to Multiple Regression328REGRESSION PROCEDURE CARD20.2.1 VARIABLES List20.2.2 REGRESSION Design Statement20.3 SUMMARY OF PROCEDURE CARDS20.4 SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX INPUT WITHSUBPROGRAM REGRESSION20.4.120.4.2342343343348349Format of Input Correlation MatricesFormat and Position of Input Means and Standard DeviationsMethods for Specifying the Number and Order of Variables on Input Correlation MatricesControl Cards Required to Enter Matrices349SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR HANDLING RESIDUAL OUTPUTOPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM REGRESSIONSTATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM REGRESSIONPROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM REGRESSIONPRINTED OUTPUT FROM SUBPROGRAM REGRESSIONEXAMPLE DECK SETUPS AND OUTPUT FOR 520.620.720.820.920.1032021SPECIAL TOPICS IN GENERAL LINEAR MODELS35035035136036821.1NONLINEAR RELATIONSHIPS36821.221-1.1 Data Transformation21.1.2 Examining Polynomial Trends21.1.3 Interaction TermsREGRESSION WITH DUMMY VARIABLES36937137237321.2.121.2.237421.3Dummy Variables: Coding and InterpretationDummy Variable Regression with Two or More Categorical Variables377PATH ANALYSIS AND CAUSAL 394Principals of Path AnalysisInterpretation of Path Analysis ResultsStatistical InferenceStandardized versus Unstandardized Coefficients
CONTENTS22ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND COVARIANCE:SUBPROGRAMS ANOVA AND ONEWAY22.122.222.3398INTRODUCTION TO ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE 01405408409Variation and Its Decomposition: Basic IdeasFactorial Design with Equal Cell FrequencyFactorial Designs with Unequal Cell FrequencyCovariance AnalysisMultiple Classification AnalysisSUBPROGRAM ANOVA41022.2.1 ANOVA Procedure Card22.2.2 Specifying the Form of the Analysis with the OPTIONSCard22.2.3 Multiple Classification Analysis (MCA)22.2.4 Options and Statistics Available for ANOVA22.2.5 Special Limitations for ANOVA22.2.6 Example Deck Setups and Output for SubprogramANOVA411413416418419SUBPROGRAM 722.3.8425425426428429430430Tests for TrendsA Priori ContrastsA Posteriori ContrastsMore Complex ONEWAY Deck SetupsOptions Available for Subprogram ONEWAYStatistics Available for Subprogram ONEWAYProgram Limitations for Subprogram ONEWAYExample Deck Setup and Output for Subprogram ONEWAY42143023DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS43423.1INTRODUCTION TO DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS43523.1.1A Two-Group Example43623.1.2A Multigroup Example43923.2 ANALYTIC FEATURES OF SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANT44123.2.1 Determining the Number of Discriminant Functions23.2.2 Interpretation of the Discriminant Function Coefficients23.2.3 Plots of Discriminant Scores23.2.4 Rotation of the Discriminant Function Axes23.2.5 Classification of Cases23.2.6 Selection Methods: Direct and Stepwise23.3 DISCRIMINANT PROCEDURE CARD23.3.1 GROUPS Specification23.3.2 VARIABLES Specification23.3.3 Specifying Subanalyses with the ANALYSIS Keyword23.3.4 METHOD23.3.5 TOLERANCE442443444444445446448449450450452453xv
723.8MAXSTEPSSetting Minimum Criteria for the Stepwise ProcedureControlling the Number of Discriminant FunctionsEstablishing Prior Probabilities for Classification Purposes23.3.10 Summary of the DISCRIMINANT Procedure Card Specifications453453454OPTIONS AVAILABLE IN SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANTSTATISTICS AVAILABLE IN SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANTSPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX OUTPUT AND INPUT FORSUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANTPROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM DISCRIMINANTSAMPLE DECK SETUP AND OUTPUT FOR SUBPROGRAMDISCRIMINANT45645924FACTOR N TO FACTOR ANALYSIS46924.1.124.1.2469Types of Factor AnalysisMeaning of Essential Tables and Statistics in FactorAnalysis Output473METHODS OF FACTORING AVAILABLE INSUBPROGRAM FACTOR47824.2.124.2.224.2.3479480481Principal Factoring without Iteration: PA1Principal Factoring with Iteration: PA2Remaining Methods of FactoringMETHODS OF ROTATION AVAILABLE INSUBPROGRAM 5486Orthogonal Rotation: QUARTIMAXOrthogonal Rotation: VARIMAXOrthogonal Rotation: EQUIMAXOblique Rotation: OBLIQUEGraphical Presentation of Rotated Orthogonal FactorsBUILDING COMPOSITE INDICES (FACTOR SCORES) FROM THEFACTOR-SCORE COEFFICIENT (OR FACTOR-ESTIMATE) MATRIX24.4.124.4.224.5455Values of Factor Scores Output by Subprogram FACTORCalculation of Factor Scores When Missing Data Are toBe Replaced by the Mean487489489FACTOR PROCEDURE CARD49024.5.1 VARIABLES List24.5.2 Selection of Factoring Methods by the TYPE Keyword24.5.3 Altering the Diagonal of the Correlation Matrix by Meansof the DIAGONAL Value List24.5.4 Controlling the Factoring Process: NFACTORS,MINEIGEN, ITERATE, and STOPFACT Parameters24.5.5 Selecting the Method of Rotation With the ROTATEParameter24.5.6 Writing Factor Scores on a Raw-Output-Data File: TheFACSCORE Keyword490490491492494496
CONTENTS24.5.724.5.824.6SPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX INPUT AND OUTPUTFOR SUBPROGRAM .1024.11Performing Multiple Factor AnalysesSummary of the Format of the FACTOR ProcedureCardFormat of Input Correlation MatricesMethods for Specifying the Number and Order of Variables on Input Correlation MatricesInput of the Factor MatrixControl Cards Required to Enter MatricesOutput of Correlation and Factor 1501502FACTOR-SCORES OUTPUT FORMAT50224.7.124.7.2503503Factor Scores Produced from Selected DataPrinted Output Generated For Factor ScoresOPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM FACTORSTATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM FACTORPROGRAM LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM FACTOREXAMPLE DECK SETUPS FOR SUBPROGRAM FACTOR25CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS:SUBPROGRAM CANCORR25.125.2496INTRODUCTION TO CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSISBUILDING COMPOSITE INDICES (CANONICAL VARIATESCORES) FROM THE CANONICAL VARIATECOEFFICIENT MATRICESTHE CANCORR PROCEDURE CARDSPECIAL CONVENTIONS FOR MATRIX INPUT AND OUTPUTOUTPUT FROM SUBPROGRAM CANCORROPTIONS AVAILABLE IN SUBPROGRAM CANCORRSTATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM CANCORRLIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM CANCORREXAMPLE DECK SETUP AND SCALOGRAM ANALYSIS:SUBPROGRAM GUTTMAN SCALE52826.1INTRODUCTIONJ1O GUTTMAN SCALE ANALYSIS52926.1.126.1.2531533Evaluating Guttman ScalesBuilding Guttman Scales26.2 GUTTMAN SCALE PROCEDURE CARD26.3 OPTIONS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM GUTTMAN SCALE26.4 STATISTICS AVAILABLE FOR SUBPROGRAM GUTTMAN SCALE26.5 LIMITATIONS FOR SUBPROGRAM GUTTMAN SCALE26.6 SAMPLE DECK SETUP AND OUTPUT FOR SUBPROGRAMGUTTMAN SCALE535536537537538xvii
xviiiCONTENTSAPPENDIXESASUMMARY OF SPSS CONTROL CARDS: FUNCTION,STATUS, FORMAT, AND POSITION IN CARD DECKA.1A.2540PRECEDENCE TABLECONTROL-CARD FORMATS540541A.2.1A.2.2541A.2.3Nonprocedure Control CardsTemporary (Starred) Data-Modification and Data-SelectionCardsProcedure Cards555555BCHANGES IN CONTROL-CARD FORMATS:HELP FOR OLD FRIENDS562CSPSS MAXIVERSION576DSPSSG: THE MINIVERSION OF SPSS578D.ID.2D.3D.4D.5GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF SPSSGDATA AND FILE MODIFICATIONSDIFFERENCES IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF CERTAIN 581581581581*SELECTIFADD CASESALLOCATEREPEAT FacilityArchive FilesFREEFIELDSPSSG PROGRAM LIMITATIONS581D.4.1D.4.2D.4.3D-4.4 -582582582584General Program LimitationsMaximum Arguments on a Control CardLimitations on Data and File ModificationsSpecific Subprogram LimitationsSYSTEM FILE COMPATIBILITYEJOB CONTROL LANGUAGE FORIBM OS/370 INSTALLATIONSE.1E.2E.3580584585PURPOSE OF JCLGENERAL RULES FOR PREPARING JCLELEMENTS OF JCL585586587E.3.1E.3.2E.3.3587588588JOB StatementEXEC StatementDD Statement
CONTENTSE.4 BASIC JCL STATEMENTS REQUIRED FOR SPSSE.5 JCL STATEMENTS FOR DEFINING THE USER'S Data FileOutput System FileInput System FileRaw-Output-Data Files594595595596JCL STATEMENTS REQUIRED FOR SPECIAL SPSS FEATURES597E.6.1E.6.2E.6.3598598600Input Archive FilesSORT CASESReading OSIRIS Data SetsEXTENSIONS TO BASIC JCLDD STATEMENT REFERENCE SUMMARY600602FCDC 6000 AND CYBER 70 VERSION OF SPSSF.1CONTROL CARDS604F.1.1Job Cards605F.1.2SPSS Call Cards605F.2SAMPLE JOBSF.3F.4F.5F.2.1 BCD Input FilesF.2.2 BCD Output FilesF.2.3 Control Cards for Output SPSS System FilesF.2.4 SPSS Input System FilesSCRATCH FILESDIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE IBM 360 AND CDC 6000 VERSIONSMEMORY REQUIREMENTS FOR SPSS-6000 JOBSGUNIVAC 1100 SERIES VERSION OF S CARDS UNDER SPSS-1100614G.1.1G.1.2G.1.3G.1.4614615615615INPUT MEDIUM CardN OF CASES CardPAGE SIZERAW OUTPUT UNITCONTROL CARDS, .615G.2.1615SPSS Files under EXEC 8SAMPLE RUNSSUMMARY OF THE FILES USED BY SPSS-1100SPACE CALCULATIONSHXEROX VERSION OF SPSSH.1604616617618619JOB CONTROL LANGUAGE FOR XEROX SPSS620H.1.1H.1.2621622Modifying Limits Raw Case SizeXerox SPSS Data-Control Blocks and Scratch Filesxix
xxCONTENTSH.2H.3H.4DETERMINING MEMORY SPACE REQUIREMENTS FOR XEROXSPSSDESCRIBING TAPE AND DISC FILES USING A FILE IDENTIFIER622623H.3.1625Adding Files to a Labelled TapeXEROX SPSS 4.8H.4.9625626626626627628628629630INPUT MEDIUM CardSAVE FILE and GET FILE CardsRAW OUTPUT UNIT CardOUTPUT MEDIUM CardExamplesSORT CASES CardMERGE FILES, GET ARCHIVE, and SAVE ARCHIVE CardsCOMMAND FILE CardALLOCATE CardIA PROGRAMMER'S GUIDE TO SPSS6311.1 SYSTEM FLOW AND LOGIC1.2 SPECIFIC SUBPROGRAM LOGIC6326391.2.11.2.21.2.31.3Utility SubprogramsData-Modification RoutinesStatistical Routines.INCORPORATION OF A NEW ROUTINE INTO SPSS6451.3.11.3.21.3.3645646647Service Routines of InterestExisting Statistical Routines of InterestInstalling A New Statistical ProcedureJOSIRIS-SPSS INTERFACEJ.1J.2J.3J.4J.5639642643OPERATION OF THE OSIRIS-SPSS INTERFACEOSIRIS VARS CONTROL CARDHANDLING MISSING VALUESSPSS CONTROL-CARD DECKS FOR OSIRIS-SPSS INTERFACERUNSEXAMPLE DECK SETUPINDEXESNAME INDEXSUBJECT INDEXSPSS CONTROL CARDS: QUICK REFERENCE CHART657657658659659660663675
STATISTICAL PACKAGE FOR THE SOCIAL SCIENCES SECOND EDITION NORMAN H. NIE Department of Political Science and National Opinion Research Center University Of Chicago . 1.1 COMPUTERS AND THE PROCESS OF INDUCTIVE SOCIAL RE-SEARCH 2 1.1.1 Statistical Analysis on Computers: Use and Abuse 3 1.2 USING THE STATISTICAL CAPABILITIES OF SPSS 4
