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04 ELECelectronicsprimerComponent Details (cont.)Piezo ElementWhat it Does:A pulse of current will cause it to click astream of pulses will cause it to emit a tone.Identifying:In this kit it comes in a little black barrel, butsometimes they are just a gold disc.No. of Leads:2Things to watch out for:- Difficult to misuse.More Details:http://tinyurl.com/38crmuIC (Integrated Circuit)What it Does:Packages any range of complicatedelectronics inside, an easy to use form factorIdentifying:The part ID is written on the outside of thepackage. (this sometimes requires a lot oflight or a magnifying glass to read)PushbuttonWhat it Does:Completes a circuit when it is pressedIdentifying:A little square with leads out the bottom anda button on the top.PotentiometerWhat it Does:Produces a variable resistance dependant onthe angular position of the shaft.Identifying:They can be packaged in many differentform factors, look for a dial to identify.Photo ResistorWhat it Does:Produces a variable resistance dependant onthe amount of incident light.Identifying:Usually a little disk with a clear top and acurvy line underneath.Resistor Color CodeExamples:green-blue-brown - 560 ohmsred-red-red - 2 200 ohms (2.2k)brown-black-orange - 10 000 ohms ePurpleGreyWhitefirst digitsecond digit# of zerostolerance20% - none10% - silver5% - goldNo. of Leads:2 - 100s (in this kit there is one with 3 (TMP36) andone with 16 (74HC595)Things to watch out for:- Proper orientation.(look for marks showing pin 1)More Details:http://tinyurl.com/87k4dNo. of Leads:4Things to watch out for:- these are almost square so can beinserted 90 degrees off angle.More Details:http://tinyurl.com/cmts7dNo. of Leads:3Things to watch out for:- Accidentally buying logarithmic scale.More Details:http://tinyurl.com/28pbhdNo. of Leads:2Things to watch out for:- Remember it needs to be in a voltagedivider before it provides a useful input.More Details:http://tinyurl.com/c2wdkwLead ClippingSome components in this kit come with very long wireleads. To make them more compatible with a breadboarda couple of changes are required.LEDs:Clip the leads so the long lead is 7mm long and theshort one is 5mmResistors:Bend the leads down so they are 90 degrees to thecylinder. Then snip them so they are 6mm long.Other Components:Other components may need clippinguse your discretion when doing so.07

CIRC-01.:Getting Started:.:(Blinking LED):.What We’re Doing:LED’s (light emitting diodes) are used in all sorts of cleverthings which is why we have included them in this kit. We willstart off with something very simple, turning one on and off,repeatedly, producing a pleasant blinking effect. To get startedgrab the parts listed below, pin the layout sheet to your breadboard and then plug everything in.Once the circuit is assembled you'll need to upload the program. To do this plug the Arduinoboard into your USB port. Then select the proper port in Tools Serial Port (the commport of your Arduino). Next upload the program by going to File Upload to I/O Board(ctrl U). Finally bask in the glory and possibility that controlling lights offers.If you are having trouble uploading, a full trouble shooting guide can be found here: http://tinyurl.com/89s2poThe Circuit:Parts:CIRC-01Breadboard sheetx1560 Ohm ResistorGreen-Blue-Brownx1Schematic:Arduinopin 13LED(light emitting diode)resistor (560ohm)(blue-green-brown)gnd(ground) (-)The Internet.:download:.printablebreadboard overlayhttp://tinyurl.com/qukhvc.:view:.video of the circuitbeing assembledhttp://tinyurl.com/cwhx27082 Pin Header10mm LEDx4x1Wire

CIRC-01Code (no need to type everything in just)File Sketchbook Examples Digital Blink(example from the great arduino.cc site check it out for other ideas)/** Blink** The basic Arduino example. Turns an LED on for one second,* then off for one second, and so on. We use pin 13 because,* depending on your Arduino board, it has either a built-in LED* or a built-in resistor so that you need only an LED.** http://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/Blink*/int ledPin 13;// LED connected to digital pin 13void setup(){pinMode(ledPin, OUTPUT);}// run once, when the sketch startsvoid loop(){digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);delay(1000);digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);delay(1000);// run over and over again// sets the digital pin as output////////sets the LED onwaits for a secondsets the LED offwaits for a secondNot Working? (3 things to try)LED Not Lighting Up?Program Not UploadingLEDs will only work in oneThis happens sometimes,Still No Success?direction.try taking it out and twisting itthe most likely cause is aA broken circuit is no fun, sendconfused serial port, youus an e-mail and we will get180 degrees.(no need to worry, installing itbackwards does no permanentharm)can change this inback to you as soon as we can.tools serial port help@oomlout.comMaking it BetterChanging the pin:The LED is connected to pin 13 but we can use any ofControl the Brightness:Along with digital (on/off) control the Arduino can controlthe Arduino’s pins. To change it take the wire pluggedsome pins in an analog (brightness) fashion. (more details oninto pin 13 and move it to a pin of your choice (from 0-this in later circuits). To play around with it.13) (you can also use analog 0-5 analog 0 is 14.)Change the LED to pin 9: (also change the wire)ledPin 13; - int ledPin 9;Then in the code change the line:int ledPin 13; - int ledPin (newpin);Then upload the sketch: (ctrl-u)Replace the loop() code with:analogWrite(ledPin, (new number));Change the Blink Time:Unhappy with one second on one second off?(new number) any number between 0 and 255.0 off, 255 on, in between different brightnessIn the code change the lines:digitalWrite(ledPin, HIGH);delay(time on); //(seconds * 1000)digitalWrite(ledPin, LOW);delay(time off); //(seconds * 1000)Fading:We will use another included example program. To open go to.File Sketchbook Examples Analog FadeThen upload to your board and watch as the LED fades in andthen out.More, More, More:More details, where to buy more parts, where to ask more questions.http://tinyurl.com/cmn5nh09

CIRC-02.:8 LED Fun:.:Multiple LED’s:.What We’re Doing:We have caused one LED to blink, now its time to up thestakes. Lets connect eight. We'll also have an opportunity tostretch the Arduino a bit by creating various lighting sequences.This circuit is also a nice setup to experiment with writing yourown programs and getting a feel for how the Arduino works.Along with controlling the LEDs we start looking into a few simple programming methods tokeep your programs small.for() loops - used when you want to run a piece of code several times.arrays[] - used to make managing variables easier (its a group of variables)The Circuit:Parts:CIRC-02Breadboard sheetx1560 Ohm ArduinoArduinopin 2pin 3pin 4pin 5LED(light emitting diode)resistor (560ohm)(blue-green-brown)gnd(ground) (-)ArduinoArduinoArduinoArduinopin 6pin 7pin 8pin 9LED(light emitting diode)resistor (560ohm)(blue-green-brown)gnd(ground) (-)The Internet.:download:.printablebreadboard overlayhttp://tinyurl.com/d4gmov.:view:.video of the circuitbeing assembledhttp://tinyurl.com/coafoh102 Pin Header5mm GreenLEDx4x8Wire

CIRC-02Code (no need to type everything in just)Download the Code from ( http://tinyurl.com/dkpxbn )(and then copy the text and paste it into an empty Arduino Sketch)//LED Pin Variablesint ledPins[] {2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9};//An array to hold the//pin each LED is connected to//i.e. LED #0 is connected to pin 2void setup(){for(int i 0; i 8; i ){//this is a loop and will repeat eight timespinMode(ledPins[i],OUTPUT);//we use this to set LED pins to output}}void loop()// run over and over again{oneAfterAnotherNoLoop();//this will turn on each LED one by//one then turn each oneoff//oneAfterAnotherLoop();//this does the same as onAfterAnotherNoLoop//but with much less typing//oneOnAtATime();//inAndOut();}* will then turn them offvoid oneAfterAnotherNoLoop(){int delayTime 100;//the time (in milliseconds) to pause//between LEDsdigitalWrite(ledPins[0], HIGH); //Turns on LED #0//(connected to pin 2)delay(delayTime);//waits delayTime milliseconds.digitalWrite(ledPins[7], HIGH); //Turns on LED #7//(connected to pin 9)delay(delayTime);//waits delayTime milliseconds//Turns Each LED OffdigitalWrite(ledPins[7], LOW); //Turns off LED #7delay(delayTime);//waits delayTime milliseconds.-----more code in the downloadable version------/** oneAfterAnotherNoLoop() - Will light one then* delay for delayTime then light the next LED itNot Working? (3 things to try)Starting AfreshSome LEDs Fail to LightOperating out of sequenceIt is easy to insert an LEDWith eight wires it's easy to crossmisplace a wire withoutIts easy to accidentallybackwards. Check the LEDsa couple. Double check that thenoticing. Pulling everything outthat aren't working and ensurefirst LED is plugged into pin 2 andand starting with a fresh slatethey the right way around.each pin there after.is often easier than trying totrack down the problem.Making it BetterSwitching to Loops:in the loop() function there are 4 lines. The lastthree all start with a '//' this means the line isExtra Animations:Tired of this animation? Then try the other twotreated as a comment (not run). To switch thesample animations. Uncomment their lines andprogram to use loops change the void loop()code to:upload the program to your board and enjoy the ;//oneOnAtATime();//inAndOut();Upload the program, and notice that nothing haschanged. You can take a look at the twofunctions, each does the same thing, but usedifferent approaches (hint the second one uses afor loop)light animations.(delete the slashes in front of row 3 and then 4)Testing out your own Animations:Jump into the included code and start changingthings. The main point is to turn an LED on usedigitalWrite(pinNumber, HIGH); then to turnit off use digitalWrite(pinNumber, LOW); .Type away, regardless of what you change you won'tbreak anything.More, More, More:More details, where to buy more parts, where to ask more questions.http://tinyurl.com/d2hrud11

CIRC-03.:Spin Motor Spin:.:Transistor & Motor:.What We’re Doing:The Arduino's pins are great for directly controlling small electricitems like LEDs. However, when dealing with larger items (like atoy motor or washing machine), an external transistor is required.A transistor is incredibly useful. It switches a lot of current using amuch smaller current. A transistor has 3 pins. For a negative type (NPN)transistor you connect your load to collector and the emitter to ground. Then when a small currentflows from base to the emitter a current will flow through the transistor and your motor will spin (thishappens when we set our Arduino pin HIGH). There are literally thousands of different types oftransistors, allowing every situation to be perfectly matched. We have chosen a 2N222A a rathercommon general purpose transistor. The important factors in our case are that its maximum voltage(40 v) and its maximum current (600 milliamp) are both high enough for our toy motor (full detailscan be found on its datasheet http://tinyurl.com/o2cm93 )(The 1N4001 diode is acting as a flyback diode for details on why its there visit: http://tinyurl.com/b559mx)The Circuit:Parts:CIRC-03Breadboard sheetx12.2k Ohm ResistorRed-Red-Redx1Schematic:Arduinopin 9resistor (2.2kohm)(red-red-red)Transistor2N2222A nd) (-) 5 voltsThe Internet.:download:.printablebreadboard overlayhttp://tinyurl.com/d6jv63.:view:.video of the circuitbeing assembledhttp://tinyurl.com/djapjg12Transistor2 Pin Headerx4Toy Motorx12N2222A (TO92)Wirex1Diode(1N4001)x1the transistor will have2N222A printed on it(some variations will havethe pin assignment reversed)

CIRC-03Code (no need to type everything in just)Download the Code from ( http://tinyurl.com/dagyrb )(then simply copy the text and paste it into an empty Arduino Sketch)int motorPin 9; //pin the motor is connected tovoid setup() //runs once{pinMode(motorPin, OUTPUT);}void loop()// run over and over ;//motorAcceleration();}/** motorOnThenOff() - turns motor on then off* (notice this code is identical to the code weused for* the blinking LED)*/void motorOnThenOff(){int onTime 2500; //on timeint offTime 1000; //off timedigitalWrite(motorPin, HIGH);// turns the motor Ondelay(onTime); // waits for onTime millisecondsdigitalWrite(motorPin, LOW);// turns the motor Offdelay(offTime);// waits for offTime milliseconds}void motorOnThenOffWithSpeed(){int onSpeed 200;// a number between//0 (stopped) and 255int onTime 2500;int offSpeed 50;// a number between//0 (stopped) and 255int offTime 1000;analogWrite(motorPin, onSpeed);// turns the motor Ondelay(onTime);// waits for onTimeanalogWrite(motorPin, offSpeed);// turns the motor Offdelay(offTime);// waits for offTime}(full speed)(full speed)millisecondsmillisecondsvoid motorAcceleration(){int delayTime 50; //time between each speed stepfor(int i 0; i 256; i ){//goes through each speed from 0 to 255analogWrite(motorPin, i);//sets the new speeddelay(delayTime);// waits for delayTime milliseconds}for(int i 255; i 0; i--){//goes through each speed from 255 to 0analogWrite(motorPin, i);//sets the new speeddelay(delayTime);//waits for delayTime milliseconds}}Not Working? (3 things to try)Motor Not Spinning?Transistor Getting HotStill Not Working?Different manufacturersThe transistor will get warm, inSometimes the Arduino boardproduce the same transistormost cases this is okay, if youwill disconnect from thewith different pin assignments.are worried about thecomputer. Try un-plugging andTry turning the transistor 180temperature turn the circuit offthen re-plugging it into yourdegrees.for a bit and let it cool down.USB port.Making it Betterfeature to control the speed of our motor. The arduinoIn the loop() section change it to this// Acceleration();Then upload the programme. You can change the speeds bydoes this using something called Pulse Widthchanging the variables onSpeed and offSpeedControlling Speed:We played with the Arduino's ability to control thebrightness of an LED earlier now we will use the sameModulation (PWM). This relies on the Arduino's ability tooperate really really fast. Rather than directly controllingthe voltage coming from the pin the Arduino will switchthe pin on and off very quickly. In the computer worldthis is going from 0 to 5 volts many times a second, butAccelerating and decelerating:Why stop at two speeds, why not accelerate and deceleratethe motor. To do this simply change the loop() code to read// motorOnThenOff();// motorOnThenOffWithSpeed();motorAcceleration();in the human world we see it as a voltage. For exampleif the Arduino is PWM'ing at 50% we see the lightThen upload the program and watch as your motor slowlydimmed 50% because our eyes are not quick enough toaccelerates up to full speed then slows down again. If yousee it flashing on and off. The same feature works withwould like to change the speed of acceleration change thetransistors. Don't believe me? Try it out.variable delayTime (larger means a longer acceleration time)More, More, More:More details, where to buy more parts, where to ask more questions.http://tinyurl.com/d4wht713

CIRC-04.:A Single Servo:.:Servos:.What We’re Doing:Spinning a motor is good fun but when it comes to projectswhere motion control is required they tend to leave us wantingmore. The answer? Hobby servos. They are mass produced,widely available and cost anything from a couple of dollars tohundreds. Inside is a small gearbox (to make the movement more powerful) and someelectronics (to make it easier to control). A standard servo is positionable from 0 to 180degrees. Positioning is controlled through a timed pulse, between 1.25 milliseconds (0 degrees)and 1.75 milliseconds (180 degrees) (1.5 milliseconds for 90 degrees). Timing varies betweenmanufacturer. If the pulse is sent every 25-50 milliseconds the servo will run smoothly. One ofthe great features of the Arduino is it has a software library that allows you to control twoservos (connected to pin 9 or 10) using a single line of code.The Circuit:Parts:CIRC-04Breadboard sheetx1Mini Servox1Schematic:Arduinopin 9Mini Servosignal 5vgndgnd(ground) (-) 5 volts(5V)The Internet.:download:.printablebreadboard overlayhttp://tinyurl.com/db5fcm.:view:.video of the circuitbeing assembledhttp://tinyurl.com/d52954142 Pin Header3 Pin Headerx4x1Wire

CIRC-04Code (no need to type everything in just)File Sketchbook Examples Library-Servo Sweep(example from the great arduino.cc site check it out for other great ideas)// Sweep// by BARRAGAN http://barraganstudio.com #include Servo.h Servo myservo; // create servo object to control a servoint pos 0;// variable to store the servo positionvoid setup() {myservo.attach(9);}// attaches the servo on pin 9 to the servo objectvoid loop() {for(pos 0; pos 180; pos {myservo.write(pos);delay(15);}for(pos 180; pos 1; pos- 1){myservo.write(pos);delay(15);}}1)// goes from 0 degrees to 180 degrees// in steps of 1 degree// tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'// waits 15ms for the servo to reach the position// goes from 180 degrees to 0 degrees// tell servo to go to position in variable 'pos'// waits 15ms for the servo to reach the positionNot Working? (3 things to try)Servo Not Twisting?Still not WorkingEven with colored wires it is stillUnfortunately some servos doshockingly easy to plug a servobreak when plugged inin backwards. This might be thebackwards.case.Sad Your Servo is Broken?Don't worry they are only a fewdollars, plus taking one apart isgood fun (you can try runningthe motor directly with atransistor)Making it BetterPotentiometer Control:We have yet to experiment with inputs but if you would like toread ahead, there is an example program File Sketchbook

arduino-00 -win.zip (Recommended Path c:\Program Files\ rr rr- version #) Step 3: Shortcut Icon Open c:\program files\arduino-00 (Right Click Arduino.exe (send to Desktop (create shortcut) ) rr\ rr- version #) Step 4: Plug In Your Arduino Plug your Arduino in: using the included USB cable, plug your Arduino board into a free USB port Wait for a .