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NWC 4111Hother words, no planning is done in isolation. These steps are described and analyzed heresequentially for instructional purposes only.1.JIPOE andFigure 2. The JOPP using the Navy Planning Process (NPP)JIPOE and Mission Analysis:Step One, Part 1. While not a formal step in the JOPP, though essential to the joint planningstaff’s success, the JIPOE is a product of the Intelligence Staff Estimate. The most importantportions of this estimate are the identification of the enemy’s objectives and respective Center (s)of Gravity (COG) and the enemy’s most likely and dangerous courses of action.Step One, Part 2. Mission analysis drives the JOPP. As the first step of the process its purposeis to review and analyze orders, guidance, intelligence, and other information in order for thecommander, planning team, and staff to gain an understanding of the situation and to produce arestated mission statement for the commander’s approval.Course of Action (COA) Development:Step Two. Planners use the mission statement, commander’s intent, and planning guidance todevelop multiple COAs. Then they examine each prospective COA for validity by ensuringadequacy, feasibility, acceptability, distinguishability, and completeness with respect to thecurrent and anticipated situation, the mission, and the commander’s intent.3

NWC 4111HCourse of Action Analysis (Wargaming):Step Three. Course of action analysis involves a detailed assessment of each COA as it pertainsto the enemy and the operational environment. Each friendly COA is wargamed against selectedECOAs. This step assists planners in identifying strengths, weaknesses, and associated risks, andin assessing shortfalls for each prospective friendly COA. Wargaming also identifies branchesand potential sequels that may require additional planning. Short of execution, COA wargamingprovides the most reliable basis for understanding and improving each COA. This step alsoallows the staff to refine its initial estimates based on additional understanding that is gainedfrom the analysis.Course of Action Comparison and Decision:Step Four. All retained friendly COAs are evaluated against established criteria and against eachother, ultimately leading to a staff recommendation and the commander’s decision.Plans and Orders Development:Step Five. The staff uses the commander’s COA decision, mission statement, commander’sintent, and guidance to develop plans and/or orders that direct subordinate actions. Plans andorders serve as the principal means by which the commander expresses his decision, intent, andguidance.Transition:Step Six. Transition is the orderly handover of a plan or order to those tasked with execution ofthe operation. It provides staffs with the situational awareness and rationale for key decisionsnecessary to ensure that there is a coherent transition from planning to execution. The process,however, does not end here. As depicted in Figure 2, the process is continuous. Staffs maintainrunning estimates that allow for plans and orders refinement. The planning staff continues toexamine branches and sequels to plans and orders.Figure 3 offers a brief summary of the major activities and associated products found in each ofthe JOPP steps.4

NWC 4111H 1-5Figure 3. JOPP Major Activities and ProductsSTEP 1Joint IntelligencePreparation of theOperationalEnvironmentMISSIONANALYSISPRODUCTS Operational environment Effects Enemy Critical Factors ECOAs Initial Collection RequirementsSTEP 2STEP 3 Mission Analysis Briefo Restated Mission Commander'so Planning Guidanceo Intent Warning OrderCOADEVELOPMENT COA BriefCOA ANALYSIS( WARGAMING)STEP 4COA COMPARISONAND DECISIONSTEP 5STEP 6PLANS AND ORDERSDEVELOPMENTTRANSITION War Game Refined CollectionPlan Adv/Disadv each COA Approved COA 2d Warning Order Plan/Order Handover of 5DevelopmentJoint SynchMatrixPlan/OrderRehearsals

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NWC 4111HSTEP 1: JOINT INTELLIGENCE PREPARATION OF THE OPERATIONALENVIRONMENT (JIPOE) AND MISSION ANALYSIS (MA)PART 1: JOINT INTELLIGENCE PREPARATIONOF THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTTHE PURPOSE OF THE JIPOE PORTION OF THIS PLANNER’S WORKBOOK IS NOT TOMAKE THE USER A JIPOE EXPERT. THE INTENT IS TO EXPOSE THE NONINTELLIGENCE STAFF OFFICER/PLANNER TO A CRITICAL ASPECT OF THEPLANNING PROCESS, WHICH IS ON-GOING THROUGHOUT THE PLANNING ANDEXECUTION OF AN OPERATION. ALL PLANNERS NEED A BASIC FAMILIARITY OFTHE JIPOE PROCESS IN ORDER TO BECOME CRITICAL CONSUMERS OF THEPRODUCTS PRODUCED BY THE J2/G2/N2/A2. THE JIPOE SERVES AN INTEGRALSUPPORTING ROLE TO THE OVERALL PLANNING PROCESS. SOME OF THE STEPSIN THE JIPOE ARE CONDUCTED IN PARALLEL WITH THE MISSION ANALYSIS ANDWILL REQUIRE INPUT FROM OTHER MEMBERS OF THE JOINT PLANNING TEAM.SEE APPENDIX A FOR GREATER JIPOE DETAILS AND JOINT PRODUCTEXAMPLES.Joint Intelligence Preparation of the Operational Environment (JIPOE) is the analyticalprocess to produce intelligence assessments, estimates, and other intelligence products. Theprimary purpose of JIPOE is to support the joint force commander’s (JFC’s) decision-makingand planning by identifying, assessing, and estimating the enemy’s center(s) of gravity(COG)(s), critical factors, capabilities, limitations, intentions, and courses of action (COAs) thatare most likely to be encountered based on the situation. Using the JIPOE process, the joint forceintelligence directorate (J-2) manages the analysis and development of products that provide asystems understanding of the increasingly complex and interconnected operationalenvironment—the composite of the conditions, circumstances, and influences that affect theemployment of capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander.Although JIPOE support to decision-making is both dynamic and continuous, it must also be“front loaded” in the sense that the majority of analysis must be completed early enough to befactored into the commander’s decision-making effort. JIPOE generally occurs in parallel tomission analysis, and supports mission analysis by enabling the commander and staff to visualizethe full extent of the operational environment, to distinguish the known from the unknown, andto establish working assumptions regarding how adversary and friendly forces will interactwithin the operational environment. JIPOE also assists commanders in formulating theirplanning guidance by identifying significant adversary capabilities and by pointing out criticaloperational environment factors, such as weather and terrain; the locations of key geography;environmental and health hazards; attitudes of indigenous populations; and potential land, air,and sea avenues of approach. Of growing significance in JIPOE are considerations in theinformation environment, which are not limited to an adversary and will have ramificationsacross all phases of a planned military operation. As planning continues, analysts refine theirassessment of the adversary’s centers of gravity (COGs), potential enemy courses of action(ECOAs), and other factors.1-1

NWC 4111HThe operational environment encompasses the air, land, sea, space, the informationenvironment, and associated adversary, friendly, and neutral systems (political, military,economic, social, informational, infrastructure, legal, and others), which are relevant to a specificjoint operation. Understanding this environment has always included a perspective broader thanjust the adversary's military forces and other combat capabilities within the traditionaloperational environment. However, current and future strategic and operational requirements andtypes of operations can benefit by a more comprehensive view of all systems in this environmentrelevant to the mission and operation at hand.In order for the joint force staff to identify potential COAs, the Joint Force Commander(JFC) must formulate planning guidance based on an analysis of the friendly mission. Thisanalysis helps to identify specified, implied, and essential tasks; possible branches and sequels;and any limitations on the application of military force. JIPOE supports Mission Analysis byenabling the commander and staff to visualize the full extent of the operational environment, todistinguish the known from the unknown, and to establish working assumptions regarding howadversary and friendly forces will interact within the limitations of the operational environment.JIPOE also assists commanders in formulating their planning guidance by identifying significantadversary capabilities and by pointing out critical operational environment factors, such as thelocations of key geography, attitudes of indigenous populations, and potential land, air, sea, andinformational avenues of approach. MA and the commander’s planning guidance form the basisfor the subsequent development of friendly COAs by the staff.JIPOE is a continuous process, which enables JFCs and their staffs to visualize the fullspectrum of adversary capabilities and limitations as well as potential Enemy Courses of Action(ECOAs) across all dimensions of the operational environment. While JIPOE is most often seenas part of the joint planning process, it is actually conducted both prior to and during operations.Just as the commander must continually make decisions about the course of a campaign oroperation, the intelligence staff must constantly work to seek out, analyze, and disseminate newinformation to support those decisions. Although the specifics of the process vary depending onthe situation and force involved, there is general agreement on the four major steps of JIPOE.I. DEFINE THE OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENT.This first step is an initial survey of the geographic and non-geographic dimensions of theoperational environment. It is used to bound the problem and to identify areas for furtheranalysis. There are generally three tasks that must be accomplished.1. Identify the Area of Operations and the Area of Interest. Much of the informationmay be provided in the superior’s order or OPLAN, but usually this step requires coordinationwith the J-5, J-3, or other elements of the staff. If a Joint Operations Area (JOA) or otheroperational areas have been identified, they will help guide the intelligence requirements andcollection plan. The operations area, or Area of Operations (AO), is generally the area of directconcern to the commander and intelligence will be focused on this area. The Area of Interest(AOI) is usually a larger area, including areas that may influence the operation, but might not beunder direct operational control of the commander. Intelligence activities will also be focused onthis area, but not necessarily to the same degree as on the AO. The AO and AOI may differ foreach dimension of warfare—land, maritime, air, space, and cyberspace – and may need to be1-2

NWC 4111Hadjusted later in the planning process (e.g., if additional threats are identified outside the definedareas which may impact upon the commander’s AO).(Joint) Area of Operations:(Recommend this be displayed on a map/chart for clarity and reference)Area of Interest:2. Determine the Significant Characteristics of the Operational Environment. This substep is an initial review of the factors of space, time, and forces and their interaction with oneanother. Examining these factors in general terms early in the process will help initiateintelligence collection and other activities that will support the later steps of the planningprocess. This review will require information on friendly forces and how the factors of space andtime affect them. For this reason, the J2 staff must work closely with the J5, J3, and other staffmembers throughout the process.3. Evaluate Existing Data Bases and Identify Intelligence Gaps and Priorities. In thissub-step, intelligence personnel review the information found in various automated databases,Intelink sites (the classified version of the internet), and other intelligence sources, bothclassified and unclassified. The staff begins to coordinate with local, theater, and nationalintelligence organizations that may provide support to the operation, and initiates newintelligence collection and production requests as necessary. Intelligence requests andrequirements may take the form of: Priority Intelligence Requirements (PIRs). These are the commander’s intelligencepriorities for the operation that will drive all intelligence activities used in support ofCommander’s Critical Information Requirements (CCIRs) to be discussed later. The J2staff will normally develop and propose PIRs for the commander’s approval.1-3

NWC 4111H Requests for Information (RFIs). This is a general term that may be used by operationsor other personnel who need timely information from the intelligence staff or anintelligence organization concerning an aspect of the operation. If the information isreadily available, such as through the Joint Intelligence Center (JIC), the RFI will beanswered directly. If the answer will require additional analytical work, a productionrequest may be necessary. Production Requests (PRs). These are used to request the development of new studies,reports, and other intelligence products. For example, if the initial review of availableintelligence revealed that little information existed on the enemy’s information operationscapability, a PR might be sent by the J2 staff to the theater JIC, requesting that thisinformation be provided by a certain date. If the information to answer such a requestdoes not currently exist in the intelligence community, a collection requirement may beplaced. Collection Requirements (CRs). These may take many forms, depending on theinformation needed and the collection assets available to get it. For example, someinformation may be available through the tasking of a theater intelligence collector suchas U-2 aircraft. The J2 staff collection managers process these requirements and it is theirjob to determine where and how to best get the necessary intelligence.This step is only a preliminary review of the intelligence available; the J2 staff will continueto levy intelligen

The steps for the Navy Planning Process (NPP), as reflected in the 2007 version of NWP 5-01 Navy Planning, are harmonized with the JOPP, as reflected in the 2006 version of JP 5-0 Joint Operation Planning. Modifications have been added to reflect the changes induced by JP 5-0 Joint Operation Planning. These include: Minor changes to .