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VIBRATION TEST SYSTEMSYOUR PARTNERFOR COMPLETE TEST SYSTEMS,TRAINING AND SUPPORT
BRÜEL & KJÆRVIBRATION TEST SPECIALISTSTake a virtual tourof our vibration testsystem factory:Brüel & Kjær is a world-leading manufacturerand supplier of sound and vibration solutions.We help our vibration testing customers specify,install and maintain systems to meet their testrequirements.We do this by supplying complete systemsincluding shakers, slip tables, amplifiers, controllers, transducers, data acquisition, and analysissoftware. Our world-renowned experts providecomprehensive staff training onsite and online.And it’s all backed up with dedicated servicepersonnel trained at our factory in the UK. Brüel & Kjær is a trusted partner ofthe most discerning industries,companies and test houses invibration testing LDS shakers are regularly used fortesting satellites, electric vehiclebatteries, military hardware andcomplex electronics – to name justa few uses Brüel & Kjær has the world’sbiggest factory for vibration testsystems, delivering over 900systems per year Over 10,000 LDS shakers havebeen shipped all around the worldduring the 55 year history of therange0203INTRODUCTION
COMPLETETEST SYSTEMSFor test objects of all sizesBrüel & Kjær can help you perform the most complex vibration tests toensure the integrity and reliability of your products. Our comprehensiverange of LDS electro-dynamic shakers are designed for vibration testingof devices of practically any size – from a semiconductor component toa complete satellite system.All from one partnerCombined with world-class data acquisition systems and analysissoftware suites, Brüel & Kjær offers the complete vibration testingsolution. We also provide vital service and staff training to maximisethe operation of your vibration test system.Only one PC and one software package neededWith a Brüel & Kjær vibration test system, your shaker, power amplifier,vibration controller and even environmental chamber are not onlycontrolled from one PC, they run under one software package.0405INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
AEROSPACE & DEFENCEGROUND TRANSPORTATIONFor any aircraft, helicopter, space vehicle orballistic device, reliability is the number onepriority. By using our vibration test systemsand dynamic signal analyzers alongside ourtransducers and high-speed data acquisitionsystems, a product’s reliability and integritycan be proven.Manufacturers of cars, motorcycles, trucks,buses and rail vehicles all face similarrequirements for improving performancedurability, comfort and safety. Here atBrüel & Kjær, we provide a range ofsolutions to meet your needs.Satellite testingWhen launching a satellite or vehicle to explore a neighbouring planet,ensuring its survival after launch is fundamental. As a leader in satellitevibration testing, whether testing small components or launch-readypayloads, Our experience makes us the obvious choice.Aircraft testingFrom the latest unmanned combat drone through to the newestcommercial airliner, Our products have tested almost every part fromthe smallest component to finished jet engines. Field test applicationsinclude in-vehicle, structural, modal and rotating machinery diagnosis.Brüel & Kjær offers complete solutions, from transducers and dataacquisition systems to shakers and controllers, for field and lab testing.Ballistics & missile testingMilitary personnel have to be confident that highly dangerous materialis stored safely. In order to achieve this they often need to carry out aseries of tests including shock and vibration, temperature, altitude andhumidity testing. The LDS line of electrodynamic shakers and controllersensures that everything from the smallest of triggers to the largest ofmissiles are properly designed for safe storage and transport.Marine testingProving the integrity of onboard components and systems to ensurethey hold up against the most extreme ocean conditions is essential.ESA’s VEGA launcher upper-stagebeing tested on the LDS QUADShaker System, at the EuropeanSpace Research and TechnologyCentre (ESTEC), in The Netherlands.(Image courtesy of ESA, 2009)Squeak & RattleOur quiet electrodynamic shakers support industry standard QApractices for Squeak & Rattle vibration testing, ensuring automotivecomponents and interiors remain durable and free from noise, forgreater passenger comfort. As hybrid and electrical vehicles becomemore common, battery durability testing is key to the next generationof transport. We have developed a custom vibration test system forhybrid battery testing in conjunction with Highly AcceleratedLife Testing (HALT) of multi-cell computer managed batteries.NVH structural & modal testingBrüel & Kjær products provide solutions for a wide variety of noise,vibration and harshness test requirements. Field test applicationsinclude in-vehicle, structural, modal and rotating machinery diagnosis.Brüel & Kjær also offers complete solutions, from transducers and dataacquisition hardware to shakers and controllers, for both field and labtesting such as road test simulation.Rotating machinery testingBrüel & Kjær analyzers provide all the tools you need to rapidly isolateand diagnose vibration and noise problems in rotating machinery.Order tracking analysis, real-time waterfalls and spectrograms, octaveband analysis, orbit plots and cepstrum analysis are all available.0607AEROSPACE & DEFENCEAUTOMOTIVE
TRANSPORT SIMULATIONPACKAGE TESTINGThe Quad V9 (4 x 105 kN) Vibration TestSystem has been specially designed fortransport simulation, testing structures atfrequencies from DC and payloads exceeding6 tonnes. With a cross-section of over6 m x 3 m it is much larger in size thanthe individual payload interface plates.Most consumer products undergo vibrationtesting, the most common form beingpackage testing. Package testing is designedto simulate a product’s journey from whenit s boxed at the factory until it is transportedto the customer’s home.Having the capability to independently controlthe vibration acceleration at multiple positionson a single payload of this size is revolutionary.The payload interfaces for each of the four V9 shakers are not connectedto each other, so to control their relative positioning, a new positionindicator control stand has been developed.A special version of the LDS Combo has been designed to incorporatea solid-trunnion vibrator body mounting, with the slip table comboframe being attached directly to steel plates on top of a seismic mass.The base fabrication is designed to accept a Load Bearing Platform(LBP) used for vertical vibration.An air-isolated seismic block has been designed so that all forces aretransmitted to it. Testing is controlled using an LDS Multiple AmplifierControl (MAC) system together with a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO)vibration controller, to simultaneously control each independant V9system in order to achieve the required combined effect. Using Airglides,the four units can be readily repositioned into multiple orientations, toenable both vertical and horizontal testing of various-sized payloads.One such package testing system was designed to enable the customerto simultaneously test two plasma screen television sets weighing 85 kgeach in their transport boxes. The tests were designed to reproduce theeffects of transport on the televisions and allowed for the optimisation ofthe packaging design, and savings on materials like polystyrene packaging.The customer used a combination of sine tests, typically 5 mm peak-topeak in the 5 - 20 Hz range, and Random tests 1.5 g up to 200 Hz.The system combines a rigidly mounted standard LDS V875-640 shakerwith specially designed steel trunnions and a magnesium head expandermeasuring 1.8 m x 2.2 m and supported by a load-bearing platform.The basic over-turning capability of the load-bearing platform is 5 kNm,and it is restrained by guide shafts which are part of the steel work.Airbags located underneath the trunnions isolate the vibration. Pnuematicisolation is incorporated to prevent unwanted vibration being transmittedinto the building.Once on site, the head expander is positioned at floor level, allowing theloading and unloading of payloads by pallet truck for the quick turnaroundof large test articles. A remotely operated safety mechanism to lock andunlock the LBP had to be designed to allow access to the shaker.V875-640 mounted in trunnions withload-bearing platform and 1.8 m x 2.2m head expander0809CUSTOM SOLUTIONSCUSTOM SOLUTIONS
DEFENCE TESTINGDesigned to test payloads for a defencecustomer, the Dual LDS V850-440 SPA24/56KSpecial Vibration Test System has beenengineered for coupled operation.ALTITUDE SIMULATIONEach shaker is fitted with a guided head expander that allowsinterfacing to the customer’s specialised payload. A steel truss rigidlyconnects the shakers together.To ensure the dual system is mobile, each shaker base is integratedwith Airglides allowing the full shaker assembly to be moved effectivelyon a cushion of air.The Dual V9 (2 x 105 kN) Vibration TestSystem has been specially adapted to operatein conjunction with an altitude simulationchamber, to enable testing of large payloadsunder near-vacuum conditions.The special pneumatic control stands provide the operator with shakerbody and armature position display and control. Shaker armature andbody position are automatically controlled to ensure that the wholesystem remains balanced.Both shakers can be used either individually or in the standard dualconfiguration, thanks to LDS Multiple Amplifier Control (MAC) system.Each shaker is driven at a tight amplitude and phase tolerance of theother to ensure consistent application of vibration, minimise crosscoupling and ensure system and payload safety.To prevent the vacuum pulling the shaker armature up into theenvironmental chamber, the shaker is fitted with a special vacuumcompensation extender system that provides an opposing force tohold the armature down to its mid-position. In both static and dynamictesting, the shaker armature and body positions are controlled by aspecial balancing control system.To ensure the consistency of any vacuum effect, the shaker is sealedto the floor of the altitude simulation chamber, allowing full armaturemovement within its velocity, displacement and acceleration capabilities.To allow testing of large payloads, the V9 vibrators are operated in adual configuration using LDS Multiple Amplifier Control (MAC).1011CUSTOM SOLUTIONSCUSTOM SOLUTIONS
LOW FORCE RANGELOW-MEDIUM FORCE RANGEV101, V201, V406/8, V450 and V455 ShakersV555, V650, V721, and V780 ShakersThis range of permanent magnetic shakers is ideal for modal analysis.Their efficient armature design enables them to deliver impressive peakforces and accelerations over a wide frequency range. The shakers arecontrolled using either the COMETUSB or LASERUSB system controllers, and are compatible with third-party controllers and amplifiers.Total system solutionsCombining a wide frequency range, high force and high acceleration,this range of air-cooled shaker solutions delivers excellent all-roundtesting capabilities.Shaker modelV101-PA 25EV201-PA 25EV406/8-PA 100EV406-PA 500LV450-PA 500LV455-PA 1000LSystem sine force peak (N)Shaker max random force rms (N)Max acceleration sine peak (gn)System velocity sine peak (m/s)System displacement continuous pk-pk (mm)Moving element mass (kg)Usable frequency range 4265-7,500Solutions for vibrationtesting of components, smallassemblies, or modal andstructural analysis Wide frequency range (5 Hz to13 kHz) combined with highpeak forces (8.9 N - 489 Npeak sine force) Low-mass, high-performancearmature construction Robust, lightweight suspensionsystem provides excellenttorsional and transverse stiffnesswith minimal impacton acceleration Base or trunnion mounted Powered by compact, quiet,energy-efficient amplifiers Compatible with COMETUSBand LASERUSB vibrationcontrollersTesting of mobile phone to ensureproduct reliability during useIndustry applications Modal and structural analysis Electronic assembly testing Laboratory experimentsShakermodelSystem sine force peak (N)System max random force rms (N)Max acceleration sine peak (gn)System velocity sine peak (m/s)Displacement pk-pk (mm)Moving element mass (kg)Vibration testing solutionsfor modal, structural andcomponent testing Wide frequency range from DCup to 6,300 Hz* Peak force ratings from 667 Nto 5,115 NA number of optional extras enable the system to be tailored to suit mostapplications. Trunnion mounting and slip tables enable both vertical andhorizontal testing, and the addition of a thermal barrier allows for improved product testing under diverse environmental conditions. The shakerscan be controlled using either the COMETUSB or LASERUSB systemcontrollers, and are compatible with third-party controllers and amplifiers.V555-PA 1000LV650-PA 1000LV650-HPA-KV721-PA 725.44.465,1204,2301111.925.44.7Industry applications Automotive component testing Aerospace component testing Electronic assembly testing Structural testing Modal investigation Vibration stress testing under variedenvironmental conditions In-house test and calibration facilities Lightweight, high-performancearmature design (110 mm to180 mm in diameter) deliversexcellent acceleration andvelocity performance Vertical or horizontal operation Optional software allows systemtests to be controlled remotelyusing a PC Compatible with COMETUSB andLASERUSB vibration controllers Ease of use and power savingfeatures reduce operating costs Proven reliability maximisessystem availability, combinedwith global servicing and support*Control strategy and isolation dependant1213VIBRATION TEST SYSTEMSVIBRATION TEST SYSTEMS
MEDIUM FORCE RANGEHIGH FORCE RANGEV800-V8 Series ShakersV9 ShakerIndustry standard for automotive, military and electronic testingProviding the versatility and capability demanded by research and development,product qualification and stress screening, the V800 - V8 series shaker systemscombine superior performance with low capital and running costs.The standard for high-force, long-duration vibration testingProviding the versatility and capability demanded by production testingand research and development, the V9 shaker system offers exceptionalperformance combined with low capital and running costs. The V9shaker offers the highest achievable envelope of testing parameters.Shaker modelSystem sine force peak (kN)System max random force rms (kN)Max acceleration sine peak (gn)System velocity sine peak (m/s)Displacement pk-pk (mm)Moving element mass (kg)V830185V830335V850240V850- 542.055.655.6401.863.547.0System sine force peak (kN)System max random force rms (kN)Max acceleration sine peak (gn)System velocity sine peak (m/s)Displacement continuous pk-pk (mm)Moving element mass (kg)Usable frequency range (Hz)V91051051503.076.249.8DC - 2,700**Control strategy and isolation dependantMedium and large air-cooledelectrodynamic shakers V800 - V8 series shaker systemsare ideal for sine, random andhigh-acceleration shock tests,and many more control profiles Lightweight yet robustinterchangeable armatures givethe highest performance withreduced capital cost Advanced switching poweramplifiers offer high reliability,reduced space requirements, andsimple installation and operation Systems can be tailored forspecial applications State-of-the-art vibrationcontrol system enables remotemonitoring and control Compatible with COMETUSB andLASERUSB vibration controllers Vertical or horizontal operationwith optional slip tableBrüel & Kjær offers a full rangeof accelerometers to complementyour vibration test systemIndustry applications Automotive parts and systems –qualification testing Electronic assembly – computerequipment testing Avionics and military hardware testing Satellite component testing Product and package testing General stress screeningHigh-force long-durationelectrodynamic shaker Full water cooling, including bodycooling, enables prolongedtesting at maximum force levelsIndustry applications High-force, long-duration automotivetesting Avionics and military hardware testing Low-frequency and shock pulse testing Product and package testing Long 76.2 mm stroke allowsgreater acceleration at lowfrequencies, combined withhigher maximum velocity Advanced switching poweramplifier offers high reliability,simple installation and easyoperation Powerful LDS vibrationcontrol system enables remotemonitoring and control Payloads up to 1,800 kg Systems can be tailored forspecial applications such asload-bearing platforms Vertical or horizontal operationwith optional slip table1415VIBRATION TEST SYSTEMSVIBRATION TEST SYSTEMS
HIGH FORCE RANGEAMPLIFIERS/REPLACEMENT AMPSV964, V984, and V994 ShakersThe LDS line of linear and digital switchingamplifiers offers energy-efficient androbust operation for power requirementsup to 280 kVA.High force, high reliabilityIdeal where large payloads need high performance vibration or shocktesting, LDS V900 series shakers give engineers the confidence theyneed to develop highly reliable products. These systems have been usedin single and multi-shaker configurations, and are suited to test productssuch as satellites and missiles.High-force electrodynamicshaker Peak force ratings from 89 kN to289 kN – the highest availableforce of any shaker availabletoday! Wide frequency range up to2,500 Hz Combination of high-performance armature design andwater-cooled coils deliversexcellent acceleration andvelocity performance Automatic armature and bodyposition load compensationsystem ensures larger loads canbe comfortably accommodated Trunnions feature Lin-E-Airsuspension system as standard,resulting in improved low-frequency performance andproviding air isolation from testvibrationThe Lin-E-Air shaker suspension system gives excellent isolation,reducing the the shaker s affect on the surrounding environment.An optional guided head expander ensures that loads with off-centrecentres of gravity can be tested effectively and safely. The additionof a slip table enables products to be tested in both vertical andhorizontal axes. The slip table is also available with a thermal barrierfor use in environmental tests.Shaker modelSystem sine force peak (kN)System max random force rms (kN)Max acceleration sine peak (gn)System velocity sine peak (m/s)Displacement continuous pk-pk (mm)Moving element mass (kg)Usable frequency range (Hz)V964 DPA-KV984 DPA-KV994 38.150.859.0130.2254.9DC-2,500* DC-2,000* DC-1,700**Control strategy and isolation dependantMars Mission satellite testing.(Photo courtesy ofNASA/JPL-Caltech)The standard SPA-K range of amplifiers can be used to power legacy LDSand third-party shakers, and include a unique remote control capabilitythat allows the user to control the amplifier remotely via a PC.SPA-K & HPA-K switching power amplifiersThese amplifiers power air-cooled electrodynamic shakers and comewith integral field power and blower power supplies, and range from8kVA to 176kVA.The HPA-K amplifier is designed for use with V650 and V780 electrodynamic shakers.Industry applications Three-axis testing of complete satellitesystems Avionics and military hardware testing Multi-shaker, multi-axis applications Structural dynamics testing Clean room environmentsDPA-K switching power amplifiersDesigned for use with water-cooled electrodynamic shakers, DPA-Kamplifiers offer a maximum power output of 280kVA, providing optimumperformance for your vibration test system.PA 100L - PA 1000L linear power amplifiersCompact standalone amplifiers designed to support Brüel & Kjærvibration test systems power both permanent magnet shakers and smallelectrodynamic shakers. Both are used with a separate field power supplywhen required. Rolling strut armaturesuspension system provides upto 50.8 mm displacement forsine operation and 63.5 mm fortransient pulses Vertical or horizontal operation,with optional slip table Thermal barriers available for allsystems for improved environmental test capability Compatible with COMETUSBand LASERUSB vibrationcontrollers1617VIBRATION TEST SYSTEMSVIBRATION TEST SYSTEMS
VIBRATION CONTROLLERSBrüel & Kjær is reseller of the SpiderVibration Controller from CrystalInstrumentsCOMETUSB Vibration Control SystemLASERUSB Vibration Control SystemEconomical for production testing with the performance forR&D testingOffering high performance at a very affordable price, the COMETUSBVibration Controller is an ideal solution to the everyday demands ofyour shock and vibration testing. COMETUSB provides the flexibility toperform random, swept sine and shock testing on electrodynamicshakers using a switching power amplifier. Easy-to-use softwaretogether with extensive automation features make it a perfect fit forvibration stress screening and production testing applications.Delivering what test engineers demand:Convenience, performance, flexibility and safetyLASERUSB is the ideal controller for your test lab as it combinesconvenience, performance, flexibility and safety. It offers 24-bitprecision with wide control dynamic range, and fast loop times toprovide superb control for your most challenging tests. LASERUSB is alsoa highly flexible answer to your test needs with full capability controland analysis software applications for random, swept sine, resonancedwell, classical shock, random on random, sine on random, shock SRS,and field data replication. Advanced technologies such as kurtosiscontrol and fatigue monitoring reduce test time and increase thereliability of your product. One-click reporting makes it quick and easyto create comprehensive reports for your design group or customer, andspecial active reports allow you to re-scale, zoom, or cursor any dataplots within a Microsoft Word report document.COMETUSB Very economical yet suitable forrandom, sine and shock tests Simplified or advanced userinterfaces are suitable fordifferent operators and testsCOMETUSB offers the convenience of USB 2.0connectivity and is an economical controllerfor random, sine and shock testing. Setup wizard for error free testsetup 64-bit compatible softwareLASERUSB Full capability for vibrationcontrol, data analysis Kurtosis control and fatiguemonitoring reduce test time andimprove product reliabilityLASERUSB has a USB 2.0 interface for easy PCconnectivity, while its multiple DSP processors handle the control loop independentlyof the PC host. Multi-channel with 2 to 16channels for multi-point control,limiting and analysis 24-bit resolution withprogrammable voltage rangesprovides wide dynamic range tocontrol highly dynamic structuresNET-Integrator provides ActiveX commands that interface vibration controlapplications with user programs. This capability makes it possible to developsimple user interfaces and automate complex test procedures. Processing independent of thehost PC with fast loop times forthe ultimate in performance andsafetyAdvanced technologiesKurtosis control for better real world simulation – The capability to specifykurtosis, the ‘peakedness‘ of a random signal, provides for better simulation ofreal-world environments. Tailoring kurtosis is also important to acceleratefatigue tests.Ethernet InterfaceDynamicSignalPULSE AnalyzerControlSignal Amplifier and thermal chamberinterfaces for seamless labintegration 64-bit compatible softwareLab integrationLASERUSB can make your lab more efficient with capabilities that integrate andcoordinate all of your test equipment. The Amplifier Controller software optionallows control of an LDS SPA-K amplifier from the same PC used to run thevibration control software. A seamless connection with the control software ofmany popular chamber makers is provided by the Chamber Interface option.AmplifiedSignalDriveSignalEthernet ingPower AmplifierLaptop PCI/O InterfaceUUT or ClimaticChamber020222/5Fatigue Monitor protects test article and shaker - Offering an unprecedentedlevel of protection, the Fatigue Monitor detects looseness or fatigue in theproduct, fixture or shaker system.1819VIBRATION TEST SYSTEMSVIBRATION TEST SYSTEMS
PULSE –YOUR SOUND & VIBRATIONANALYZER PLATFORMDeveloped as an advanced solution for soundand vibration measurement, Brüel & Kjær’sPULSE is the analyzer platform of the future.With its vast range of software applicationsand hardware configurations, PULSE is themost popular analyzer solution in the world today with more than 10,000 systems delivered.Data acquisitionWith PULSE LAN-XI front-ends, your data acquisition setup is scalablefrom 2 channels to more than 1000 – with an analysis measurementbandwith of up to 100 kHz. PULSE LAN-XI front-ends supportone-cable operation where both synchronisation (PTP), power (POE)and data transfer, is achieved using a standard ethernet cable. PULSELAN-XI front-ends can even synchronise with your existing PULSE IDAefront-ends, allowing modular expansion of existing systems.Real-timeThe real-time capability of PULSE means there is the closest possiblelink between cause and effect. You see your analysis results instantaneously on-screen as they are measured, enabling you to validate yourdata immediately.Multi-analysisPULSE allows you to perform FFT, 1/n-octave (CPB), order, and overallanalyses simultaneously on the same or different channels/signalswhile displaying real-time results on screen – and even storing theacquired time data.Post-processingWith Brüel & Kjær’s range of post-processing products – PULSEReflex – you get powerful, workflow-orientated post-processingtools with integrated time data editing and an extremely flexibledisplay function.ReportingPULSE Reflex with built-in support for Microsoft Word , Microsoft Excel and Microsoft PowerPoint makes reporting easy whether it isfor a meeting or a report.Solid foundationThe flexibility of PULSE combined with industry-specific solutions hasmade PULSE the best-selling analyzer platform in a wide range ofindustries, including: Automotive Electroacoustics and telecommunications Aerospace and defence Consumer productsPULSE Reflex Modal Analysis guides youefficiently through measurement validation,parameter estimation setup, mode selection,analysis validation and reporting.Type 4524: a lightweight triaxialpiezoelectric accelerometer.Images courtesy of CTAG2021ANALYSER PLATFORM
SERVICEUNIVERSITYYour choice of a service partner is as criticalas your choice of system. Effective maintenance and adequate staff training are essential to get the most out of your investment,and safeguard its future.Brüel & Kjær will continue to help you minimize downtime andmaximize test performance long after we have installed your system.It’s part of being an all-round partner, and it’s the reason why themajority of our new orders come from existing customers.Rapid responseThe prime goal of our support services is to ensure that your systemis always fine-tuned to your needs, and that any problems areresolved quickly.Brüel & Kjær provides you with completesolutions that are ready to run. Even thoughthey are designed for ease-of-use, we offerspecialised training for your people to becomereal experts in less time.Preventative maintenance with planned downtimeReliability and efficiency demand professional servicing at regularintervals. We understand the cost implications of downtime andstrive to both minimize it and plan it well in advance.TrainingFrom introduction courses to on-site help, we can help you meetyour testing goals. Our world-renowned experts offer many differentopportunities for comprehensive staff training: online, in person or atyour site.Services Site surveys, installation, commissioning and decommissioning plans Staff training, development andsupport System modifications and upgrades Preventative maintenance withgenuine spare parts Rapid troubleshooting options Worldwide advice and helpBrüel & Kjær University offers bothstandard and custom training coursesfor established or new vibration testengineers. Regular scheduled coursesare held globally, while custom on-sitecourses can also be arranged explaininghow to interpret specific vibrationtest specifications and apply them tocustomers’ vibration test systems.2223SERVICETRAINING
www.bksv.com/vtsBF 0223–16ËBF-0223---gÎBrüel & Kjær Sound & Vibration Measurement A/SDK-2850 Nærum · DenmarkTelephone: 45 77 41 20 00 · Fax: 45 45 80 14 05www.bksv.com · info@bksv.comLocal representatives and service organisations worldwide
Life Testing (HALT) of multi-cell computer managed batteries. NVH structural & modal testing . The system combines a rigidly mounted standard LDS V875-640 shaker with specially designed steel trunnions and a magnesium head expander measuring 1.8 m x 2.2 m and supported by a load-bearing platform.
