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Encyclopedia ofINSECTSSecond EditionEditorsVincent H. ReshUniversity of California, BerkeleyRing T. Car deUniversity of California, RiversideAMSTERDAM BOSTON LONDON NEW YORK OXFORD PARISSAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO SINGAPORE SYDNEY TOKYOELSEVIERAcademic Press is an imprint of Elsevier

�штшжтшттгтшш Ш{\х\*\Ш\\\-жх\тCONTENTSCONTENTS BY SUBJECT ABEACONTBIBUTOBSxviixxiGUIDE TO THE ENCYCLOPEDIAXXXFOREWORDxxxiiPREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITIONxxxivPREFACExxxvABOUT THE EDITORSxxxviAnatomy: Head, Thorax,Abdomen, and GenitaliaDavid H. Headrick and Gordon Gordh11Anopheles Mosquitosee Mosquitoes21Anoplurasee Phthiraptera21AntennaeCatherine Loudon21Acarisee Mites; TicksAntsNigel R. Franks24Accessory GlandsDiana E. WheelerAphids27Acoustic Behaviorsee HearingApis SpeciesEva Crane31Aedes Mosquitosee MosquitoesAposematic ColorationMathieu Joron33AestivationSinzo MasakiApterygotaRing T Carde and Vincent H. Resh38Aquatic HabitatsRichard W Merritt and J. Bruce Wallace38Arachnidasee Daddy-Long-Legs; Mites; Scorpions;Spiders; Ticks; Vinegaroons48Africanized B e e ssee Neotropical African BeesJohn T Sorensen4Agricultural EntomologyMarcos Kogan and Ronald ProkopyAlderflysee Megaloptera8ArchaeognathaHelmut Sturm48AmberGeorge Poinar Jr.8Arthropoda and Related GroupsJames H. Thorp50

viiiContentsDefensive BehaviorJustin O. Schmidt252DrosophilamelanogasterPatrick M. O'Grady301Delusory Parasitosissee Ekbom Syndrome257D u n g BeetlesJames Ridsdill-Smith andLeigh W. Simmons304DengueThomas W. Scott257DermapteraSusan M. Rankin and James O. Palmer259261Earwigsee Dermaptera308Development, Hormonal Control ofMichael E. Adams308DiapauseDavid L. Denlinger267Ecdysissee Molting308DigestionWalter R. Terra271EcdysteroidsMichael E. AdamsE311Digestive SystemWalter R. Terra and Clelia Ferreira273DipluraMarkus Koch281DipteraRichard W Merritt, GregoryW. Courtney, and Joe B. Keiper284Diversitysee BiodiversityEgg sDiana E. WheelerE g g CoveringsDiana E. Wheeler312Ekbom SyndromeNancy C. Hinkle313EmbiidinaEdward S. Ross315297EmbryogenesisLisa Nagy and Miodrag Grbic316Division of Labor in Insect SocietiesGene E. Robinson297Endangered InsectsScott Hoffman Black andMace Vaughan320Dobsonflysee Megaloptera299EndopterygotaRing T. Carde324D o g HeartwormEdward G. Platzer299Entomological SocietiesAlan I. Kaplan324DormancyRichard E. Lee Jr.300EphemeropteraJohn E. Brittain and Michel Sartori328Dragonflysee Odonata301Estivationsee Aestivation334

ContentsixEvolutionsee Phylogeny of Insects334Fossil RecordDavid Grimaldi396ExcretionTimothy J. Bradley334Freshwater Habitatssee Aquatic Habitats403ExopterygotaRing T. Carde339Fruit Flysee Drosophila melanogaster403ExoskeletonSvend O. Andersen339Extension EntomologyNancy C. Hinkle, Beverly Sparks,Linda J. Mason, and Karen M. Vail342Eyes and VisionMichael F. Land345Callmaking and Insects404Katherine N. Schick and Donald L. DahlstenGenetically Modified PlantsDavid A. Andow406Genetic EngineeringPeter W. Atkinson and David A. O'Brochta410Genetic VariationGeorge K. Roderick and Maria Navajas416419Fat BodyEphraim Cohen356Feeding BehaviorR. F. Chapman357Fire AntsLes Greenberg362Grasshoppersee Orthoptera419Fleasee Siphonaptera364GenomicsPeter Arensburger and Peter W. Atkinson364Flysee Diptera372Grassland HabitatsTeja Tscharntke, Ingolf SteffanDewenter, Andreas Kruess, andCarsten Thies424FlightMichael Dickinson and Robert DudleyFolk Beliefs and SuperstitionsJames N. Hogue372Food, Insects asGene R. DeFoliart376Growth, IndividualMartin B. Berg and Richard W. Merritt431Forensic EntomologyM. Lee Goff381GrylloblattodeaD. C. F. Rentz and Sigfrid Ingrisch434Forest HabitatsDavid L. Wood and Andrew J. Storer386Gypsy MothJoseph S. Elkinton435Greenhouse Gases,Global Warming, and InsectsPeter Stiling428

ContentsXнHymenopteraDonald L. J. Quicke473HearingRon Hoy and Jayne Yack440HypermetamorphosisJohn D. Pinto484Hemipterasee Auchenorrhyncha;Prosorrhyncha; Sternorrhyncha446HyperparasitismDaniel J. Sullivan486HemolymphMichael R. Kanost446Heteropterasee Prosorrhyncha449HibernationRichard E. Lee Jr.449History of EntomologyEdward H. Smith and George G. Kennedy449Homeostasis, BehavioralP. Kirk Visscher458Homopterasee Auchenorrhyncha; SternorrhynchaIImaginal DiscsSeth S. Blair489ImmunologyNancy E. Beckage492Industrial MelanismMichael E. N. Majerus496501459Insecta, OverviewVincent H. Resh and Ring T. Carde502HoneyEva Crane and P. Kirk Visscher459InsecticidesFumio MatsumuraHoney Beesee Apis Species461Insecticide and Acaricide ResistanceGregor J. Devine andIan Denholm505Honey dewAngela E. Douglas461Insectivorous PlantsLewis J. Feldman511Hornetsee Wasps463514Host Seeking, by ParasitoidsJ. Daniel Hare and Ronald M. Weseloh463Insectivorous VertebratesCharles R. Crumly516Host Seeking, for PlantsElizabeth A. Bernays466Insect ZoosLeslie Saul-Gershenz523House FlyGregory A. Dahlem469Integrated Pest ManagementRonald Prokopy andMarcos KoganHuman History, Insects Effect onJames N. Hogue471IntegumentSvend O. Andersen528

ContentsXIIntroduced InsectsDaniel Simberloff529LepidopteraJerry A. Powell559Island BiogeographyGeorge K. Roderick andRosemary G. Gillespie533Licesee Phthiraptera587587IsopteraVernard R. Lewis535Lice, HumanTerri L. MeinkingLocustsR. F. Chapman589MJapanese BeetleDavid W. Held and Daniel A. Potter539June BeetlesDaniel A. Potter and David W. HeldMagnetic SenseJohn Klotz and Rudolf Jander592540Juvenile HormonesMichael E. Adams541MalariaWilliam K. Reisen594MantodeaLawrence E. Hurd597MantophasmatodeaKlaus-Dieter Klass andChristin Grossmann599Marine InsectsLanna Cheng600Mating BehaviorsDarryl T. Gwynne604MechanoreceptionAndrew S. French andPäivi H. Torkkeli610кKatydidsee Orthoptera546Killer Beessee Neotropical African Bees546LLacewingsee Neuroptera547LadybugsMichael E. N. Majerus547MecopteraGeorge W. Byers611LarvaFrederick W. Stehr551Medical EntomologyJohn D. Edman614LearningDaniel R. Papaj552Medicine, Insects inRonald A. Sherman618LegsPeter H. Adler555MegalopteraNorman H. Anderson620

xiiContentsMetabolismS. N. Thompson and R. K. Suarez623Nest BuildingRobert L. Jeanne688MetamorphosisFrederick W. Stehr627NeuropeptidesMiriam Altstein691MigrationHugh Dingle628695MimicryMathieu JoronNeuropteraCatherine A. Tauber, Maurice J. Tauber,and Gilberto S. Albuquerque633MitesBarry M. OConnor643Nomenclature and Classification,Principles ofF. Christian ThompsonMoltingLynn M. Riddiford649NutritionS. N. Thompson and S. J. SimpsonMonarchsLincoln P. Brower654MosquitoesBruce F. Eldridge658Ocelli and StemmataFrederick W. Stehr721Mothsee Lepidoptera663OdonataK. J. Tennessen721MouthpartsR. F. Chapman663OrientationRing T. Carde729Movies, Insects inMay R. Berenbaum andRichard J. Leskosky668OrthopteraSigfrid Ingrisch and D. C. F. Rentz732675OvariolesDiana E. Wheeler743Muscle SystemRobert Josephson745680Oviposition BehaviorMarc J. KlowdenMuseums and Display CollectionsGordon M. Nishida7077150PNNeosomyFrank J. Radovsky685ParasitoidsNick Mills686Parental CareMichelle Pellissier Scott751Neotropical African BeesOrley R. Taylor753Nervous Systemsee Brain and Optic Lobes688Parthenogenesis in Insects and MitesBenjamin B. Normark andLawrence R. Kirkendall748

ContentsXlllPathogens of InsectsBrian A. Federici757Praying Mantidsee Mantodea837PhasmidaErich H. Tilgner765837PheromonesRing T. Carde and Jocelyn G. Millar766Predation/Predatory InsectsRonald M. Weseloh andJ. Daniel Hare839PhoresyMarilyn A. Houck772ProsorrhynchaCarl W. Schaefer855Photography of InsectsMark W. Moffett774ProturaMarkus Koch858PhthirapteraRonald A. Hellenthal and Roger D. Price777PsocopteraEdward L. Mockford860Phylogeny of InsectsPeter S. Cranston and Penny J. Gullan780PterygotaRing T. Carde860Physical Control of Insect PestsCharles Vincent, Phyllis Weintraub,and Guy Hallman794Puddling BehaviorScott R. SmedleyPupa and PupariumFrederick W. Stehr862Phytophagous InsectsElizabeth A. Bernays798PhytotoxicityAlexander H. Purcell800Plant Diseases and InsectsAlexander H. Purcell802Plant-Insect InteractionsJ. Mark Scriber806PlecopteraKenneth W. Stewart810RaphidiopteraUlrike Aspöck and Horst Aspöck864Pollination and PollinatorsGordon W. Frankie and Robbin W. Thorp813Rearing of InsectsNorman C. Leppla866Pollution, Insect Response toDavid M. Rosenberg and Vincent H. Resh819Recruitment CommunicationJames F. A. Traniello869PolyembryonyMichael R. Strand821Regulatory EntomologyRobert V. Dowell877Population EcologyJoseph S. Elkinton826Reproduction, FemaleDiana E. Wheeler880Q863Queensee CasteR

ContentsxivReproduction, Female:Hormonal Control ofDiana E. WheelerSilk ProductionFrantisek Sehnal and Catherine Craig921882924885Silverfishsee Zygentoma924887SiphonapteraMichael W. Hastriter andMichael F. Whiting928Research Tools, Insects asKipling W. Will888Snakeflysee Raphidioptera928Respiratory SystemJon F. Harrison889SocialityJames E. Zablotny935River RlindnessVincent H. Resh895Soil HabitatsPatricia J. VittumSound Productionsee Hearing939SpermathecaMarc J. Klowden939Reproduction, MaleMarc J. KlowdenReproduction, Male:Hormonal Control ofMarc J. KlowdensSalivary GlandsGregory P. Walker897SpermatophoreMarc J. Klowden940Scale Insectsee Sternorrhyncha901SpidersRosemary G. Gillespie andJoseph C. Spagna941Scales and SetaeShaun L. Winterton901Springtailsee Collembola951ScorpionsStanley C. Williams904Stamps, Insects andCharles V. Covell Jr.951SegmentationPaul Z. Liu and Nipam H. Patel909Sterile Insect TechniqueJorge Hendrichs and Alan Robinson953SericultureSatoshi Takeda912SternorrhynchaPenny J. Gullan and Jon H. Martin957Sex DeterminationMichael F Antolin and Adam D. Henk914Stoneflysee Plecoptera967Sexual SelectionKenneth Y. Kaneshiro917Stored Products as HabitatsRudy Plarre and Wendell E. Burkholder967Silk Mothsee Bombyx mori921StrepsipteraMichael F. Whiting971

ContentsXVTouchsee Mechanoreception1011Tracheal SystemJon F. Harrison1011975Symbionts Aiding DigestionAndreas Brune978Trichoptera (Caddisflies)John C. Morse1015Symbionts, BacterialMichael E. N. Majerus983Tsetse FlyStephen G. A. Leak1020Systematicssee Nomenclature and Classification987Swimming, Lake InsectsWerner NachtigallSwimming and OtherMovements, Stream InsectsBernhard Statzner972иUrban HabitatsMichael K. RustTastesee Chemoreception988Taxonomysee Nomenclature and Classification988Teaching ResourcesJohn H. Acorn and Felix A. H. Sperling988Temperature, Effects onDevelopment and GrowthOldfich Nedved990Termitesee Isoptera993Terrestrial Insectssee Soil Habitats993ThermoregulationBernd Heinrich993Thripssee Thysanoptera999ThysanopteraLaurence A. Mound9991025VVenomJustin O. Schmidt1028Veterinary EntomologyBradley A. Mullens1031Vibrational CommunicationAndrej Cokl and Meta Virant-Doberlet1034VinegaroonsJustin O. Schmidt1038Visionsee Eyes and Vision1041VitellogenesisWilliam H. Telfer1041wThysanurasee Archaeognatha; Zygentoma1003Walking and JumpingRoy E. Ritzmann and Sasha N. Zill1044TicksDaniel E. Sonenshine1003WaspsJustin O. Schmidt1049

xviContentsWater and Ion Balance,Hormonal Control ofThomas M. ClarkWingsRobin J. WoottonWolbachiaRichard StouthamerWorkersee Castenr1052Zoonotic Agents, Arthropod-BorneRobert S. Lane1065105510691061ZorapteraMichael S. EngelZygentoma10701063YYellow FeverThomas P. Monath1064Yellowjacketsee Wasps1065Helmut SturmGLOSSARY1073SUBJECT INDEX1093

Stanley C. Williams Segmentation Paul Z. Liu and Nipam H. Patel Sericulture Satoshi Takeda Sex Determination Michael F Antolin and Adam D. Henk Sexual Selection Kenneth Y. Kaneshiro Silk Moth see Bombyx mori 882 885 887 888 889 895 Silk Production Frantisek Sehnal and Catherine Craig 897 901 901 904 909 912 914 917 921 Silverfish see Zygentoma