WIXLIB

Optical communication essentials gerd keiser pdf free online download windows 10Let us look at this for PSK. Furthermore, assume 2 percent of the optical power inserted into the coupler is lost internally. Optical signal monitoring examines the quality of each WDM channel. Vacondio, A. Suzuki, J.-I. When its power level has dropped to –24 dBm, it gets boosted back to 6 dBm by an optical amplifier. Kawachi, “Wavelengthcharacteristics of 2 2 optical channel-type directional couplers with symmetric or nonsymmetric coupling structures,” J. 3388–3402, Oct. Stuart, “Optical performance monitoring using data stream intensity autocorrelation,” J. This so-called beat stacking is additive on a power basis. The improvement is given by2 2 S C 3 Be Δ f pp w 10 log N 2 f f N in v v out (9.19) where Be is the required receiver bandwidth, Dfpp is the peak-to-peak frequency deviation of the modulator, fv is the highest video frequency, and w is a weighting factor used to account for the nonuniform response of the eye pattern to white noise in the video bandwidth. An exactcalculation of coupling loss between different optical fibers, which takes into account nonuniform distribution of power among the modes and propagation effects in the second fiber, is lengthy and involved.24 Here, we shall therefore make the assumption that all modes in the fiber are equally keis80717 ch05 211-247.indd 222 6/25/10 4:50:54 PM223 Power Launching and Coupling Cladding Full numerical aperture of fiber Fiber core All modes equally excited Fully filled fiber core (a) Cladding Equilibrium numerical aperture Fiber core Propagating modes in the steady state (b) Fig. These include: Wavelength dependence. The parameter Ppeak is the soliton peak power and is given by Ppeak2 3 1.7627 Aeff λ D λ 2π n2 Ldisp 2π n2 c T 2 s Aeff (12.21) where Aeff is the effective area of the fiber core, n2 is the nonlinear intensity-dependent refractive-index coefficient [see Eq. (12.6)], and Ldisp is measured in km. In this case, the achievable utilization is inversely proportional to the number of hops H between A and B, as onewould expect. Damsgaard, “Dispersion-compensating fibers,” Opt. Section 9.3 addresses multichannel systems in which intermodulation noise becomes important. Using this correspondence, let the wavelength l1 1550 nm. This feature facilitates the integration of multiple lasers onto a single chip in one- or two-dimensional arrays, which makesthem attractive for wavelength-division-multiplexing applications. 116–124, Aug. ITU-T Recommendation G.959.1, Optical Transport Network Physical Layer Interfaces, March 2006. The plots show that the electric fields of the guided modes are not completely confined to the central dielectric slab (i.e., they do not go to zero at the guide-claddinginterface), but, instead, they extend partially into the cladding. Ovadia, “Optical network technologies for enterprise networks,” Intel Tech. 2.2 Basic Optical Laws and Definitions This section reviews some of the basic optics laws and definitions relevant to optical fiber transmission technology. Bregni, A. These electronics include clocking functionsfor transmit and receive signals, a line loopback capability for diagnostic signals, and circuitry for multiplexing sixteen 622-Mb/s SONET/SDH inputs into a 10-Gb/s stream, which becomes the electric signal input to the laser. 6/25/10 8:31:05 PM CHAPTER 7 Optical Receiver Operation Having discussed the characteristics and operation ofphotodetectors in the previous chapter, we now turn our attention to the optical receiver. Kim, P.K.J. Park, J. A number of different transmission formats can be used for the downstream video transmission at 1550 nm. A few typical sizes of single- and multimode fibers are given in Fig. However, it has a C/N requirement (or, equivalently, for AM, anS/N requirement) of at least 40 dB for each AM channel, which places very stringent requirements on laser and receiver linearity. 5.6.1 Connector Types Connectors are available in designs that screw on, twist on, or snap into place. Light traveling in the forward direction (left to right in Fig. The proof of this is left as an exercise (see Prob. Solution:Using Eq. (3.4b), 8π 3 n8 p 2 k BT f βT 3λ 4 8π 3 (1.45)8 (0.2286)2 3(1.3)4 α scat (1.38 10 23 )(1400)(6.8 10 12 ) 6.08 10 2 nepers/km 0.26 dB/km Example 3.5 For pure silica glass an approximate equation for the Rayleigh scattering loss is given by λ α (λ ) α 0 0 λ 4 where a 0 1.64 dB/km at l0 850 nm. Similar toProb. Non-Crystalline Solids, vol. The worst-case dynamic range (DR) is found from the ratio of Eq. (13.7) to Eq. (13.11) P1, 2 1 DR 10 log 10 log N 2 2 2 P1, N [ A0 (1 Fc ) (1 CT ) (1 Fi )] ( N 2) (α L 2 Lc Lthru Li ) (13.13) For example, this could be the difference in power levels received at station Nfrom station (N – 1) and from station 1 (i.e., P1,2 PN – 1, N). 13.37 Optical Fiber Communications Timing diagram for the progression of a control packet and a burst through an OBS network Figure 13.37 shows an example of a timing diagram for the connection setup through two intermediate burst switches from source node A to destination nodeB. 11361–11368, 2008. The threshold current Ith for two types photodetector used must have a stable long-term of laser diodes keis80717 ch04 151-210.indd 193 6/25/10 8:29:43 PM 194 Optical Fiber Communications Example 4.15 An engineer has a GaAlAs laser that has a threshold temperature coefficient T0 135 C and an InGaAsP laser with T0 55 C. Problems 5.1 Analogous to Fig. (a) For identical amplifiers, x 20. The next topics include a discussion of group velocity in Sec. Let us consider the special case when soff son s and boff 0, so that bon V. Show that X can be written in the form X A cos (wt - f) where A2 a12 a22 2 a1a2 cos (δ1 δ 2 ) 6/25/10 8:27:47 PM 94Optical Fiber Communications and tan φ a1 sin δ1 a2 sin δ 2 a1 cos δ1 a2 cos δ 2 2.11 The reflection coefficient R p for parallel polarized light is given by Rp 2.4 Elliptically polarized light can be represented by the two orthogonal waves given in Eqs (2.2) and (2.3). Pomportsis, “Optical switching: Switch fabrics, techniques, andarchitectures,” J. These components are known by various acronyms such as MPO, MTP, and MPX. Tran, R. The motivation for this structure is that the bandgap of InP is 1.35 eV, which from Eq. (6.2) means that it is transparent to light with a wavelength greater than 920 nm. A widely used form for N(s) is the empirical expression 1 σ N (σ ) L0 σ 0 m (2.84) where m, s0, and L0 are constants related to the initial inert strength distribution. 516–519, May 1986. Kaminow, eds., Academic, New York, 1988. 5.13 through 5.15). Abe, and T. Interchangeability. The single parity check code thus can detect when an odd number of errors has occurred in a code word. Fault management alsoprovides a summary of unresolved alarms and allows the network manager to retrieve and view the alarm information from an alarm log. Polarization-mode dispersion arises from the splitting of a polarized signal into orthogonal polarization modes, each of which has a different propagation speed. 4.14 Surface-emitting LED 125 nm 1.22 1.26 1.301.34 Wavelength (mm) 1.38 1.42 1.46 Typical spectral patterns for edge-emitting and surface-emitting LEDs at 1310 nm. In some cases (e.g., 622-Mb/s SONET) the mask is a six-sided polygon sitting in the middle of the eye, whereas for other protocols the Fig. Smith, “A comparison of far-field methods for determining mode field diameter of singlemode fibers using both gaussian and Petermann definitions,” J. 2.13 A birefringent crystal splits the light signal entering it into two perpendicularly polarized beams. One of the beams is called an ordinary ray or o-ray because it obeys Snell’s law of refraction at the crystal surface. The photodetector then transforms the optical power level variationsback to the original electrical signal format. Lei, “Forward error correction codes for MPEG2 over ATM,” IEEE Trans. The tap couplers are wavelength-insensitive with typical splitting ratios ranging from 99:1 to 95:5. 9.14 The literature describes various types of microwave photonic filters that are based on the use of spectral-slicing techniques ofbroadband optical sources. Within the access network ring, either a fixed OADM or a ROADM provides the capability to add or drop multiple wavelengths to local users or to other regional networks. Figure 8.15b illustrates this. 2240–2246, Oct. What is the overhead for each of these two codes? The steady state is characterized by the left-hand sidesof Eqs (4.30) and (4.31) being equal to zero. The definitions of Jv(ur) and Kv(wr) and various recursion relations are given in App. This is easily met with a typical packaged laser diode, which has a nominal RIN value of -130 dB/Hz. On the other hand, for an AM system a laser with an RIN value of -140 dB/Hz can barely meet the CATV receptionrequirement of S/N 40 dB. 1882–1896, Apr. Figure 10.33 shows a simple example of a MEMS Silicon ground plane actuation method. In the first case, the end of life of the device is assumed to be reached when the source can no longer put out a specified power at the maximum current value for CW (continuous-wave) operation. Willner, “Dispersiveeffects monitoring for RZ data by adding a frequency-shifted carrier along the orthogonal polarization state,” J. A main feature is that they enable groupings of fibers within the cable to be branched (distributed) to various locations. Note that a clock signal, which typically is Fig. Wright, H. In this case, the return loss at a given wavelength depends onthe value of the refractive index n2 and the thickness h of the surface layer. This dispersion mechanism is eliminated by single-mode operation but is important in multimode fibers. For the negative sign in Eq. (2.62) we get Jν 1 (ua ) uJν (ua ) Kν 1 ( wa ) wKν ( wa ) 0 (2.64a) or, alternatively, taking the inverse of Eq. (2.64a) and using the firstexpressions for Jv (ua) and Kv (wa) from Sec. 12296–12301, 2008. The second nonlinear term denotes the fact that the refractive index of the fiber depends on the light intensity. Chinn, “Simplified modeling of transients in gain-clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” 6/30/10 5:28:27 PM 466 44. With these wavelength. 71–80, Jan. The expressionsfor Ez and Hz inside the core are thus Ez(r a) AJn (ur) e jnfe j(wt - b z) (2.42) Hz(r a) BJn (ur) e jnfe j(wt - b z) (2.43) where A and B are arbitrary constants. For example, following amplifier number 1, the SNR is 28 dB for a 6-dBm amplified signal level and a –22-dBm ASE noise level. Appendices E through G provide listings of acronyms,Roman symbols, and Greek symbols, respectively, that are used in the book. Kumar Bose, and Y. 2.4.9. Note that since M is proportional to V 2, the power flow in the cladding decreases as V increases. Singer, N. Section 9.5 gives an example of radio-over-fiber links used for in-building distributed antenna systems to provide wireless LAN and mobiletelephony services over a single fiber. Lightpaths running from a source node to a destination node may traverse many fiber link segments along the route. If segments in the received data stream violate this pattern, then errors have occurred. 5.13. However, this process also introduces additional noise to the optical signal. Y.-H. keis80717 ch05 211247.indd 216 6/25/10 4:50:52 PM 217 Power Launching and Coupling The radiated power per mode, Ps/M, from a source at a particular wavelength is given by the radiance multiplied by the square of the nominal source wavelength,4 Ps B0 λ 2 M (5.12) Thus twice as much power is launched into a given mode at 1300 nm than at 900 nm. Higherwavelength accuracy ( 0.001 nm) is achieved with wavelength meters based on Michelson interferometry. Yan, Z. Lin, S.-L. An important aspect of realizing a smoothly interacting worldwide lightwave network is to have wellestablished international standards for all aspects of components and networks. The reason for assuming an infinitely thickcladding is that the guided modes in the core have exponentially decaying fields outside the keis80717 ch02 027-101.indd 54 6/25/10 8:27:27 PM Optical Fibers: Structures, Waveguiding, and Fabrication 55 core and these must have insignificant values at the outer boundary of the cladding. 2.15 41 Comparison of conventional single-mode andmultimode step-index and gradedindex optical fibers the core refractive index is made to vary as a function of the radial distance from the center of the fiber. 13. In either case, all of these parameters must be measured at some point during the time period ranging from network design concept to service provisioning. Whereas the two-tone third-orderterms are fairly evenly spread through the operating passband, the triple-beat products tend to be concentrated in the middle of the channel passband, so that the center carriers receive the most intermodulation interference. Nolan, R. Dai, Handbook of Mathematical Formulas and Integrals, Academic, New York, 4th ed., 2008. 1570–1572, June 2004.Mayorga, R. The ratio r (n1 - n)/ (n1 n), which is known as the reflection coefficient, relates the amplitude of the reflected wave to the amplitude of the incident wave. 23. If only a few channels are combined, the signals will add in voltage rather than power, so that the degradation will have a 20 log N characteristic. This condition can beunderstood by considering the fundamental relationship between the optical field intensity I, the absorption coefficient al , and the gain coefficient g in the Fabry-Perot cavity. Cai, L. length is Lmax (40 m)(2000/500) 100 m 260 m Since the calculated length is less than 300 m, this link would comply with the installation standard. Thederivations of Eqs. 40, pp. This is given by the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the lens to that of the emitting area: M keis80717 ch05 211-247.indd 219 π RL2 π rs2 R L rs 2 (5.15) 6/25/10 4:50:54 PM 220 Optical Fiber Communications Using Eq. (5.4) one can show that, with the lens, the optical power PL that can be coupled into a fullaperture angle 2q is given by 2 R PL Ps L sin 2 θ rs (5.16) where Ps is the total output power from the LED without the lens. Example 4.7 A particular LED has a 5-ns injected carrier lifetime. 9.3, the information signals are first superimposed on ancillary RF subcarriers. What is the total gain in dB? In a double-heterojunction laser, thehighest-order transverse mode that can be excited depends on the waveguide thickness and on the refractive-index differentials at the waveguide boundaries.1 If the refractive-index differentials are kept at approximately 0.08, then only the fundamental transverse mode will propagate if the active area is thinner than 1 mm. Waterhouse, “Mitigationstrategy for transmission impairments in millimeter-wave radio-over-fiber networks [Invited],” J. 3–6, Jan. The derivation assumes an incoherent source, such as a tungsten filament lamp or a light-emitting diode, which, in general, excites every fiber mode with the same amount of power. In analog applications, any device nonlinearities will createfrequency components in the output signal that were not present in the input signal. 1.4 Characteristics and operating ranges of the four key optical fiber link components keis80717 ch01 001-026.indd 8 6/25/10 8:25:37 PM Overview of Optical Fiber Communications 9 By reducing the concentration of hydroxyl ions and metallic impurities in the fibermaterial, in the 1980s manufacturers could fabricate optical fibers with very low losses in the 1260-to-1675-nm region. A variety of models have been proposed for characterizing and measuring the MFD.30–35 These include far-field scanning, near-field scanning, transverse offset, variable aperture in the far field, knife-edge, and mask methods.30The main consideration of all these methods is how to approximate the optical power distribution. Sharma, “Power exchange in coupled optical waveguides,” J. This requires that the receiver incorporate a compensation circuit that adjusts the applied bias voltage on the photodetector when the temperature changes. To get an appreciation of thefunction of an optical receiver, we first examine what happens to a signal as it is sent through an optical fiber link. Adding a charge layer that provides better control of the electric field profile. 13.53 Optical Ethernet network Users Metro network Optical Ethernet delivering traffic over a metro network backbone based on the 10G Ethernetstandard (Photos Getty RF) 1250 Mb/s, which is sent using 8B10B encoding. The key components being developed and applied include the following: High-frequency low-loss external optical modulators that have linear transfer functions and can withstand continuous-wave optical powers up to 60 mW Optical sources with high slope efficienciesand low RIN that can be modulated at tens of GHz High-speed photodiodes and optical receivers that can respond to signal frequencies of 20 to 60 GHz Microwave photonic filters that perform the same tasks as standard RF filters In addition to device developments, microwave photonics also addresses optical signal processing at microwavespeeds and the design and implementation of RF photonic transmission systems. 555–556, Mar. For this fiber, a cylindrical coordinate system {r, f, z} is defined with the z axis lying along the axis of the waveguide. Lu, C. In the plane perpendicular to the junction, the half-power beam q has been made as small as 25–35 by a proper choice of thewaveguide thickness.2, 20 keis80717 ch04 151-210.indd 160 6/25/10 8:29:32 PM 161 Optical Sources Light-guiding layers Stripe contact (defines active area) Active area Metalization (for electric contact) Substrate SiO2 isolation layer Metalization (for electric contact) Double-heterojunction layers Heat sink θ Incoherent optical θ output beamFig. One can also employ an optical amplifier in a local area network to compensate for coupler-insertion loss and power-splitting loss. Küng, “All-Raman ultralong-haul single-waveband DWDM transmission system with OADM capability,” J. 8.22a) one uses a carrier-recovery circuit, which is usually a microwave phase-locked loop (PLL), to generate alocal phase reference. Oliver, “Thermal and quantum noise,” IEEE Proc., vol. However, in actual applications it usually is not necessary to have four inputs and four outputs. The half-angle between the two beams is q/2 13.5 . Chuang, Physics of Photonic Devices, Wiley, New York, 2nd ed., 2009. In contrast to OOK where the information is conveyedthrough amplitude changes, DPSK carries the information in the optical phase. Unpolarized light can be split into separate polarization components either by reflection off of a nonmetallic surface or by refraction when the light passes from one material to another. The fiber core has an index n0, and the gap width s between the end faces is filled withindex-matching material having a refractive index n1. 6/25/10 8:29:49 PM 207 Optical Sources Table 4.3 Conversion rules for a 3B4B code Original code word Table 4.4 Data sequences used in 4B5B code conversion 3B4B code word Mode 1 Mode 2 Data sequence Encoded sequence 000 0010 1101 001 0011 010 0101 011 0110 100 1001 101 1010110 1100 111 1011 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 11110 01001 10100 10101 01010 01011 01110 01111 10010 10011 10110 10111 11010 11011 11100 11101 0100 Similarly, the coded blocks 1011 and 0100 are used alternately for consecutive blocks of three ones. Meeting such a stringentdemand requires careful engineering in all technological aspects ranging from component development to system design and installation to network operation and maintenance. Note that the different shapes of the two probability distributions in Fig. Figure 14.13a shows a simple setup using a spectrum analyzer. Some form of optical power detectionis in almost every piece of lightwave test equipment. Labudovic and M. Doshi, O. This view of optics is referred to as ray or geometrical optics. Kitoh, Introduction to Optical Waveguide Analysis: Solving Maxwell’s Equation and the Schrödinger Equation, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, 2002. Tsubota, Y. However, applications such as financial transactionsrequire almost completely error-free transmission. Since the core and cladding have different indices of refraction and therefore differ in composition, the core and cladding generally have different attenuation coefficients, denoted a1 and a2, respectively. Kuwazuru, H. Tandon, “Broadband access over cable for next-generation services: A distributedswitch architecture,” IEEE Commum. This leads to gain skew among different wavelengths, as described in Sec. A typical erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) is limited to the 1530-to-1560-nm C-band in which a standard erbium-doped fiber has a high gain response. Lee, T. However, care must be exercised in this technique, since bubbles arisingfrom dirt or fiber coating particles that are trapped and gasified in the splice, incorrectly set fusion arc current, application of insufficient heat, and residual stresses induced near the joint as a result of changes in chemical composition arising from the material melting can produce a weak splice.60,61 In the V-groove splice technique, the preparedfiber ends are first butted together in a V-shaped groove, as shown in Fig. Experimentally obtained values of a and b for five different semiconductor materials are shown in Fig. Q E - 1 8 , p p . Hagimoto, “Forward error correcting codes in synchronous fiber optic transmission systems.” J. The random nature of the avalanche multiplication processgives rise to another type of shot noise. The relationship between gain and frequency can be assumed to have the gaussian form ( λ λ )2 0 g ( λ ) g (0) exp 2σ 2 (4.41) where l0 is the wavelength at the center of the spectrum, s is the spectral width of the gain, and the maximum gain g(0) is proportional to the population inversion. 2.2.In going from point A to point B, ray 1 travels a distance s1 d/sin q in the material, and undergoes two phase changes d at the reflection points. 1375–1383, Aug. 10.18. 6.13b. (8.10) and (8.13). Huang, “Silicon-based packaging platform for light-emitting diode,” IEEE Trans. 51, pp. 4443–4451, 2008; (d ) B. keis80717 ch06 248-276.indd 257 6/25/108:30:59 PM 258 Optical Fiber Communications Bias voltage Photodiode hv RL Rs AMP Output Photodiode Cd hv (a) Fig. 1034–1038, Aug. Kuindersma, E. Plot this coupling loss in decibels as a function of aR /aE over the range 0.75 aR/aE 1.0. Take aE 2.0. Consider two multimode graded-index fibers that have the characteristics given in TableP5.16. In addition, for the plastic fibers inexpensive plastic injection-molding technologies can be used to fabricate connectors, splices, and transceivers. For the conditions in Eq. (7.22), what is the receiver sensitivity at a 1-Gb/s data rate for a 10–12 BER requirement? 13.10.3 Metro Optical Ethernet Metro optical Ethernet is based on using advancedswitching methodologies and optical fiber telecom technologies that allow Ethernet to extend over greater distances than the original campus network implementation. If D is decreased to 0.03 in order to lower the signal dispersion (see Chapter 3), then there are 242 modes in the fiber and about 9 percent of the power propagates in the cladding.Tucker, “Widely tunable FWM in semiconductor optical amplifiers with constant conversion frequency,” IEEE Photonics Tech. Subscribers are located up to 1 km from a local base station. In addition, since there are N(N - 1)(N - 2)/2 triple-beat terms compared with N(N - 1) two-tone third-order terms, the triple-beat products tend to be the majorsource of IM noise. Abrams, P. 1.3 Three sine waves have the following periods: 25 ms, 250 ns, 125 ps. Optical power 12.6 Cross-Phase Modulation Cross-phase modulation (XPM) appears in WDM systems and has a similar origin as SPM. The power resulting from these photons is not mode-selective, but is spread over all the possible modes of thevolume, which are on the order of 108 modes. 1969, 1969, AT&T.) tion losses, which are known as macrobending losses or simply bending losses. When the ports are across from each other, so that qi qo 0, then Δν FSR c ng ΔL (10.64) Alternatively, the FSR can be expressed in terms of a wavelength separation DlFSR as (10.65) FSR ΔλFSR λc2 ( ΔLnc ) Example 10.13 As shown in Fig 10.29, suppose an AWG is designed to separate light in the 4-THz-wide frequency range in the C-band running from 195.00 THz (1537.40 nm) to 191.00 THz (1569.59 nm) into forty 100-GHz channels. Kaminow, “Polarization in optical fibers,” IEEE J. 0 0 Fig. Willner, University of SouthernCalifornia; Daniel Blumenthal, University of California Santa Barbara; François Ladouceur, University of New South Wales; Robert Minasian and Benjamin Eggleton, University of Sydney; Craig Armiento, University of Massachusetts Lowell; Hui-Chi Chen, Fu-Jen Catholic University; Lian-Kuan Chen and Hon Tsang, Chinese University of Hong Kong;Arthur Chiou and Fu-Jen Kao, National Yang Ming University; Bahaa Saleh and Guifang Li, University of Central Florida; El-Hang Lee, Inha University; Yun Chung, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology; Chongqing Wu, Beijing Jiaotong University; Jintong Lin and Kun Xu, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications; EmilyJianzhong Hao, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore; Heidi Abrahamse, University of Johannesburg; Richard Penty and Ian White, Cambridge University; Sarah Dods, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT); and Brian Culshaw, Strathclyde University. The axis of this polarizer plate is oriented in such a way that the relationshipbetween the two types of rays is maintained. 814–816, Apr. For high-speed communications the required bit error rate typically needs to be 10–12 or lower. 10.5.1 Etalon Theory The transmission T of an ideal etalon in which there is no light absorption by the mirrors is an Airy function given by 4R 2 φ sin T 1 2 (1 R)2 1(10.53) where R is the reflectivity of the mirrors (the fraction of light reflected by the mirror) and f is the roundtrip phase change of the light beam. One popular transmitter configuration is shown in Fig. Minin, and S.-L. What is the optical power loss in the link between each computer? 201–214, 2009. B, Chap. 3, no. Clarke, S. 10, pp. When nomirrors are activated, each incoming channel passes through the switch to the output port. The circular active area in practical surface emitters is nominally 50 mm in diameter and up to 2.5 mm thick. Thin-film filters are available in a wide range of passbands varying from 50 GHz to 800 GHz and higher for widely spaced channels. Consider the fournode network shown in Fig.13.58. The consequence is Dispersion [ps/(nm-km)] 20 G.655b G.652 10 G.655 0 G.653 –10 S-Band 1450 Fig. A treatment of these derivations is given in Sec. (N/2)2 for N even or (N – 1) (N l)/4 for N odd in a bus network. Let us see what this bound is for the photodetection process. Return losses of 45 dB or higher canbe achieved with end-face angles of 5-15 . If the device emits 1 mW at room temperature, what is the expected optical output power after 1 month of operation, after 1 year, and after 5 years? Schulz, D. keis80717 ch12 468-492.indd 492 39. When a beam splitter is used, it is made dyne receiver almost completely transparent, since the incomingsignal is much weaker than the local-oscillator output. Similar to Eq. (2.2), E0y is the maximum amplitude of the wave along the y axis and Ey is the amplitude at a given value of z. 83. 1675–1684, Nov. Willner and S.-M. 10.20 Using the expression for R(kL) given in Prob. In the lumped Raman amplifier configuration, a spool of about 80 m of smallcore fiber along with appropriate pump lasers is inserted into the transmission path as a distinct packaged unit. Fan, J.-D. 704– 715, June 2005. Chapter 13 describes some dispersion compensation techniques that may be used for reducing this pulse spreading effect while still maintaining sufficient FWM reduction.17-21 12.9 Wavelength ConvertersOne beneficial application of cross-phase modulation and four-wave mixing techniques is for performing wavelength conversion in WDM networks. Shore, “Wavelengthrouting capability of reconfigurable optical add/ drop multiplexers in dynamic optical networks,” J. Networking, vol. Using this device in a cutback-attenuation setup, the engineermeasures an output of 3.31 V from the photodiode at the far end of the fiber. Fussgaenger and R. Itzler, A. The dB unit is defined by Power ratio in dB 10 log P2 P1 (1.4) where P1 and P2 are the electrical or optical power levels of a signal at points 1 and 2 in Fig. van Dam, “PHASARbased WDM devices: Principles, design and applications,” IEEE J.8.13 In the (7,4) linear Hamming code the first four bits of a code word are the information bits b1, b2, b3, b4 and the next three bits b5, b6, b7 are the check bits, which are given by b5 b1 b3 b4 b6 b1 b2 b4 b7 b2 b3 b4 Make a table listing the sixteen possible 4-bit information words, that is, 0000 through 1111, and thecorresponding 7-bit code words. Similar to direct-burial installations, a warning tape may be placed underground above the duct, or warning

Optical communication essentials gerd keiser pdf free online download windows 10 . Optical Fiber Communications and tan φ a1 sin δ1 a2 sin δ 2 a1 cos δ1 a2 cos δ 2 2.11 The reflection coefficient R p for parallel polarized light is given by Rp 2.4 Elliptically polarized light can be represented by the two orthogonal waves given .