WIXLIB

36. In ecology, a population is defined as all theA) members of a single species in the biosphereB) members of a given genus inhabiting a givenareaC) members of a single species inhabiting agiven areaD) abiotic and biotic factors in a given location41. Which sequence shows increasing complexity oflevels of ecological organization?A)B)C)D)biosphere, ecosystem, communitybiosphere, community, ecosystemcommunity, ecosystem, biosphereecosystem, biosphere, community42. A male frigatebird displays to the female by inflating37. In order for an ecosystem to remain stable there mustits large red throat sac, throwing its head back,bevibrating its wings, and producing a "drumming"sound with its throat sac. For the frigatebird, thisA) drastic modifications to the environmentbehavior has most likely resulted inB) interrelationships and interdependenciesA) hiding from predatorsamong organismsB) greater reproductive successC) limited biodiversityC) locating new sources of foodD) gradual changes in the climateD) reduced population growth38. An aquarium ecosystem is shown below.43. Which statement best describes a situation wherecompetition occurs in an ecosystem?A)B)C)D)A community in this aquarium consists of theA)B)C)D)plants and gravelfish, water, and snailsfish, plants, and snailswater and gravel39. A moss-covered log is overturned by a hungry bearlooking for insects to eat. The bear disturbs an antcolony, and some chipmunks leave the hollow log tosearch for another home in the forest. Whichrelationship do these organisms have with eachother?A)B)C)D)They are all of the same species.They all require the same type of food.They are part of a community.They are abiotic factors in a forest.40. All the plants and animals interacting in a given areamake up aA) communityC) biosphereB) populationD) speciesA deer outruns an attacking wolf.A deer, during the winter, consumes tree bark.A deer and rabbit consume grass in a field.A deer and a rabbit are both startled by a hawkflying overhead.44. Members of a bird-watching club observed theactivities of three species of birds for an entirespring and summer. They noticed that the differentspecies fed at different heights in the same pine tree.Which ecological concept is supported by thisobservation?A) Organisms that feed on different foods in thesame area of an ecosystem fill the same niche.B) Organisms that live in the same ecosystemcan occupy different niches in the ecosystem.C) Different species feeding in the sameecosystem will eventually compete with eachother, eliminating all the species except one.D) Different species living in the same area of anecosystem usually have the same physicalcharacteristics.

45. In a pine forest, there are different species of birdsknown as warblers that are able to coexist on thesame pine trees. The Cape May warblers feed oninsects located on the tips of the highest pinebranches. The yellow-rumped warblers feed oninsects on lower branches of the same trees. Thedifferent feeding locations for these two species ofwarblers indicate that they have differentA)B)C)D)nichesecosystemsmethods of asexual reproductionmethods of selective breeding49. Rabbits are herbivores that are not native toAustralia. Their numbers have increased steadilysince being introduced into Australia by Europeansettlers. One likely reason the rabbit population wasable to grow so large is that the rabbitsA) were able to prey on native herbivoresB) reproduced more slowly than the native animalsC) successfully competed with native herbivoresfor foodD) could interbreed with the native animals50. Some interactions in a desert community are shownin the diagram below.46. The wetland plant purple loosestrife was imported toNorth America from Europe. Since its introduction,the loosestrife has spread, which has resulted in adramatic decline in the biological diversity of nativewetland plants. A likely reason for the spread of thepurple loosestrife is that it canA) successfully compete with native herbivores forfoodB) serve as an excellent food source for nativeherbivoresC) successfully compete with native plants forspaceD) prevent the migration of native plants47. When two different bird species temporarily occupythe same niche, they would most likelyA)B)C)D)change their nesting behaviorsnot affect one anotherinterbreed to form a new speciescompete with one another48. What will most likely occur if two different plantspecies compete for the same requirements in anecosystem?A) They will usually develop differentrequirements.B) One species may adapt to a differentenvironment.C) One species may be eliminated from thatecosystem.D) They will alter the environment so that they canboth survive in that ecosystem.Which statement is a valid inference based on thediagram?A) Certain organisms may compete for vitalresources.B) All these organisms rely on energy fromdecomposers.C) Organisms synthesize energy.D) All organisms occupy the same niche

51. Information concerning nests built in the same treeby two different bird species over a ten-year periodis shown in the table below.What inference best describes these two birdspecies?A) They most likely do not compete for nestingsites because they occupy different niches.B) They do not compete for nesting sites becausethey have the same reproductive behavior.C) They compete for nesting sites because theybuild the same type of nest.D) They compete for nesting sites because theynest in the same tree at the same time.52. A scientist studied iguanas inhabiting a chain of small ocean islands. He discovered two species thatlive in different habitats and display different behaviors. His observations are listed in the tablebelow.Which statement best describes these two species of iguanas?A)B)C)D)Both species evolved through the process of ecological succession.Each species occupies a different niche.The two species can interbreed.Species A is a scavenger and species B is a carnivore.

53. When habitats are destroyed, there are usually fewerniches for animals and plants. This action wouldmost likely not lead to a change in the amount ofA)B)C)D)56. The ecological niches of three bird species areshown in the diagram below.biodiversitycompetitioninteraction between speciessolar radiation reaching the area54. Two closely related species of birds live in the sametree. Species A feeds on ants and termites, whilespecies B feeds on caterpillars. The two speciescoexist successfully becauseA)B)C)D)each occupies a different nichethey interbreedthey use different methods of reproductionbirds compete for food55. The feeding niches of three bird species are shown inthe diagram below.What is the advantage of these different feedingniches for the birds?A)B)C)D)less competition for foodfewer abiotic resources for each bird speciesfewer biotic resources for each bird speciesless energy available as the birds feed higher inthe treeWhat is the advantage of each bird species having adifferent niche?A) As the birds feed higher in the tree, availableenergy increases.B) More abiotic resources are available for eachbird.C) Predators are less likely to feed on birds in avariety of locations.D) There is less competition for food.57. Cattail plants in freshwater swamps in New YorkState are being replaced by purple loosestrife plants.The two species have very similar environmentalrequirements. This observation best illustratesA)B)C)D)variations within a speciesdynamic equilibriumrandom recombinationcompetition between species

58. The graph below shows the growth of twopopulations of paramecia grown in the same culturedish for 14 days.62. Which change would usually increase competitionamong the squirrel population in a certain area?A) an epidemic of rabies among squirrelsB) an increase in the number of squirrels killed onthe highwaysC) an increase in the number of hawks that prey onsquirrelsD) a temporary increase in the squirrelreproduction rate63. In a given habitat, different species use the samelimited resources. This situation usually leads toA) isolationC) competitionB) successionD) segregation64. Hawks and owls living in the same area compete forthe same type of mouse for food. Which situationwould lead to the greatest problem in food supply?Which ecological concept is best represented by thegraph?A) recyclingC) competitionB) equilibriumD) decomposition59. In a forest community, a shelf fungus and a slug liveon the side of a decaying tree trunk. The fungusdigests and absorbs materials from the tree, whilethe slug eats algae growing on the outside of thetrunk. These organisms do not compete with oneanother because they occupyA)B)C)D)the same habitat, but different nichesthe same niche, but different habitatsthe same niche and the same habitatdifferent habitats and different niches60. Male grizzly bears can maintain territorial controlover many square miles. What is this role as a toppredator in the territory known as?A) a biosphereC) a habitatB) an ecosystemD) a niche61. Knowing the type of food consumed by an organismhelps to identify the role of the organism in thecommunity. This role is known as itsA) nesting siteC) biomassB) territorial rangeD) nicheA)B)C)D)an increase in the owl populationan increase in the mouse populationa decrease in the hawk populationa decrease in the owl population65. Which factor would be least likely to contribute tothe development of a new species?A) plentiful resources within the environmentoccupied by the speciesB) increased genetic variation within the speciesC) changes in the environment of the speciesD) the ability of the species to increase its numbersby sexual reproduction66. Some scientists have collected and stored seeds formany types of food-producing plants. The purposeof this is toA)B)C)D)increase the destruction of environmentscontinue the deforestation of world ecosystemsdecrease the dependence on plants for foodpreserve the diversity of plant species

67. The diagram below represents a process that occurs in nature.If the oak and hickory trees were burned in a forest fire, leaving bare soil, which group of plantswould most likely be the first to grow back?A) crabgrass and horseweedC) broomsedge and pine seedlingsB) oak and hickory treesD) mature pine and young deciduous trees68. Shawangunk Grasslands National Wildlife Refuge71. Base your answer to the following question on thehas been developed from an abandoned airport todiagram below and on your knowledge of biologyrestore habitat for six species of birds that require anarea rich in tall grasses. Workers must continuallyremove trees that are beginning to invade the area asa result ofA)B)C)D)direct harvestinggenetic engineeringevolutionary changeecological succession69. A new island formed by volcanic action mayeventually become populated with bioticcommunities as a result ofA) a decrease in the amount of organic materialpresentB) decreased levels of carbon dioxide in the areaC) the lack of abiotic factors in the areaD) the process of ecological succession70. A slab of bare rock is covered with lichens. In time,mosses cover the rock, followed by grasses, andfinally by small shrubs and tree saplings. In thisexample, the lichens representA)B)C)D)a climax communitya dominant speciessecondary consumerspioneer organismsThe lichens and mosses can be classified asA)B)C)D)a pioneer communityabiotic factorsa climax communitya population72. Base your answer to the following question on theinformation below and on your knowledge ofbiology.Years after the lava from an erupting volcanodestroyed an area, lichens started to grow in thatarea. These were gradually replaced by grasses,shrubs, conifers, and finally, by a deciduousforest.In this sequence of events, the lichens functioned asA)B)C)D)primary consumersclimax organismsabiotic factorspioneer organisms

73. Changes in an ecosystem over a long period of timeare shown in the diagram below.76. A pond ecosystem may be replaced by a terrestrialecosystem over a period of time. The type ofterrestrial ecosystem that will be established dependson theA) climatic limitations of the geographic area ofthe pondB) number of carnivores present within thegeographic area of the pondC) concentration of nitrogen dissolved in the pondwaterD) rate of photosynthesis in autotrophs growing inthe pond water77. The stable stage that is established in an area as aresult of the process of ecological succession isknown as theThese changes will most likely lead to aA)B)C)D)stable ecosystem that can last for many yearsloss of heterotrophs that cannot be recoveredlong-term rise in environmental temperaturesforest consisting of only producers anddecomposers74. An established ecosystem may remain stable overhundreds of years becauseA)B)C)D)species interdependence is absentthere is a lack of variety in the speciesno competition exists between the speciesthere are natural checks on species75. What is a characteristic of a stable environment?A) It usually contains only one type of producer.B) It usually contains a great diversity ofspecies.C) It contains simple food chains that have moreconsumers than producers.D) It contains complex food webs that have moreheterotrophs than autotrophs.A)B)C)D)heterotroph communitypioneer stagebiotic stageclimax community78. The mass of plants shown in the graph refers to themass of a number ofA) populationsC) ecosystemsB) decomposersD) communities

79. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below and on your knowledge of biology.The graph shows the masses of different types of plants found in an area of the AdirondackMountains after a forest fire occurred.Based on the information provided in the graph, the process that is occurring isA) ecological successionC) selective breedingB) biological evolutionD) genetic engineering80. The diagram represents the changes in an area over time.This series of changes in the area over hundreds of years is known asA) evolutionC) ecological successionB) feedbackD) direct harvesting81. Which concept is best represented in the diagram below?A) random mutationsC) genetic engineeringB) ecological successionD) direct harvesting

82. Which two processes are responsible for keeping thepercentage of atmospheric oxygen at relativelyconstant levels?A)B)C)D)circulation and coordinationrespiration and coordinationrespiration and photosynthesisphotosynthesis and circulation83. Carbon dioxide makes up less than 1 percent ofEarth's atmosphere, and oxygen makes up about 20percent. These percentages are maintained mostdirectly byA)B)C)D)respiration and photosynthesisthe ozone shieldsynthesis and digestionenergy recycling in ecosystems84. A five-year study was carried out on a population ofalgae in a lake. The study found that the algaepopulation was steadily decreasing in size. Over thefive-year period this decrease most likely led toA) a decrease in the amount of nitrogen releasedinto the atmosphereB) an increase in the amount of oxygen present inthe lakeC) an increase in the amount of water vaporpresent in the atmosphereD) a decrease in the amount of oxygen releasedinto the lake

85. The diagram below shows some pathways in the cycling of materials in the environment.Which two processes are involved in the cycling shown in the diagram?A)B)C)D)succession and transpirationphotosynthesis and cellular respirationartificial selection and deaminationenzymatic hydrolysis and regeneration86. Respiration and photosynthesis have the least effecton the cycling ofA) carbonC) oxygenB) nitrogenD) hydrogen

87. Processes involved in the water cycle are represented 89. Researchers have discovered a chemical thatby letters in the diagram below.sterilizes soil by killing all of the bacteria that arenormally present. If this chemical were released in aforest ecosystem, the most likely result would be thatA) the food web would be disrupted becausethere would be little recycling of nutrientsB) fewer animals would suffer from disease suchas cancerC) there would be more energy available forinsects and worms that live in the soilD) the diversity of plants and animals presentwould increaseIn which group are these processes correctlyidentified?A) A-deamination; B-transpiration; C-condensation; D evaporationB) A-transpiration; B-evaporation; C-condensation; D-precipitationC) A-condensation; B-precipitation; C-transpiration; D evaporationD) A-transpiration; B-deamination; C-condensation; D-precipitation88. Which two life functions of animals help maintainthe water cycle by recycling water back into theenvironment?A)B)C)D)digestion and regulationsynthesis and locomotionrespiration and excretionreproduction and growth90. An ecosystem is self-sustaining as long as organismshave sufficient quantities of energy, oxygen,minerals, and water. When organisms die, some ofthese materials are recycled back to plants in theecosystem primarily through the activity ofA) predatorsC) pathogensB) decomposersD) parasites91. Many families now use compost to make the soil intheir gardens more fertile. They collect vegetablescraps and yard trimmings, place them in a compostpile or special container, and let them decompose.The organisms primarily responsible fordecomposing the vegetable scraps and yardtrimmings areA)B)C)D)plant parasitesautotrophsbacteria and fungiscavengers and viruses92. Which type of organism can obtain energy directlyfrom any of the other organisms in an ecosystem?A) herbivoreC) producerB) decomposerD) carnivore

93. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram of the nitrogen cycle below and on your thekey below.What is the role of NO 3 in the cycle?A)B)C)D)It is converted to atmospheric nitrogen.It is used by animals for carbohydrate synthesis.It is used by plants for protein synthesis.It is used by bacteria to synthesize ammonia.

94. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram of the nitrogen cycle below and on yourknowledge of biology. In the diagram, letters A through E represent organism carrying on a process atthat particular point in the cycle.Nitrifying bacteria are represented by letterA) AB) EC) C95. Base your answer to the following question on thediagram below and on your knowledge of biology.Nitrogen in the cells of plants and animals is firstreleased to other organisms with the help ofA)B)C)D)denitrifying bacterianitrifying bacterianitrogen-fixing bacteriadecomposersD) D

96. Base your answer to the following question on the diagram below and on your knowledge of biology.An observable trend in the wolf and moose data between 1980 and 1995 isA)B)C)D)as the wolf population decreases, the moose population increasesas the wolf population decreases, the moose population decreasesthe numbers of wolves and moose are relatively constantthe numbers of wolves and moose appear to be unrelated97. The graph below shows changes in the populations of two species that interact only with each otherover a period of time.Which statement best describes these two species?A)B)C)D)Species A is a producer and species B is its consumer.Species A is a host and species B is its parasite.Species A is a predator and species B is its prey.Species A is a scavenger and species B is it

organisms to develop new adaptations B)the development of an ecosystem that will prevent invasive species from settling there C)an increase in the carrying capacity of the ecosystem for wetland organisms D)to prevent the organisms that live in this ecosystem from competing for food and shelter 15.The Mississippi River Delta wetlands ecosystem is