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CONE TREES: ANIMATED 3D VISUALIZATIONSOF HIERARCHICAL INFORMATIONGeorgeG. rchCoyotePaloAlto,415-494-4755,HillCAancl ACTing informationcaniionoffer3D d.Wedescribeiion e.sonleof thetualtheTree,enablecognitivebegousto ScientificSenlNetvisual-loadis usedforTheThehi-ploitationeffectivevisualizationto thethesewhenbe techniquesinteractivethesetheanclof 2-?]systemis anearlyof 3D visualizationuse ofTheof thel;llolvledgestructuresand(,o shift esult,shumanpercep-understandingtendedin SenlNet\Yt re oftjeuto be cluttered,theexanlpleof’ theof infornlationvisualizedbases,is usedIn thisvisual output strategies,inierjacemetaphors,graphic presentahlethods:analysis of contions, screen layout. AnalysisDomainSpecificDesigns:tenis of gnitive!vas turesarchiesarequiteturestoVisualizationallowsof intellectuallyexploitingtiontheandhunlanin is ariousparts3DThelaskofdiKicult.usingI,i\”e Iotldaninla-Permissiontocopytitleof stsOurinfor-tures,and its dateis by permissionTo copyotherwise,of thisspecificpermission.ACM 0-89791-383-3/91of the Associationor to republish,/000410189. 1toaidby exploi(il erialnoticeMlin(liegraphscanlinks),is furtheren-in IIIIadifstruc-auxiliaryanimationr(xll[ccsII ])ercep(ualtopaper,isfor Computingrequirese tetheandmechanisnlsfor3Dtech-cognitiona f anle\ orliTIIPof anagenlentlinnlanagement.tecl esCogntt/vcInof ConeVISUALIZATIONlagsupportsanclstruc-in a prototypefeelof thesolvingaccessdevelol)agentshierarchicalVtsua/i. e7[10].andsomeTreesin infortnationwhichofis inlplenlentedInfo rmat onwe describeevokedcludes1 39Trees,theINFORMATIONInformat,iou‘kis givenvisualizationConetionto visualizeandarbitraryvisualizationhlterclctiv Hier-nlanyinfornlation(withuse interactive ‘1L.ls, systenl,rate.are related.appear,of hierarchyin largeastonishingthat the copies are not made or distributedforadvantage,the ACM copyrightnotice end thepublicationcases,inrecognitionvolumeall or provideddiract commercialInI re alsoandis difficultit is hardtosenseset of biquitous,exploit.It, does so bycognitiveA sinlilarworld,tocollections,to eptualvisualizationof patternsthelargealmostbe transforxneclhanced.on visualizingratherapplications,so theScientificwe otentialcallstructures.to nlaxilnizeandInteractiveuser’scanfor 3D visualizationoflerespeciallyInformationConein mationof thesecalledis presentedto thistheonehierarchicalavailableandCard(lenterThe task of managingand accessing large informationEnwrgingspaces is a problem in large scale cognition.forK.fralllis.4rc/)21ect7 7e[ �li6] and1tin-object
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a progressmains,indicatorandvisible.whosesize indicatesPlateA5 showswithsearchnodeof thethenodea formationchy.are ecan takedevelopeduse to illustratewiththreethesehierarchicaladvantageof usedto or-Unixis system.shallowoursizeandcurrentof theThebrowser.Searcheach personisis done(e.g.,titlephy.We haveThelargestexecutives.is a selectedcontainedthisof factslocation)cantostructurea databaseor officeof eviouscouldthetoplanportfolio,projectof milestonesandachieve-a .usedto reorganizeearlytheTreebrowsers,of ,management,feetof et workbrowsers.thereare severalwe can enessItis10 layers,alsoappearsunbalancedis hardthesehier-to trackbe-In guedanotherformwillItindisplayedpossiblegraph.in anotherthe resultingtree.Fortechniquewiththeuserof’anclit is sizeHo\vever,Coneformalandanda depth-firstthea ConegraphsofTreeisevaluationrevealManyto mind,thenthis(unlessl?uturequestion,is ignoresaboutearlier.getare hierarchies?hierarchiesthethatwhichsurprisingat oncedetailshas 292 nodes.takethroughof scrolling.a 3Dubiquitousis notoforganizationlayoutwouldstructureresolveof usinglayer2Ddescribedthe2D layout650 nodelargestscrollon demand),for192ratiobecouldcles,raise.an optimizedIn theThissee the wholegraphuse experience,tentativewe cantodisplayecl.are nstration,limitsof substructures.doesabove,thenHowDISCUSSIONon ssspacereduced,studiesto ainclud-object-orientedmanagementfallitsof 30.treean kgainsa dsConeduringwatchingin theandaboutare moreandsamechartbe seen ina company’sdescribefromitrelation-be effectivelyappearancehowever,Howthisare s.on paper,to visualizenarrativesrelatedof eTextproject,(briefments)ConethanA rotatingAssumingusedthanis thestructuraltherecanbranchingTreesunbalanced,one visualization.We also havethattimesanimation.knownclutteredmoreof uniformtice,biogra-Corporation80 pagesorganizationcausea thatthatbecomeswithor a maximumexamplesys-optimalit is d.TheWhilewithoutis wellCogn-perceptualis unknown,insightsrotatethein muchinteractivetrans-in theWe resulttenshierar-andfirstfilewinof thethethetrans-a simpleand perhapsso thatin understandingships.directory600 clinxtoriesthisprovideshierar-wella treefromcomplexity(usingreassimilationclearafterto animatetheto cognitivelyis n entirean necontained10,000directorya Unix1-5 showwhichanyoneTheonThestructure,inis donePlatesbrowser.directorya directoryRobertsonchy.is a filetheWhileitone secondwithwhichsystem.it timeon theit takesto aboutcanshiftsit is manycan be fixedani-animationrelationshipsthattimeis interactivethatanimation,Coprocessorit ithoutformationsapplicationsthisto demonstrateto thedemonstrationsearchinto quantifyof secondsAPPLICATIONinformationloadit is difficultis selected.TherewinIt is easycognitivebar,Whenclearestmation.Robertsonin a file browserin theThere-by makingwithsearchof a search“cone”searchare shownis highlightedresultstringis completed,scoremuchresultsits reearbit arymaynota fewtohavetake(likecutlinksdottedcan be usedgraphsof simbeenanytraversal,If theformexamplessomewithbe satisfactory.cycles, this mayde-directecldetectandare savedlinesshownto visualizea lotof cy-IIowever,work cluite
Abetteradaptablewell.forcharacterizationConeTreeof thedisplayclass[4]of graphsis a topicforfuturework .Tosummarize,mation,we believethe emerginganimation,the humanfectivelyexploitedtoof leto theto maximizeuserstudiesnotneededItcan effectivelyuse of screento 86.Card,S. K.workspacesin a window-basedACMTransactionsJuly,SyS -Rooms:theto ews.inspaceuserGraphics,5,inter3, ork.perceptualyeteffectiveareis a largeof CHI’86contentioncan be efandG. W.ingsuse of multipleinteractivesystemtechniquesanimationload3D andTherethese[5]of pplicationsthatFurnas,[6]cog-AnditcanbeJ. D.,ingsS. K.,Texas,21,andmovementSIG e.FormalonMackinlay,G. Rapid’901990).1990),G,a virtualConferenceAugust4 76.conclusions.[7]hlackinlay,J. D.,G. A semanticdevices.190,References[8][1]Cutting,forD. R., anddynamicingsPedersen,invertedof SIGIR. eptember,’90,indexBrussels,J. O. ComputerFairchild,W.Semnet:tionsandiion,of largeitsM.,integrated.[9]Poltrock,S. raphicbases.forR. ey,entificJ. D. InterfacesAmerican,for advancedOctober,computing.spaceG.of input5, oceedings.ton,E. B. AutomaticTechnicalof ComputerSeattle,layoutof d88-07-08,JulyDepart-of Washing-198s.science1o] Robertson,i7 terac-J. D. ertson,wall:CHI’91Messinger,mentrepresenta-In CognitiveandPress,1990.K.J. D.,Perspectivegraphs.[2]S. K.,of the sburg,194UserSIGGRASoftware1987.CT. sorSymposzTeclt ,gsumonNovember,10-18.Userforof theInt erjace1989,AChf,
to 3D visualization to aid in iufolnlatio]l Ilnallag{:rlleat, and access L.ls, '1 hlterclctiv aninlation r(xll[ccs coglli-I,i\"e Iotld by exploi(il g (lie hLIIIIa II ])ercep(ual system Our aninlated Ml visualization of hierarchical struc-tures, called Cone Trees, is inlplenlented in a prototype systenl, called the Info rmat on Vtsua/i .
