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CRASH AVOIDANCEFirst-ever ratingsfor front crashprevention systemsSeptember A new IIHS test program rates the performance of frontcrash prevention systems to help consumers decide which featuresto consider and encourage automakers to speed adoption of thetechnology. The rating system is based on research by HLDI indicating that forward collision warning and automatic braking systems arereducing front-to-rear crashes. Vehicles can earn basic, advanced orsuperior ratings for systems offered as standard or optional. A vehiclewith a forward collision warning system that meets National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration performance criteria qualifies for a basicrating. Additional points are awarded for autobrake, based on performance in IIHS track tests at 12 and 25 mph.Moderately priced and luxury midsize cars and SUVs were first tobe evaluated. Of the 74 models, seven earn the highest rating of superior when equipped with optional autobrake and forward collisionwarning. Six models earn an advanced rating when equipped withautobrake and forward collision warning systems. Twenty-five other2013-14 vehicles earn a basic rating. More ratings are due in 2014.2013 in review 9

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CRASHWORTHINESS AND CRASH AVOIDANCETougher criteria for covetedIIHS TOP SAFETY PICK AWARDSDecember Far fewer vehicles are winning the Institute’s coveted safety awards after IIHS raised the barto require good or acceptable performance in thesmall overlap front crash test for TOP SAFETY PICKand a front crash prevention system for TOP SAFETYPICK . Just 39 vehicles earn either award for 2014,compared with 130 that took home 2013 accoladesduring December 2012.For the 2013 awards, good or acceptable small overlapperformance was required only for TOP SAFETYPICK . Vehicles that lacked it could still earn TOPSAFETY PICK, without the plus, if they had goodratings in the Institute’s other tests. IIHS toughenedthe criteria for 2014. The higher award now recognizesvehicles that earn at least a basic rating for front crashprevention, in addition to meeting TOP SAFETY PICKcriteria. Besides good or acceptable small overlapperformance, these include good performance in themoderate overlap front, side, roof strength and headrestraint tests.IIHS has been awarding TOP SAFETY PICK to top-performing vehicles since the 2006 model year and hastightened criteria twice before. TOP SAFETY PICK was introduced in 2013 to reward automakers thatachieved good or acceptable performance in the smalloverlap test, in which 25 percent of a vehicle’s frontend on the driver’s side strikes a rigid barrier at 40mph. IIHS will raise the bar again for 2015 models.2013 in review 11

CRASHWORTHINESSAssessing protection in asmall overlap front crashMay & August IIHS added the challengingsmall overlap test to its lineup of vehiclesafety evaluations in 2012. It replicates whathappens when the front corner of a vehiclestrikes another vehicle or an object like a treeor a utility pole. In the test, 25 percent of avehicle’s front end on the driver side strikesa 5-foot-tall rigid barrier at 40 mph. A 50thpercentile male Hybrid III dummy is belted inthe driver seat.IIHS evaluated midsize luxury cars andmidsize cars in 2012, followed by small SUVsand small cars in 2013. In all, IIHS tested 48vehicles for performance in the small overlapfront test during 2013. Results so far reveala range of performance among many of thebest-selling vehicles in the U.S.The 2014 Subaru Forester and the 2014Mitsubishi Outlander are the only two smallSUVs to earn a good rating in the small12 2013 in reviewoverlap test. The 2013 Outlander Sport earnsan acceptable rating. All three qualify for TOPSAFETY PICK . Each of the other 12 SUVsearns either a poor or marginal rating.Of the 14 small car models evaluated, eightearn a good or acceptable rating and qualifyfor the 2013 TOP SAFETY PICK award. The2-door and 4-door models of the HondaCivic and the 2014 Subaru Impreza and itsnear-twin, the XV Crosstrek, are the onlysmall cars to earn the top rating of good inthe test. The Dodge Dart, Ford Focus, Hyundai Elantra and 2014 model Scion tC earnacceptable ratings.Also earning a good rating in the small overlap test are the 2014 Volvo XC90 and 2014Mercedes-Benz M-Class, both midsize luxurySUVs, and the 2014 Honda Odyssey minivan.The Odyssey is the first minivan the Institutehas evaluated in the small overlap front test.

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LARGE TRUCKSNot good enough:Underride guards on big rigs can be lifesavers, but mostleave passenger vehicle occupants at risk in certain crashesMarch IIHS crash tested semitrailers from the eight largest manufacturers to see if their underride guards could stop a car from slidingunderneath. Most prevented underride in the two easier tests. Onlyone passed the toughest test, a 30 percent overlap. All the trailers hadunderride guards that met both U.S. and Canadian standards. Bothstandards require the guard to withstand a certain amount of force atvarious points. IIHS petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 2011 for tougher standards for rear underride guards, butthe agency hasn’t responded yet.2013 in review 15

CRASHWORTHINESS AND CRASH AVOIDANCEVehicle ResearchCenter programsThe Vehicle Research Center (VRC)in Ruckersville, Va., is the hub forour crash tests, vehicle evaluations, crash avoidance researchand booster seat ratings. It’s hometo 40 of our 102-member staff.Outside of automakers’ provinggrounds, few places in the worldare equipped for the range of teststhat we conduct here.More than 3,000 people, includinginsurers, automakers, governmentofficials and reporters visited the16 2013 in reviewVRC in 2013 for an insider’s look atour facilities and programs. Groupsreceive staff-guided tours of ourexhibit and crash halls, and manyget to view actual crash tests.Our exhibit hall features museumquality displays explaining our testprograms. Dozens of vehicles usedin crash tests, along with videofootage and print displays, help tellthe story of our vehicle evaluations.IIHS staff members design thesedisplays in-house.

92 crash testsAverage of 1-2 evaluations a weeks malloverlap front48 tests moderateoverlap front8 tests sideimpact11 tests roofstrength24 tests3,327 visitors 143 groupsAt the heart of our crashworthiness program is a22,000-square-foot crash hall with three runwaysto accommodate front and side tests. In 2013, thecrash hall showed that it’s big enough to handle aparked tractor-trailer.Last year, we ran 92 crash tests. That’s an averageof 1-2 evaluations a week. Preparing for each testis labor intensive. It takes VRC vehicle prep, engineering and photography staff 3-4 days to ready thevehicle, dummy, cameras and crash hall.In 2013, IIHS began a 30 million project with thesupport of our member companies to accommodatean expanded crash avoidance research program.Our newly enlarged outdoor track provides spacefor high-speed maneuvers. It’s where we evaluatefront crash prevention systems and other technologies. Work continues on a new 300-by-700-footcovered outdoor track that will enable us to evaluatevehicle-based systems regardless of the weather.Construction also is ongoing on an office additionthat will provide office, research and meeting space.2013 in review 17

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MOTORCYCLESMotorcycle helmetsMichigan’s weakened helmet use law leads to costlier injury claimsMay The average insurance payment on a motorcycle injury claim rose substantially in Michigan after the state weakened its helmet use law in 2012 to exempt mostriders, a new HLDI analysis finds. The result is consistent with previous studies thatshow that rescinding helmet requirements results in more fatalities and hospitaladmissions. The loss trends suggest that motorcyclists’ injuries in the state havebecome more serious.Motorcycle ABS benefitscontinue to mountMay As antilock brakes become available on more and more bikes, the technologycontinues to prove its worth in preventing motorcycle crashes and fatalities. Motorcycles with antilock braking systems (ABS) are 31 percent less likely to be involved infatal crashes than those same motorcycles without ABS, an IIHS analysis shows.Meanwhile, a new HLDI study shows a 20 percent reduction in the rate of collisionclaims with ABS and a 28 percent reduction in the frequency of claims for rider injuries. HLDI analysts also found that ABS had an even bigger effect in conjunction withcombined braking systems (CBS), which integrate a motorcycle’s front and rear brakecontrols. The two technologies together reduced collision claim frequency by about athird. IIHS and HLDI formally petitioned the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration for an ABS requirement.2013 in review 19

CHILD SAFETYMore booster seatsgrab top IIHS ratingsNovember Child restraint manufacturers continue to roll out new booster seats thatdo a good job of improving the way an adult safety belt fits a typical booster-age child.In 2013, 19 of 31 new models evaluated by IIHS earn the top rating of BEST BET, andone model is a GOOD BET. The evaluations focus on safety belt fit and don’t involvecrash tests.When the Institute published its first-ever ratings in 2008,only 10 of 41 models earned a BEST BET rating, and therewere 13 seats on the Not Recommended list. Now only twoseats aren’t recommended and when the Institute evaluatesa new design, more often than not it lands in BEST BET territory. That is largely because manufacturers have taken note of the ratings and workwith the Institute to build seats to do what they are supposed to do — elevate childrenso safety belts that were designed for adults better fit their smaller frames and put lap/shoulder belts in the proper place for the best protection in a crash.Parents often overlookkey child restraint strapApril A simple strap meant to prevent a child restraint from tipping forward in acrash is ignored by lots of parents. It is called a top tether, and a new IIHS study foundthat it gets used slightly more than half of the time. When parents neglect to attach thetether, it is most often because they don’t know it exists.20 2013 in review

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RED LIGHT RUNNINGStudy provides moreevidence that camerasreduce red light runningJanuary In the latest study confirming the benefits of red light cameras, cameraequipped intersections in Arlington, Va., saw red light running rates decline, with particularly large decreases for the most dangerous violations, those happening 1½ secondsor longer after the light turned red. The study provides fresh evidence that automatedenforcement can get drivers to modify their behavior.22 2013 in review

THEFT LOSSESFord F-250 has highesttheft rate of any vehicleAugust The Ford F-250 has replaced the Cadillac Escalade as the favorite target of thieves, HLDIreports. New antitheft technology on the Escalade,as well as its waning popularity, are two likely reasonsthe luxury SUV has fallen from first to sixth place in theranking of vehicles with the highest rates of insuranceclaims for theft.Thieves continue to target large pickups and largeSUVs at higher rates than other vehicles. No. 1 on thelist for 2013 is the four-wheel-drive F-250 crew cab,which has a claim frequency of 7 per 1,000 insuredvehicle years, or nearly 6 times the average for all vehicles. An insured vehicle year is one vehicle insured forone year, two for six months, etc.HLDI facts & figuresVINv ehicle identification number decodes2.7 million vehicles 144,172 motorcycles visits to iihs-hldi.org member site1.2 million2013 in review 23

2013BibliographyAIRBAGSFrontal airbagsHow have changes in frontairbag designs affectedfrontal crash death rates?An update. Teoh, Eric R., Insurance Institute for HighwaySafety July 2013ALCOHOL AND DRUGSCrashes and injuriesProfile of fatally injuredpedestrians and bicyclists inthe United States with highblood alcohol concentrations.Eichelberger, Angela H.; Cicchino, Jessica B.; McCartt,Anne T. Proceedings of the20th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, andTraffic Safety (CD-ROM) October 2013U.S. trends in late-nightweekend alcohol-related fatalcrashes and drinking anddriving. McCartt, Anne T.;Farmer, Charles M.; Eichelberger, Angela H. Proceedings of the 20th InternationalConference on Alcohol,Drugs, and Traffic Safety (CDROM) October 201324 2013 in reviewIn-vehicle technologyEffects of all-offender alcohol ignition interlock laws onrecidivism and alcohol-related crashes. McCartt, AnneT.; Eichelberger, Angela H.Proceedings of the 20thInternational Conference onAlcohol, Drugs, and TrafficSafety (CD-ROM) October2013Washington state’s alcoholignition interlock law: effectson recidivism among firsttime DUI offenders. McCartt,Anne T.; Leaf, William A.;Farmer, Charles M.; Eichelberger, Angela H. TrafficInjury Prevention 2013BICYCLISTSProtecting pedestrians andbicyclists: some observationsand research opportunities.Williams, Allan F., InsuranceInstitute for Highway Safety January 2013ward-facing child restraints:observations and driverinterviews. Eichelberger,Angela H.; Decina, LawrenceE.; Jermakian, Jessica S.;McCartt, Anne T. InsuranceInstitute for Highway Safety April 2013Survey of LATCH vehiclehardware. Klinich, KathleenD.; Flannagan, Carol A.C.;Manary, Miriam A.; Moore,Jamie L.; Jermakian, JessicaS. International Journal ofCrashworthiness March2013CHILD SAFETYChild safety seatsUse of top tethers with for-CRASH AVOIDANCETECHNOLOGIESVisibility of children behind2010-13 model year passenger vehicles using glances,mirrors, and backup camerasand parking sensors. Kidd,David G.; Brethwaite, Andrew. Insurance Institute forHighway Safety July 2013Vehicle LATCH system features associated with correctchild restraint installations.Klinich, Kathleen D.; Flannagan, Carol A.C.; Jermakian,Jessica S.; McCartt, Anne T.;Manary, Miriam A.; Moore,Jamie L.; Wells, JoAnn K.Traffic Injury Prevention 2013Evaluation of proposed protocols for assessing vehicleLATCH system usability.Klinich, Kathleen D.; Manary,Miriam A.; Flannagan,Carol A.C.; Moore, JamieL.; Jermakian, Jessica S.SAE International Journalof Transportation Safety 2013BIOMECHANICSReal-world injury patterns associated with Hybrid III sternaldeflections in frontal crashtests. Brumbelow, MatthewL.; Farmer, Charles M. TrafficInjury Prevention 2013ger vehicles using glances,mirrors, and backup camerasand parking sensors. Kidd,David G.; Brethwaite, Andrew. Insurance Institute forHighway Safety July 2013Injuries and fatalitiesValidation of a parent surveyfor reporting child injuries.Curry, Allison E.; Zonfrillo,Mark R.; Myers, Rachel K.;Durbin, Dennis R. Injury Prevention October 2013Visibility of children behind2010-13 model year passen-CRASH TESTING ANDCRASHWORTHINESSFrontal crashesEffects of small overlapfrontal crash test results onvehicle sales: more evidencewith small SUVs. Cicchino,Jessica B. Insurance Institutefor Highway Safety September 2013Development of a frontalsmall overlap crashworthiness evaluation test.Sherwood, Christopher P.;Mueller, Becky C.; Nolan,Joseph M.; Zuby, David S.;Lund, Adrian K. Traffic InjuryPrevention 2013

DISTRACTED DRIVINGCell phone use and crashrisk (letter to the editor).Kidd, David G.; McCartt,Anne T. Epidemiology May 2013MOTORCYCLESAntilock brakesEffects of antilock brakingsystems on motorcycle fatalcrash rates: an update. Teoh,Eric R. Insurance Institute forHighway Safety May 2013Crashes and injuriesOn-road all-terrain vehicle(ATV) fatalities in the UnitedStates. Williams, Allan F.;Oesch, Stephen L.; McCartt,Anne T.; Teoh, Eric R.; Sims,Laurel B. Insurance Institutefor Highway Safety December 2013OLDER DRIVERSEffect of passenger presenceon older drivers’ risk of fatalcrash involvement. Braitman,Keli A.; Chaudhary, Neil K.;McCartt, Anne T. TrafficInjury Prevention September 2013PEDESTRIANSInjuries and fatalitiesRelationship betweenpedestrian headform testsand injury and fatality ratesin vehicle-to-pedestriancrashes in the United States.Mueller, Becky C.; Farmer,Charles M.; Jermakian,Jessica S.; Zuby, David S.Stapp Car Crash Journal November 2013Profile of fatally injuredpedestrians and bicyclists inthe United States with highblood alcohol concentrations.Eichelberger, Angela H.; Cicchino, Jessica B.; McCartt,Anne T. Proceedings of the20th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs, andTraffic Safety (CD-ROM) October 2013Protecting pedestrians andbicyclists: some observationsand research opportunities.Williams, Allan F. InsuranceInstitute for Highway Safety January 2013RED LIGHT RUNNINGSurvey about pedestriansafety and attitudes towardautomated traffic enforcement in Washington, D.C.Cicchino, Jessica B.; Wells,JoAnn K.; McCartt, Anne T.Traffic Injury Prevention April 2013Effects of red light cameraenforcement on red light violations in Arlington County,Virginia. McCartt, Anne T.;Hu, Wen. Journal of SafetyResearch January 2013ROUNDABOUTSPublic opinion, traffic performance, the environment, andsafety after the constructionof double-lane roundabouts.Hu, Wen; McCartt, Anne T.;Jermakian, Jessica S.; Mandavilli, Srinivas. InsuranceInstitute for Highway Safety February 2013SAFETY BELT TECHNOLOGYAttitudes toward seat beltuse and in-vehicle technologies for encouraging beltuse. Kidd, David G.; McCartt,Anne T.; Oesch, NathanJ. Insurance Institute forHighway Safety January2013Drivers’ attitudes towardfront or rear child passenger belt use and seat beltreminders at these seatingpositions. Kidd, David G.;McCartt, Anne T. TrafficInjury Prevention January2013SPEEDRaising the speed limit from75 to 80 mph on a Utah2013 in review 25

rural interstate: effects onvehicle speeds. Hu, Wen;McCartt, Anne T. InsuranceInstitute for Highway Safety August 2013TEENAGERSRounding the next curve onthe road toward reducingteen drivers’ crash risk(editorial). McCartt, Anne T.Journal of Adolescent Health July 2013Views of New Jersey teenagers about their state’s policies for begi

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