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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore informationixContents7.2.3. Financial indicators7.2.4. Physical indicators7.2.5. Educational outcomes: literacy7.2.6. Educational outcomes: cognitive skills7.3. Educational performance in developing countries7.3.1. The initial situation after the Second World War7.3.2. Increases in educational enrolment7.3.3. Education completed7.3.4. Years of education per member of the population7.3.5. Educational expenditures7.3.6. Cognitive skills7.3.7. Non-formal and informal education7.3.8. Literacy7.3.9. Nation building7.3.10. Summary: comparison with developments in more developedcountries7.4. Problems and challenges7.4.1. Discrepancies between educational needs and financial resources7.4.2. The quality of education7.4.3. Lack of relevance7.4.4. Unequal access to education7.4.5. Mismatch between education and the labour market7.4.6. Education and the national innovation system7.4.7. The knowledge economy: increased importance of tertiaryeducation7.4.8. Brain drain versus brain circulation7.5. PolicyQuestions for reviewFurther reading8 Economic development, structural change and 4275276276277278279280282Economic development and structural transformation8.1.1. Definitions of economic sectors8.1.2. Structural changeCapital accumulation and structural change8.2.1. Capital accumulation and industrialisation8.2.2. Accumulation of industrial capital in open and closed models of theeconomy; early and late stages of developmentThe debate about engines of growth8.3.1. Introduction8.3.2. Manufacturing as the engine of growth8.3.3. Is the agricultural sector a stagnant or a dynamic sector?8.3.4. What about service-led growth?8.3.5. ConclusionStructural change in closed economies at early stages of development in this web service Cambridge University org

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore informationxContents8.4.1.The development of agriculture as a prerequisite for industrialisationat early stages of development8.4.2. Historical examples of relationships between agriculture and industry8.4.3. Conclusion8.5. Open model: are primary exports an engine of growth and structuraltransformation?8.5.1. Introduction8.5.2. Intermezzo: comparative advantage and the role of trade in development8.5.3. Primary exports between 1870 and 1913: vent for surplus8.5.4. Can primary exports function as an engine of growth?8.5.5. Export pessimism8.5.6. Debates about export pessimism and export optimism8.5.7. Concluding remarks8.6. Closed model: interactions between agriculture and industry in later stages ofdevelopment and structural change8.6.1. Introduction: import-substituting industrialisation in the closed model8.6.2. Transfer mechanisms8.6.3. Towards a balance between agriculture and industry8.6.4. The mix of negative and positive incentives in a balanced growth path8.7. Open model: labour-intensive manufactured exports8.8. Concluding remarksQuestions for reviewFurther reading9 Industrial ge-scale industrialisation and balanced growth strategies, 1950–809.2.1. Economic development with unlimited supplies of labour9.2.2. Capital–output ratio9.2.3. Shortage of capital as the key bottleneck in economic development9.2.4. Does economic development result in increasing income inequality?9.2.5. The two-gap model of foreign finance: the role of financial flowsfrom abroad9.2.6. Big is beautiful: large-scale investment, government planning andimport substitutionCriticisms of orthodox industrialisation strategies9.3.1. Shortcomings of the Lewis model9.3.2. Is capital really so important?9.3.3. How important is the scale of investment?9.3.4. Urban industrial bias and the neglect of agricultureAlternative industrialisation strategies9.4.1. Balanced growth path9.4.2. Unbalanced growth9.4.3. Medium and small-scale enterprises and the urban informal sectorExport-oriented industrialisation in this web service Cambridge University 348350350351354357www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore informationxiContents9.5.1.9.5.2.9.5.3.9.5.4.The shift from import substitution to export orientationTechnological upgrading and learningGlobal value chains, FDI and the role of MNCs in developmentResource-based industrialisation as an alternative export strategyfor resource rich economies9.6. Criticisms of market-oriented policies and the re-emergence of industrialpolicy9.7. Outcomes of industrialisation strategies9.8. Conclusions, new challenges and new paradigmsQuestions for reviewFurther reading10 Agricultural development and rural arxist and Weberian perspectives on the stateProcesses of state formation in EuropeState formation in developing countries11.4.1. The importance of external penetration in processes of stateformation11.4.2. Internal political instability in this web service Cambridge University Press366368372378379380382Is there enough food to feed the world population?What are the sources of growth of agricultural production?10.2.1. How much land is still left for cultivation?10.2.2. Intensification of land use10.2.3. Increasing yields per harvest10.2.4. Models of agricultural development10.2.5. The green revolution: increase in yields per harvest10.2.6. The green revolution continued: biotechnology and geneticallymodified crops10.2.7. Summary and prospects10.3. Food consumption and nutrition10.3.1. Concluding remarks on agricultural policy10.4. Rural development versus agricultural development10.4.1. Changes in rural societies10.4.2. Three perspectives on rural development10.4.3. The peasant economy and peasant households10.4.4. Rationality, risk and survival strategies in peasant societies10.5. Land reform10.5.1. Varieties of land reform10.6. Policies for rural developmentQuestions for reviewFurther reading11 State formation and political aspects of 3467www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore informationxiiContents11.4.3. External political interference as a destabilising factor11.4.4. The role of the military in politics11.4.5. One-party states11.4.6. Is there a resurgence of democracy in developing countries?11.4.7. Rapid expansion of the public sector since 194511.4.8. ‘Soft states’ and the political economy of rent seeking11.5. The role of government in economic development11.5.1. The role of the state in economic development: five examples11.6. Interactions between political and economic developments11.6.1. Political instability as a source of economic stagnation11.6.2. Economic development and political stability11.6.3. Is there a relationship between democracy and economicdevelopment?11.6.4. Good governance and economic development11.7. The predatory state as an obstacle to economic development inSub-Saharan Africa11.8. Concluding remarksQuestions for reviewFurther reading12 Cultural and institutional dimensions of development12.1.Introduction12.1.1. Concepts: culture and institutions12.1.2. How important is culture?12.1.3. How important are institutions?12.2. Culture and development12.2.1. The Protestant Ethic and the rise of capitalism12.2.2. Traditional versus modern cultures12.2.3. Are there cultural obstacles to economic development?12.3. Institutions as one of the key sources of development12.3.1. Rediscovery of institutions12.3.2. Efficient institutions12.3.3. Colonial legacy: extractive or inclusive institutions12.3.4. Reversal of fortunes12.3.5. Controlling violence: limited and open access orders12.4. ConclusionQuestions for reviewFurther reading13 The international economic and political order since 194513.1.13.2.Characteristics of international relations since 194513.1.1. Economic aspects13.1.2. Political aspectsInternational institutions and institutional change since 1945 in this web service Cambridge University 3534534535537538538544549www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore informationxiiiContents13.2.1. A chronological overview13.2.2. The evolution of the post-war international order13.3. The liberal international economic order, 1944–7313.4. The New International Order, 1960–8213.4.1. Institutional responses to the New International Economic Order13.4.2. Criticisms of the New International Economic Order13.5. Debt and how to deal with it13.5.1. The 1982 debt crisis13.5.2. Is there anything wrong with debt?13.5.3. What caused the 1982 debt crisis?13.5.4. Trends in debt and financial flows in developing countries,1982–201213.5.5. How to deal with debt?13.6. Structural adjustment and the Washington consensus13.6.1. The debt crisis and the rise of the Washington consensus13.6.2. Neo-liberalism versus structuralism13.6.3. Stabilisation and structural adjustment13.6.4. The Cotonou Agreements between the European Union andACP countries13.6.5. Foreign direct investment13.6.6. How effective have structural adjustment programmes been?13.6.7. Summary13.7. Financial instability, crises and accelerated growth: 1997–201413.7.1. The post-1997 international economic order13.7.2. The renewed debate on globalisation and liberalisation13.7.3. Concluding remarksQuestions for reviewFurther reading14 Foreign aid and 9581583584586590591591595599600601603Why foreign aid?The emergence and evolution of foreign aidDevelopment aid: sources and categoriesQuantitative data on aid flows14.4.1. Long-term trends in the magnitude and geographical distributionof aid flows14.4.2. Development aid in proportion to total resource flows14.4.3. Sectoral allocation of aid14.4.4. Net development assistance as a percentage of GDP14.4.5. Reduction of the real value of aid by tying14.4.6. Conclusion: the volume of aid is not negligibleTheories of development and objectives of aid14.5.1. Aid as a source of investment, capital accumulation and growth14.5.2. The two-gap model of Chenery and Strout14.5.3. Aid, growth and poverty reduction in this web service Cambridge University 618621624624626626626627628www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore informationxivContents14.5.4.14.5.5.Technical assistance, human capital theory and growthPolicy dialogue and programme aid: policy reform andimprovements in governance and institutions14.5.6. Building institutions and capabilities14.6. Does aid work? Different perspectives on the effectiveness ofdevelopment aid14.6.1. Does aid contribute to socio-economic dynamism andpoverty reduction?14.6.2. Radical criticisms of development aid14.6.3. Neoliberal criticism of development aid14.6.4. Criticism of development projects14.6.5. Empirical debates about aid effectiveness and proposalsfor reform14.6.6. Making aid work better14.6.7. Epilogue: an attempt at evaluationQuestions for reviewFurther reading642652654655656ReferencesAuthor indexSubject index658735748 in this web service Cambridge University Press630632633634634636638641www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore .36.46.56.67.17.27.37.47.57.6Population, GNI per capita and growth in the world economyIncome inequality within countries, 2005Inequality in the world economyCatch-up episodesWorld povertySlave imports into the Americas, 1451–1870Slave exports from Africa to the Americas, by region of origin, 1500–1870Growth of GDP per capita, 1870–2013Growth of GDP per capita, 1973–2013GDI as a percentage of GDP, 1950–2012Export performance, 1870–2012Manufactured exports as a percentage of total merchandise exports, 1953–2012External finance as percentage of GDP, 1950–2012Gross value of foreign capital in developing countries, 1870–1998Structure of employment by sector, 1950–2012Structure of production, 1950–2012Distribution of income or consumption, 1980–2010US patent activity, 1870–2010R&D efforts, 1990–2009ICT indicatorsGrowth of world populationPopulation growth in selected developing countries, 1870–2010Indicators of demographic changes, by region, 1950–2010Unemployment and informal employment, 1988–2009Government policies and birth controlInfant and child mortality, 1950–2010Life expectancy at birth, selected developing countries, 1920–2015Life expectancy at birth, by region, 1950–2015Causes of death, by region, 1980–2008Prevalence of HIV/AIDS in developing countries, 2001–10Comparisons of levels of income per capita, infant mortality and life expectancyat birth, 2010Gross enrolment ratios, by educational level, country and region, 1960–2010Net enrolment ratios, by region, 1960–2011Highest diploma obtained, 1980–2010Average years of education of the population of twenty-five years and over,1950–2010Government expenditure per pupil, selected countries, 1965–2010Government expenditure on education as a percentage of GNP, 1960–2010 in this web service Cambridge University 260261262www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore informationxviList of 7Cognitive performance of developing countries, 2009Illiterates as a percentage of the population of fifteen years and over, 1946–2010Sectoral distinctionsStructure of production, 1950–2005Share of manufacturing in value added, 1950–2005Advantages of international tradeNet barter terms of trade, selected countries, 1950–2011Income terms of trade, selected countries, 1950–2011Capital–output ratiosGrowth of manufactured exports, 1960–2010Manufactured exports as percentage of GDP, 1960–2010FDI as percentage of GDP and total fixed capital formation, selected countries,1960–2011Growth of manufacturing GDP, 1950–2010Aggregate growth in industry and manufacturing, 1960–2010Share of developing countries in world manufacturing value added, 1960–2010Share of developing countries in world manufactured exports, 1963–2010Indices of agricultural production, 1934–2011Cultivated area, potential agricultural land, pastures, woodlands, 1961–2011Deforestation, 1980–2011Systems of supply for vegetable foodCropping intensity in developing countries, 1974–2050Irrigated area, developing countries, 1961–2011Sources of growth of crop production, 1961–2050Average availability of calories, 1964–2030Undernourishment, developing countries, 1979–2030Shares of rural population, agricultural labour force and agricultural production,1950–2010Wars and war casualties, 1945–2012Political regime in developing countriesSuccessful coups in developing countries, 1945–2012Growth rate of world exports, 1720–2013Selected developing countries with heavy debt burdens, 1982–2012Debts, foreign investment and financial flows in developing countries, 1970–2012Economic volatility and crises, 1995–2013Net receipts of development assistance by income level and region, 1960–2012Distribution of net official development assistance, by regionCountry contributions to aid, 1960–2012Net development aid as a percentage of the total net inflow of financial resourcesNet official development assistance, remittances and net total resource flows,1975–2012Sectoral allocation of aid, 1967–2012Net development assistance as a percentage of GDP, selected developing countries,1960–2012 in this web service Cambridge University 1592616617618619620622625www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore ework of proximate, intermediate and ultimate sources of growth anddevelopmentProximate, intermediate and ultimate sources of growth and developmentTechnological change as a source of growth and developmentThe technology race in manufacturing, 1960–2007Population and economic growthPopulation growth, 1950–2200The demographic transitionThe neo-Malthusian trapDeterminants of fertilityHealth and socio-economic developmentLife expectancy at birth, 1900, 1930 and 1960Intermediate factors influencing child mortalityEducation and socio-economic developmentStructural change and socio-economic developmentAgriculture as a percentage of GDP, 2011Manufacturing share and income per capita, 2011Sources of industrialisationEconomic development with unlimited supplies of labourSources of agricultural developmentCereals production per capita, 1961–2011State formation and socio-economic developmentCulture, institutions and developmentThe international order and socio-economic developmentAid and development in this web service Cambridge University 6330335382388451510537603www.cambridge.org

Cambridge University Press978-1-107-04595-8 - Socio-Economic Development: Second EditionAdam SzirmaiFrontmatterMore on idealsMillennium Development GoalsTechnical problems in the measurement o

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