Transcription
Osswald, MengesMaterial Science of Polymers for Engineers
Tim A. OsswaldGeorg MengesMaterial Scienceof Polymersfor Engineers3rd EditionHanser Publishers, MunichHanser Publications, Cincinnati
The Author:Prof. Dr. Tim A. Osswald,University of Wisconsin-Madison, Polymer Processing Research Group,Department of Mechanical Engineering, 1513 University Avenue, Madison, USAProf. Dr.-Ing. Georg Menges,Am Beulardstein 19, Aachen, GermanyDistributed in North and South America by:Hanser Publications6915 Valley Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45244-3029, USAFax: (513) 527-8801Phone: (513) 527-8977www.hanserpublications.comDistributed in all other countries byCarl Hanser VerlagPostfach 86 04 20, 81631 München, GermanyFax: 49 (89) 98 48 09www.hanser.deThe use of general descriptive names, trademarks, etc., in this publication, even if the former are not especiallyidentified, is not to be taken as a sign that such names, as understood by the Trade Marks and Merchandise MarksAct, may accordingly be used freely by anyone.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press,neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissionsthat may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material containedherein.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataOsswald, Tim A.Material science of polymers for engineers / Tim A. Osswald, Georg Menges. -- 3rd edition.pages cmIncludes bibliographical references and indexes.ISBN 978-1-56990-514-2 (hardcover) -- ISBN (invalid) 978-1-56990-524-1 (e-book) 1. Polymers. 2. Plastics-Molding. I. Menges, Georg, 1923- II. Title.TP1120.O848 2012668.9--dc232012019893Bibliografische Information Der Deutschen BibliothekDie Deutsche Bibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie;detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar.ISBN 978-1-56990-514-2E-Book-ISBN 9781569905241All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or by any information storage and retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2010Production Management: Steffen JörgCoverconcept: Marc Müller-Bremer, www.rebranding.de, MünchenCoverdesign: Stephan RönigkTypeset, printed and bound by Kösel, KrugzellPrinted in Germany
Preface to theFirst EditionThis book is designed to provide a polymer materials science background to engineering students and practicing engineers. It is written on an intermediate levelfor students, and as an introduction to polymer materials science for engineers.The book presents enough information that, in conjunction with a good designbackground, it will enable the engineer to design polymer components.Materials Science of Polymers for Engineers is based on the German textbook, Werk stoffkunde Kunststoffe (G. Menges, Hanser Publishers, 1989), and on lecture notesfrom polymer materials science courses taught at the Technical University ofAachen, Germany, and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.The chapters on thermal and electrical properties are loose translations from Werk stoffkunde Kunststoffe, and many figures throughout the manuscript were takenfrom this book. We have chosen a unified approach and have divided the book intothree major sections: Basic Principles, Influence of Processing on Properties, andEngineering Design Properties. This approach is often referred to as the four P’s:polymer, processing, product and performance. The first section covers general topics such as historical background, basic material properties, molecular structureof polymers and thermal properties of polymers. The second section ties processingand design by discussing the effects of processing on properties of the final polymercomponent. Here, we introduce the reader to the rheology of polymer melts, mixingof polymer blends, development of anisotropy during processing and solidificationprocesses. In essence, in this section we go from the melt (rheology) to the finishedproduct (solidification). The third section covers the different properties that need tobe considered when designing a polymer component, and analyzing its performance.These properties include mechanical properties, failure of polymers, electrical properties, optical properties, acoustic properties, and permeability of polymers. Theauthors cannot acknowledge everyone who helped in one way or another in the preparation of this manuscript. We would like to thank the students of our polymer materials science courses who in the past few years endured our experimenting andtrying out of new ideas. The authors are grateful to the staff and faculty of theMechanical Engineering Department at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, andthe Institut für Kunststoffverarbeitung (IKV) at the Technical University of Aachenfor their support while developing the courses which gave the base for this book. We
VI Preface to the First Editionare grateful to Richard Theriault for proofreading the entire manuscript. We alsothank the following people who helped proofread or gave suggestions during thepreparation of the book: Susanne Belovari, Bruce A. Davis, Jeffrey Giacomin, Paul J.Gramann, Matthew Kaegebein, Gwan-Wan Lai, Maria del Pilar Noriega E., Antoine C.Rios B., Linards U. Stradins and Ester M. Sun, Susanne Belovari and Andrea JungMack are acknowledged for translating portions of Werkstoffkunde Kunststoffe fromGerman to English. We also thank Tara Ruggiero for preparing the camera-readymanuscript. Many of the figures were taken from class notes of the mechanical engineering senior elective course Engineering Design with Polymers. Special thanksare offered to Lynda Litzkow, Philipp Ehrenstein and Bryan Hutchinson for thesuperb job of drawing those figures. Matthias Mahlke of Bayer AG in Leverkusen,Germany, Laura Dietsche, Joseph Dooley and Kevin Hughes of Dow Chemical in Midland, Michigan, and Mauricio DeGreif and Juan Diego Sierra of the ICIPC in Medellín,Colombia, are acknowledged for some of the figures. Thanks are due to Marcia San ders for copy editing the final manuscript. We are grateful to Wolfgang Glenz,Martha Kürzl, Ed Immergut and Carol Radtke of Hanser Publishers for their supportthroughout the development of this book. Above all, the authors thank their wivesfor their patience.SummerTim A. Osswald Madison, Wisconsin, USA 1995Georg MengesAachen, Germany
Preface to theThird EditionThe first edition of this book was adopted by several universities in North andSouth America, Europe, and Asia as a textbook to introduce engineering studentsto the materials science of polymers. The book was also translated into Japanese in1998, Korean in 1999, and Spanish in 2008. The professors who taught with thefirst and second editions as well as their students liked the unified approach wetook. The changes and additions that were introduced in this edition are based onsuggestions from these professors and their students, as well as from our ownexperience using it as a class textbook.With this edition we owe our gratitude to Dr. Christine Strohm for editing the bookand catching those small typos and inconsistencies in the text and equations. Wethank Dr. Nadine Warkotsch and Steffen Joerg of Hanser Publishers for their cooperation during the production of this book. We are grateful to Luz Mayed D.Nouguez and Tobias Mattner for the superb job drawing the figures, and to TobiasMattner for his suggestions on how to make many of the figures more understandable. A special thanks to Katerina Sánchez for the graphs related to recycling ofplastics in Chapter 1 and to Nora Catalina Restrepo for generating the polymerstatistic graphs in Chapter 2. My graduate students Roberto Monroy, Luisa López,Tom Mulholland, Jakob Onken, Camilo Pérez, Daniel Ramírez, Jochen Wellekoetterand Yuxiao Zhang, organized by William Aquite, supplied extra problems and solutions for the third edition; thank you. Special thanks to Diane for – as always –serving as a sounding board and advisor during this project.Spring 2012Tim A. Osswald Madison, Wisconsin, USA Georg MengesAachen, Germany3 Zeilen Übersatzbitte kürzenAfter two revisions and two decades of teaching it has become clear that sustainability and profits are important when dealing with polymeric materials. Thereforethe 4P’s of the first edition have expanded to the 6P’s in the third edition: polymer,processing, product, performace, post-consumer life, and profit. In the last 18years, this book has become a reference for many practicing engineers, most ofwhom were introduced to the book as students. The first and second editions werepraised because of the vast number of graphs and data that can be used as references. We have further strengthened this attribute by expanding a comprehensivetable in the appendix that contains material property graphs for several polymers.Furthermore, in this edition we added color to the figures and graphs, making thebook more appealing to the reader.
ContentsPreface to the First Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VPreface to the Third Edition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .VII1Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.1The 6 P’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31.2 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61.3 Identification of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131.4 Sustainability – The 6th P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202Historical Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212.1 From Natural to Synthetic Rubber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212.2 Cellulose and the 10,000 Idea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272.3 Galalith – The Milk Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302.4 Leo Baekeland and the Plastics Industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .312.5 Herman Mark and the American Polymer Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342.6 Wallace Hume Carothers and Synthetic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372.7 Polyethylene – A Product of Brain and Brawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392.8 The Super Fiber and the Woman Who Invented It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422.9 One Last Word – Plastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473Structure of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493.1 Macromolecular Structure of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493.2 Molecular Bonds and Inter-Molecular Attraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .503.3 Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
XContents3.4 Conformation and Configuration of Polymer Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . .563.5 Arrangement of Polymer Molecules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.1 Thermoplastic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.2 Amorphous Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.3 Semi-Crystalline Thermoplastics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.5.4 Thermosets and Cross-Linked Elastomers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59606062723.6 Copolymers and Polymer Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .733.7 Polymer Additives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.1 Flame Retardants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.2 Stabilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.3 Antistatic Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.4 Fillers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.7.5 Blowing Agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .757577787879References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .824Thermal Properties of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .834.1 Material Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.1 Thermal Conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.2 Specific Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.3 Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.4 Thermal Diffusivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.5 Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.6 Thermal Penetration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.7 Glass Transition Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.1.8 Melting Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8585919396979899994.2 Measuring Thermal Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2.1 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2.3 Thermomechanical Analysis (TMA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2.4 Thermogravimetry (TGA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4.2.5 Density Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99100101103104105References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1095Rheology of Polymer Melts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1115.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1.1 Continuum Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1.2 The Generalized Newtonian Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1.3 Normal Stresses in Shear Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.1.4 Deborah Number . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111111113115116
Contents5.2 Viscous Flow Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2.1 The Power Law Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2.2 The Bird-Carreau-Yasuda Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2.3 The Bingham Fluid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2.4 Elongational Viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2.5 Rheology of Curing Thermosets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.2.6 Suspension Rheology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1191191211221221251275.3 Simplified Flow Models Common in Polymer Processing . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.1 Simple Shear Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.2 Pressure Flow Through a Slit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.3.3 Pressure Flow through a Tube – Hagen-Poiseuille Flow . . . . . . . .5.3.4 Couette Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1291291301301315.4 Viscoelastic Flow Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.4.1 Differential Viscoelastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.4.2 Integral Viscoelastic Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1321321355.5 Rheometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.1 The Melt Flow Indexer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.2 The Capillary Viscometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.3 Computing Viscosity Using the Bagley andWeissenberg-Rabinowitsch Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.4 Viscosity Approximation Using the RepresentativeViscosity Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.5 The Cone-Plate Rheometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.6 The Couette Rheometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5.5.7 Extensional Rheometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1381391395.6 Surface Tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .148References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1576Introduction to Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1636.1 Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1.1 The Plasticating Extruder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1.1.1 The Solids Conveying Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1.1.2 The Melting Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1.1.3 The Metering Zone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1.2 Extrusion Dies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1.2.1 Sheeting Dies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.1.2.2 Tubular Dies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1631661681711741751761776.2 Mixing Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.1 Distributive Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.1.1 Effect of Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179181182141142143144145XI
XIIContents6.2.2 Dispersive Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.2.1 Break-Up of Particulate Agglomerates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.2.2 Break-Up of Fluid Droplets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.3 Mixing Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.3.1 Static Mixers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.3.2 Banbury Mixer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.3.3 Mixing in Single Screw Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.3.4 Co-Kneader . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.3.5 Twin Screw Extruders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.4 Energy Consumption During Mixing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.5 Mixing Quality and Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.2.6 Plasticization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1841841861891901901921941951981992016.3 Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3.1 The Injection Molding Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3.2 The Injection Molding Machine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3.2.1 The Plasticating and Injection Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3.2.2 The Clamping Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.3.2.3 The Mold Cavity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2062072102102112136.4 Special Injection Molding Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4.1 Multi-Component Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4.2 Co-Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4.3 Gas-Assisted Injection Molding (GAIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4.4 Injection-Compression Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4.5 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.4.6 Liquid Silicone Rubber Injection Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2162162182192212222256.5 Secondary Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5.1 Fiber Spinning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5.2 Film Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5.2.1 Cast Film Extrusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5.2.2 Film Blowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5.3 Blow Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5.3.1 Extrusion Blow Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5.3.2 Injection Blow Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5.3.3 Thermoforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2262262272272282302302322336.6 Calendering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2356.7 Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2386.8 Compression Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2406.9 Foaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2426.10 Rotational Molding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .244
Contents6.11 Computer Simulation in Polymer Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.11.1 Mold Filling Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.11.2 Orientation Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.11.3 Shrinkage and Warpage Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245246248249References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2607Anisotropy Development During Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2637.1 Orientation in the Final Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.1.1 Processing Thermoplastic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.1.2 Processing Thermoset Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2632632717.2 Predicting Orientation in the Final Part . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.1 Planar Orientation Distribution Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.2 Single Particle Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.3 Jeffery’s Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.4 Folgar-Tucker Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.5 Tensor Representation of Fiber Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7.2.5.1 Predicting Orientation in Complex Parts UsingComputer Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
South America, Europe, and Asia as a textbook to introduce engineering students to the materials science of polymers. The book was also translated into Japanese in 1998, Korean in 1999, and Spanish in 2008. The professors who taught with the first and second editions as well as their students liked the unified approach we took.
