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AIR PROGRAMSClean Air ActMobile Sources and Related ProgramsEPA protects public health and the environment by regulating air pollution frommotor vehicles, engines and fuels, and by encouraging travel choices thatminimize fuel consumption. These "mobile sources" include cars and lighttrucks, heavy trucks and buses, nonroad recreational vehicles (such as dirt bikesand snowmobiles), farm and construction machines, lawn and garden equipment,marine engines, aircraft, and locomotives.The EPA’s Office of Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ) has the primaryresponsibility for developing the necessary requirements, regulations, andstandards. OTAQ also has direct implementation of some of the provisions,programs and rules. For example, new car/truck manufacturers must report testresults of new vehicle emissions directly to OTAQ. EPA Region 8 works directlywith our States and metropolitan planning organizations to address issues withthe development of State Implementation Plans (SIP) revisions that involveemissions of motor vehicles (e.g., motor vehicle inspection and maintenance orI/M programs, and transportation conformity determinations). The RegionalOffice and OTAQ are also a source of information for questions from citizens andregulated entities.Additional InformationOTAQ has a number of online resources for the public, including the following:Overview of Pollutants and Programs - How much air pollution, airtoxics, and greenhouse gases are emitted by mobile sources, theprograms OTAQ has undertaken to control these emissions, and theimpact of those programs on air quality and climate er Information - Learn what consumers can do to help reduceair pollution. Use the Green Vehicle Guide to find the cleanest, mostfuel-efficient vehicle.http://www.epa.gov/otaq/actions.htmOn-Road Vehicles and Engines - Information about highwayvehicles, fuel economy, emission standards and regulations, newvehicle certification and in-use vehicle compliance, inspection andmaintenance programs, diesel retrofit programs, and importing vehiclesand engines to the United States.http://www.epa.gov/otaq/hwy.htm4

AIR PROGRAMSClean Air ActNonroad Engines, Equipment and Vehicles - Information aboutaircraft, diesel boats and ships, gasoline boats and personal watercraft,nonroad diesel equipment, forklifts, generators and compressors(gasoline and propane), lawn and garden (small gasoline equipment),locomotives, and snowmobiles, dirt bikes, and ATVs: emissionstandards and regulations, certification and compliance, and dieselretrofit programs.http://www.epa.gov/nonroadFuels and Fuel Additives - Information on diesel, gasoline, renewablefuels, and alternative fuels for mobile sources, fuel-quality controlprograms, requirements for registration and health effects testing of newfuels or fuel additives, and reporting s - Information about partnerships to reduce air pollutionassociated with transportation and other mobile sources. Theseprograms include the National Clean Diesel Campaign (NCDC),SmartWay, and Clean School Bus USA.http://www.epa.gov/otaq/voluntary.htmState and Local Transportation Resources - Information on the tiesbetween land use, transportation planning, and air x.htmModeling, Testing, and Research - Information on modeling andinventories for estimating emissions from highway vehicles, nonroadsources, and fuels.http://www.epa.gov/otaq/research.htm5

AIR PROGRAMSClean Air ActRadiation and UraniumRadiation is naturally occurring and is all around us from various sources.Residents of Region 8 states often experience greater background radiationexposure as a result of the natural uranium formations and high elevations. Thenatural uranium formations also result in an increase in mining and milling ofuranium in our region; Region 8 states contain approximately 65% of the uraniumreserves in the U.S. Uranium is naturally occurring and undergoes spontaneousradioactive decay into radioactive ―daughter‖ products until a stable element isreached. One daughter of uranium is radon, a colorless, odorless radioactivegas (see page 7, Radon).To protect human health from radiation exposure, EPA regulates radioactive airemissions from various processes under the CAA. Radionuclide NationalEmission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs), 40 CFR Part 61,regulate radon emissions from underground uranium mines and from uraniumbyproduct impoundments at uranium mills. The standards set are a result of ahuman health risk assessment conducted around 1989, the time the rules werepromulgated.Additional Information EPA’s role in radiation protection: http://www.epa.gov/radiation/ Information on Radionuclide .html Calculate your background radiation ate.html6

AIR PROGRAMSIndoor EnvironmentsIndoor EnvironmentsComparative risk studies performed by EPA and its Science Advisory Board haveconsistently ranked indoor air pollution among the top five environmental risks topublic health. Most people are aware that outdoor air pollution can be harmful totheir health but may not know that indoor air pollution can also have significanteffects. In fact, EPA studies of human exposure to air pollutants indicate thatindoor air levels of many pollutants may be 2-5 times, and sometimes 100 times,higher than outdoor levels. These levels of indoor air pollutants are of particularconcern because it is estimated that most people spend as much as 90% of theirtime indoors.RadonRadon is a radioactive gas given off by soils and rocks that seeps into buildingsand homes through foundations. You cannot see it, smell it, taste it or feel it asyou breathe it into your lungs. The U.S. Surgeon General has determined thatindoor radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States. Itis estimated that over 20,000 non-smoking persons a year get radon caused lungcancer.Congress enacted the Indoor Radon Abatement Act (RAA) in 1988, requiringEPA to fund State governments to establish local and community radonprograms encouraging testing of homes, schools and commercial buildings andmitigating for radon levels above 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L). EPA alsoevaluates radon mitigation contractors and radon measurement labs anddeveloped a national proficiency exam to test the knowledge of radoncontractors.There are a number of options available to test for radon. Do-it-yourself radontest kits can be purchased for about 25 at hardware stores or can be ordered ata discount by calling 1-800-SOS-RADON. A certified radon tester can test yourhome, building or school with a continuous radon monitor for short and long termtesting. To find a certified radon tester near you visit http://www.neha-nrrp.org.Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS)Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), or "secondhand smoke," is the mixture ofsmoke that come from the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, and smokeexhaled by a smoker. ETS contains over 250 toxic compounds, more than 50 ofwhich can cause cancer, and many others of which are strong respiratoryirritants. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates 46,000 heartdisease deaths occur annually among nonsmokers in the US from exposure toETS. ETS impairs the respiratory health of hundreds of thousands of children,including the exacerbation and increased onset of childhood asthma.EPA is working to generate public awareness of the health risks associated withchildhood exposure to ETS in the home. As part of this public awareness work,7

AIR PROGRAMSIndoor Environmentsthe Indoor Environments Program has developed the Take the Pledge educationcampaign to encourage adults to smoke outdoors, away from children and familymembers.Indoor Air Pollution & SchoolsChildren may be especially susceptible to air pollution. The same concentrationof pollutants can result in higher body burden in children than in adults becausechildren breathe a greater volume of air relative to their body weight. For thisreason, air quality in schools is of particular concern. Good indoor air qualitycontributes to a favorable learning and working environment as well as a senseof comfort, health and well being for people in school buildings.EPA has developed a voluntary program called Indoor Air Quality Tools forSchools (IAQ TfS) to address this issue. The program offers guidance on howschool staffs can achieve and maintain good indoor air quality using low or nocost techniques. The IAQ TfS kit is available to school administrators and isintended as a "do·it·yourself" IAQ management plan. It is designed to helpprevent indoor air quality problems from occurring and to guide schools throughquick and efficient resolution of problems if and when they do occur. Theprogram focuses on both awareness and effective communication. Thisproactive approach helps schools avoid the premature spending of money on airsampling and consulting fees since many indoor air quality problems can beeasily identified and corrected without hiring professional help. IAQ TtS is avoluntary, non regulatory program. EPA's role is simply to promote good indoorair quality through education and to motivate schools to use this valuableinformation.Does the indoor environments program apply to mycommunity?Local communities, in concert with state governments, play a vital role inreducing the public health risk associated with indoor air pollution. It is very likelythat there are homes, schools and commercial buildings in your community thathave elevated indoor air pollutant concentrations.Currently, most indoor environment policies are non-regulatory. EPA, state, andlocal governments have focused their energies on educating the public about thehealth risks of indoor air pollution and encouraging voluntary actions, such astesting indoor environments for radon and implementing the IAQ TfS Action Kit.Some states have developed radon regulations that require certification of radonprofessionals, mandatory testing of all public schools and disclosure of radonconcentrations in real estate transactions. There are a limited number of statesthat have adopted legislation for indoor air quality policies in schools andcommercial buildings.8

AIR PROGRAMSIndoor EnvironmentsActions your community should be taking:Local governments can act to protect their residents from indoor air pollution inseveral ways: Develop indoor air quality education and outreach programs Adopt radon-resistant building codes for new construction, encouragingradon testing and ensuring local radon contractors are RCP listed Community education on the health risks associated with childhoodexposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the home Encourage local schools to implement the EPA's Indoor Air QualityTools for Schools Action Kit Work in conjunction with state radon and indoor air quality programsand community organizations, such as the American Lung Association,to elevate local attention to this important health risk.Additional InformationEPA has established a toll-free number to obtain indoor air quality information.For general indoor air quality inquiries and to order publications, contact EPA’sIndoor Air Hotline at (800) 438-4318.For radon inquiries, contact the Radon Hotline at (800) SOS -RADON.Many states also have staff available to answer questions regarding radon. Seethe listing for State Radon contacts in the Resource Section for this book.9

LAND PROGRAMSResource Conservation & Recovery ActHazardous WasteHazardous waste is generated by a wide variety of businesses and activities,such as oil refineries, computer semi-conductors manufactures, drycleaners andacademic laboratories. A waste is identified as hazardous if it is a solid wasterthat either exhibits one of four characteristics (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, ortoxicity) or it is specifically listed by EPA as hazardous in the Code of FederalRegulations (CFR). Potential dangers include explosions, fires, corrosivedestruction of materials, chemical reactions, and/or health-impairing exposure totoxic chemicals. The greater the quantity or concentration of chemicalsexhibiting any of these dangers, the greater the need to assure their propermanagement.In 1976, Congress enacted the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act(RCRA), as amendments to the Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965. RCRA servesas the primary regulatory vehicle to assure that hazardous waste is properlymanaged, from the point of its generation to its ultimate disposal or destruction,i.e., ―from cradle to grave.‖ RCRA establishes a comprehensive set ofrequirements to define the materials that are subject to hazardous wasteregulation. While EPA was given the authority to set national standards andinitially conduct the program, most states have received authorization to managethese hazardous waste programs. The Act also describes the responsibilities ofanyone who generates, transports, stores, treats, or disposes of or otherwisemanages hazardous waste. Individual household wastes, many that may exhibitsome of the dangers described above, are exempt from federal RCRA hazardouswaste requirements. See Household Hazardous Waste Collection Programssection for additional information.In 1984, Congress enacted the Hazardous and Solid Waste Amendments(HSWA) to RCRA. These rules broadened EPA’s authority to address pastdisposal of solid wastes at active and inactive hazardous waste managementfacilities.Currently, there are three categories of hazardous waste generators under theRCRA program requirements:Large Quantity Generator (LQG) – is a facility that generates more than1,000 kilograms per month of any hazardous waste or more than onekilogram of an ―acute‖ hazardous waste. A kilogram is approximately2.

Everything You Wanted to Know About Environmental Regulations And Related Programs . But Were Afraid to Ask! A Guide for EPA Region 8 Small Communities 2010 Revised Edition . Preface This handbook was prepared by Region 8 Environmental Protection Agency